ENGLISH QUARTER 4 LESSONS
TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN RESEARCH
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
-is process of systematic inquiry that entails
collection of data; documentation of critical
information, and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information. in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields and
academic disciples
Research
-is conducted to evaluate the validity of a
hypothesis or an interpretive framework; to
assemble a body of substantive knowledge and
findings for sharing them in appropriate manners;
and to generate questions for further inquiries
TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN RESEARCH
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE
COMMON RESEARCH TERMS?
-Knowing common research terminology helps you
understand how to read and interpret scholarly
journal articles so you can more effectively apply
the results to real world human performance. The
following are basic research terms and definitions.
ABSTRACT
- is a brief summary of a research article, thesis,
review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject. It summarizes all
sections and helps readers decide whether or not to
read the entire report.
APPENDIX
-contains other related information such os graphs,
charts, tables and lists.
CONCLUSION
-provides the summary of research. The conclusion
is intended to help the reader understand why your
research should matter to them after they have
finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not
merely a summary of your points or o re-statement
of your research problem but a synthesis of key
points.
DATA
. -is a factual information (as measurements or
statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion,
or calculation.
Research data
-is any information that has been collected,
observed, generated, or created to validate original
research findings
DISCUSSION
-presents the information gathered through the
research. It also evaluates the results of the study
or
EXPERIMENT
-An experiment is a procedure carried out to
support, refute, or validate a hypothesis
FINDINGS
-The principal automes of a research ct whit the
project suggested revealed, or indicated This usually
refers to the totality of outcomes, rather than the
conclusions or recommendations drawn from them.
HYPOTHESIS
-A hypothesis in a specific statement of prediction. It
describes in concrete Crather than theoretical) ferms
what you expect will happen in your study. Not all
studies have hypotheses.
INTRODUCTION
-. presents background information, scope, and focus
of the research paper.
LITERATURE REVIEW
.-provides a review of what others have written or
researched on concerning the topic
METHODOLOGY
-.is the systematic approaches to the conduct of an
operation or process. It is also the specific
procedures or techniques used to identify, select,
process, and analyze information about a topic. In a
research paper, the methodology section allows the
reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity
and reliability.
SAMPLE
-the population researched in a particular study
QUESTIONAIRE
-A questionnaire la research instrument consisting of
a series of questions for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents. Questionaires can be
thought of as a kind of written interview
REFERENCES
-A references page is the last page of an essay or
research paper that has been written in APA style. It
lists all the sources you have used in your project, so
readers can easily find what you have cited.
ENGLISH QUARTER 4 LESSONS
TITLE
-The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your
study. A good title contains the fewest possible words
that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose
of your research paper.
TECHNICAL DEFINITION A Protective
Membrane Roof (PMR) system using Styrofoam
insulation shield and protects a roof's waterproof
membrane unlike the traditional roof system that
does not cover the membrane

VALIDITY

-Validity refers to how accurately a method

measures what it is intended to measure. If research
has high validity that means it produces results that
correspond to real properties, characteristics, and
variations in the physical or social world.
TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL
DEFINITIONS
2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION-"Anxiety is a
concept that most of us are all too familiar with. It is
an unpleasant feeling that occurs in certain
situations. It can disrupt our functioning if it is
excessive, but it also motivates behavior

TECHNICAL WRITING EXTENDED DEFINITION-"Friendship is a state of

-Technical writing often contains words that are
used in specific ways in different discipline.
Example (technical writing)
acquaintance between or among people
characterized by a strong bond of shared concern
and caring. In true. friendship the bond is mutually
shared."

-The word tongue as an example, it in probably a

word that the reader immediately understands but
WHAT IS A DEFINITION
understands incorrectly depending on context. A
tongue con be a structure in o mouth, strip of land, A formal and concise statement of the meaning of a
part of a shoe, language, part of a bait buckin, port word, phrase, etc. In a way, it is a specification of the
of a bell, or anything that is shaped like o tongue. essential properties of something
This is an example of a commonly used word that is
used in uncommon ways. It is an example of o
problem that may be avoided if the technical writer
defines terms that are likely to be misunderstood or TECHNICAL A. SIMPLE
not understood. B. DENOTATIVE OPERATIONAL
A. EXTENDED B. ACADEMIC
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS

-An operational definition is the specific meaning of CONSTRUCTION

a word or phrose given to it by the group of people
who use the word in their specific context. Thing to be defined. verb (is) + general class word +
particular characteristics
-Operational definitions are used in science and
engineering to assign values which cannot be directly *Who is used for persons.
measured (ex self-esteem) and to make an abstract
*Which for inanimate objects and animals
values concrete (ex. Product quality and consumers
satisfaction) *Where is used for places

Example: A student is a person who follows a course

of study, as in a school or university
Technical definitions are used to introduce the
vocabulary which makes communication in a Analyse the type of mistake in the following
particular field succinct and unambiguous. The iliac
crest from medical terminology is the top ridge of the Examples:
hip bone (see ilium).
-A lecturer is a person who lectures.
EXTENDED DEFINITION
-A dictionary is a book like the Longman Dictionary
. -The extended definition is the longest. offering the of Contemporary English.
freedom to provide insight into the origin of the
term, additional meanings, synonyms, and
antonyms, and more.
ENGLISH QUARTER 4 LESSONS
Provide more satisfactory definitions of the above
terms! Suggested definitions:
A lecturer is a person who teaches students in a
college or university.
*A dictionary is a book which explains the words of
a language and is arranged in an alphabetical order.
TECHNICAL DEFINITION
- is a very detailed description of a term, process or
phenomenon.
3. Define terms technically, operationally, or both. 4.
If the terms are from dictionaries, books,
encyclopedia, other publications, and even websites
(technical definition).
Acknowledge the sources.
5. If there are uncommon acronyms, include them,
spell them out and give the meaning.
6. Definitions should be short, clear, and
unambiguous.

Example: Psychiatry is the study and treatment of

mental illness.

EXTENDED DEFINTIONS

Operational or Extended definitions are those which

are defined more specifically more information must
be given to make it more precise.

Example:

Sociology may be defined as the branch of science

which studies the development and principles of
social organization. It is concerned with group
behavior as distinct from the behavior of individuals
in the group.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Technical Definition (conceptual/theoretical

definition) - is the universal meaning of a thing. It is
also the definition that comes from different
reference materials such as dictionaries,
encyclopedias, books, journals, and even websites.

Operational Definition refers to a specific definition

of a concept in a research study, it is also a definition
on how the term is applied or used in the research.
The researcher is the one who formulates the
meaning of the term which objectively anchored on
technical definition.

GUIDELINES IN DEFINING TERMS

1. Only terms, words, or phrases that have special or

unique meanings in the study are defined.

2. What to define?

-Important words in the title (such as the variables)

-A Technical terms used in the research paper

-Words for treatments and measurement(data

analysis terms, etc.)