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3 Sources of Error in Research Designs
3 Sources of Error in Research Designs
►Sampling error ‐ when the sample is not
Total Error = Random Sampling Error representative of the population.
+ Non‐sampling Error ►When random sampling techniques are used to
select elements for the sample, sampling error
occurs by chance.
• For eg., the annual average income of a target
►Many times the statistic computed on the
population may be Rs 2,85,650, as determined
sample is not an accurate estimate of the
from census information via tax returns, but a
population parameter because the sample was
marketing research project estimates it at Rs
not representative of the population.
1,50,580 based upon a sample survey.
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Total Error
Random Non-sampling
Sampling Error Error
Response Non-response
Error Error
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