INPhO - 2014 Solutions Que.

ateral triangle ABC of side 2a in the plane of the paper as shown. The
iangle is O. Equal charges (Q) are fixed at the vertices A, B and C. In
ider all motion and1.situations
Consider anconfined
to be equilateral
to thetriangle ABCpaper.
plane of the of side 2𝑎. The centroid of the triangle is 𝑂. Identical
[Marks: 11]
charges 𝑄 > 0 are located at the vertices A, B and C.
!
A

B C
D

e (q), of same sign as Q, is placed on the median AD at a point at a [2]

elow O. Obtain the force (F~ ) felt by the test charge.
$
✓ ◆
a
p
×
2KQq
3 KQq
F~ = ✓ ◆2 !3/2 ◆2 ✓
a 2a
+ p
a2 p +
3 3
" #
1/4⇡✏0 and direction is upward (towards A).

(a) (4)
⌧ a discuss the motion A test
of the chargewhen
test charge 𝑞 >it 0is and mass 𝑚
released. is placed
[2] on the median AD at a point at a distance 𝛿
below O. What is thep force acting on the test charge?
(b) (5) Assuming
Using binomial approximation, F~ = KQq 𝛿 9≪ 3𝑎, the test charge will oscillate. What is the period of the oscillation of
(upward)
3
ear in . Hence chargethewill
testoscillate
charge? 16 a
simple harmonically about O when
(c) (3) Obtain the force 𝐹⃗! on the test charge if it is placed at the point D as shown in the
figure.
orce (F~D ) on this test charge if it is placed at the point D as shown in the [1/2]
(d) (3) Draw the triangle in your answer book and mark the approximate locations of all
equilibrium point(s) for this system. Justify your answer. (At the equilibrium point, the net
KQq
~
FD =
3a2
force acting on the test charge vanishes.)
(downward)

Solution:locations of the equilibrium point(s) for this

below mark the approximate [3]
ify your answer.
(a)
For small force on the test charge is upwards while for large (eg. at
𝑎
⎛ 2𝑄𝑞 5 − 𝛿9
downwards. So there is a neutral point between O and D. By symmetry
be neutral points on other medians also. In figure below1all possible (4) √3 𝑄𝑞 ⎞
nts are shown by . 𝐹= ⎜ $ − #⎟
4𝜋𝜖 ⎜ " # # 2𝑎 ⎟
A 𝑎 5 + 𝛿9
:𝑎# + 5 − 𝛿9 < √3
⎝ √3 ⎠
And pointing upward (towards A)
(b) Assuming
O 𝛿 ≪ 𝑎,
$ $ $ $
%
B C 𝑎 # %# 4 2 %#
4 %# √3 𝛿 #
D :𝑎# + 5 − 𝛿9 < ≈ 5 𝑎# − 𝑎𝛿9 = 5 9 𝑎%$ :1 − <
√3 3 √3 3 2 𝑎
$
4 %# %$ 3√3 𝛿
≈ 5 9 Page
𝑎 5:1
of +
8 <
3 4 𝑎
%# %#
2𝑎 3 √3 𝛿 3 𝛿
5 + 𝛿9 = # :1 + < ≈ #
51 − √3 9
√3 4𝑎 2 𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
The force becomes:
$
𝑄𝑞 2 3 # 1 𝛿 3√3 𝛿 3 𝛿
𝐹= A # 5 9 5 − 9 :1 + < − # 51 − √3 9C
4𝜋𝜖" 𝑎 4 √3 𝑎 4 𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
(a) A test charge (q), of same sign as Q, is placed on the median AD at a point at a [2]
distance below O. Obtain the force (F~ ) felt by the test charge.
✓ ◆
a
2KQq p
3 KQq
Solution: F~ = ✓ !
◆ 3/2 ✓ ◆2
a $ 2 2a
a𝑄𝑞
2+ 2 3 # 1
p 𝛿 3p𝛿 + 3 𝛿
𝐹= A #35 9 5 − + 39 − # 51 − √3 9C
4𝜋𝜖" 𝑎 4 √3 𝑎 4 𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
Here K = 1/4⇡✏0 and direction is upward (towards A).
3𝑄𝑞 √3 𝛿 𝛿 9√3𝑄𝑞
(b) Assuming ⌧ 𝐹a =discuss the# E :1 − of the
motion < −test
51 charge
− √3 9F = it is released.
when 𝛿 [2]
16𝜋𝜖" 𝑎 4 𝑎 𝑎 64𝜋𝜖" 𝑎$
p
By the Newton’s 2nd law, ~ 9 3
Solution: Using binomial approximation, F = KQq (upward)
9√3𝑄𝑞 16 a3
which is linear in . Hence charge ̈=−
𝑚𝛿will 𝛿
oscillate simple harmonically about O when
64𝜋𝜖" 𝑎$
released.
The test charge performs a SHM with angular frequency
(c) Obtain the force (F~D ) on this test⇒charge 9√3𝑄𝑞 [1/2]
𝜔# = if it is placed
$
at the point D as shown in the
figure. 64𝜋𝜖" 𝑚𝑎
2𝜋 64𝜋𝜖" 𝑚𝑎$
KQq ⇒ 𝑇 = = 2𝜋L
Solution: F~D = (downward)𝜔 9√3𝑄𝑞
3a2

(d)(c)
InAtthe
point D, the
figure force
below acting
mark theon the test charge
approximate is
locations of the equilibrium point(s) for this [3]
system. Justify your answer.𝐹 = 1 𝑄𝑞 (downward)
!
4𝜋𝜖" 3𝑎#
Solution: For small force on the test charge is upwards while for large (eg. at
(d) D)
For force
smallis𝛿,downwards.
force on the Sotestthere
charge
is aisneutral
upwards while
point for large
between (eq.D.
O 𝛿and at By
point D), force is
symmetry
downwards.
there willSo bethere is a points
neutral neutralon point between
other mediansO and
also.D.In
Byfigure
symmetry,
belowthere will be neutral
all possible (4)
points on other
neutral pointsmedians.
are shown by .
A

B C
D

Page 5 of 8
2. A long solenoid of length 𝑙 = 2.0 m, radius 𝑟 = 0.1 m and total number of turns 𝑁 =
1000 is carrying a current 𝑖" = 20.0 A. The axis of the solenoid coincides with the z-axis.

(a) (3) Calculate the numerical value of the magnetic field inside and outside of the solenoid.
(b) (4) Calculate the numerical value of the self-inductance 𝐿 of the solenoid.
(c) (3) Calculate the numerical value of the energy 𝐸 stored inside the solenoid, when the
solenoid carries the current 𝑖" .
(d) (5) Consider a time varying current 𝑖 = 𝑖" cos 𝜔𝑡 (where 𝑖" = 20.0 A) flowing in the
solenoid. Obtain an expression for the electric field everywhere due to the current in the
solenoid.

Solution:
(a) The magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Inside the solenoid, we have
𝑁
𝐵 = 𝜇" 5 9 𝑖" = 1.26 × 10%# 𝑇
𝑙

(b) The total magnetic flux through the solenoid is

#
𝜇" 𝜋𝑟 # 𝑁 #
Φ = 𝜋𝑟 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑖"
𝑙
𝜇" 𝜋𝑟 # 𝑁 #
⇒𝐿= = 1.97 × 10%# 𝐻
𝑙
(c) The (magnetic potential energy) stored inside the solenoid is
1
𝐸 = 𝐿𝑖"# = 3.95 𝐽
2
(d) The time-varying current will induce a time-varying magnetic flux inside the solenoid and
hence a circulating current around the solenoid.
The magnetic field inside the solenoid is
𝜇" 𝑁
𝐵(𝑡) = 𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑙 "
Inside the solenoid (𝜌 < 𝑟), the Faraday’s law gives,
𝑑𝐵(𝑡)
2𝜋𝜌𝐸 = 𝜋𝜌#
𝑑𝑡
𝜇" 𝜌𝑁𝑖" 𝜔
⇒ 𝐸(𝜌, 𝑡) = − sin 𝜔𝑡
2𝑙
Outside the solenoid (𝜌 > 𝑟), we have
𝑑𝐵(𝑡)
2𝜋𝜌𝐸 = 𝜋𝑟 #
𝑑𝑡
𝜇" 𝑟 # 𝑁𝑖" 𝜔
⇒ 𝐸(𝜌, 𝑡) = − sin 𝜔𝑡
2𝜌𝑙
omegnelirm

ignored but not the

3. A rectangular loopaelf-
of wire with dimensions 𝑙 and 𝑤 is released at 𝑡 = 0 from rest just
of the loop region in which of
asa functions
above the magnetic field is 𝐵" . The loop has resistance 𝑅, self-inductance
𝐿, and mass 𝑚. Consider the loop during the time that it has its upper edge in the zero field
region. The gravitational acceleration on the Earth is 𝑔.
(MITI
(a) (8 points) Assume that the self-inductance can be neglected, find the current and
velocity of the loop as functions of time.
(b) (7 points) Assume that the resistance can be neglected, find the current and velocity of
the loop as functions of time.
!

J, #=0 "

# = #! × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × '
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × ×

Solution:
During the time stated, we have
𝜖 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑖
v 𝜖 − 𝐿 = 𝑖𝑅
t
. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐵𝑖𝑙 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
And the initial conditions are 𝑣(0) = 𝑖(0) = 0.
have (a) If 𝐿 can be neglected, we have
𝜖 = 𝑖𝑅 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐵𝑖𝑙 = 𝑚
t12) ] , 𝑑𝑣 𝐵# 𝑙#
𝑑𝑡
⇒ =𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑅
2 𝑑𝑣
⇒ = 𝑑𝑡
t)]* 𝐵# 𝑙#
𝑔− 𝑣
𝑚𝑅
𝐵# 𝑙#
5𝑔 − 𝑚𝑅 𝑣9 𝐵# 𝑙#
quation of the motion is ⇒ ln
𝑔
=−
𝑚𝑅
𝑡
𝐵# 𝑙# &!'!
⇒𝑔− 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑒 () *
%
𝑚𝑅
 𝑚𝑔𝑅 &!'!
⇒ 𝑣(𝑡) = # # :1 − 𝑒 () * <
%
𝐵 𝑙
And the current is
𝐵𝑙 𝑚𝑔 &!'!
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡) = :1 − 𝑒 % () * <
𝑅 𝐵𝑙
(b) If 𝑅 can be neglected, we have
𝑑𝑖
𝜖=𝐿 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑚𝑔 − 𝐵𝑙𝑖 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑# 𝑣 𝐵𝑙 𝑑𝑖 𝐵# 𝑙#
⇒ # =− =− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝐿
𝐵𝑙
⇒ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin 𝑡
√𝑚𝐿
𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝐵𝑙 𝐵𝑙
⇒ 𝐵𝑙𝑖 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐴 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 √𝑚𝐿 √𝑚𝐿
𝑔
𝑖(0) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = √𝑚𝐿
𝐵𝑙
𝑔 𝐵𝑙
⇒ 𝑣(𝑡) = √𝑚𝐿 sin 𝑡
𝐵𝑙 √𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑔 𝐵𝑙
𝑖(𝑡) = 51 − cos 𝑡9
𝐵𝑙 √𝑚𝐿
 (0 means ground). There are thus 8 possible
. Compute Vout for each of these possibilities.
(UC,Berkeiep)

4. Suppose the input voltages 𝑉+ and 𝑉# in the circuit. Compute 𝑉,-* as a function of
𝑉+ , 𝑉# and 𝑅.

2"
1. BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (3001-3026)
2"
3001 #!
Suppose the input voltages h, Vz, and V3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.1 can
##$%
amume values of either 0 or 1 (0 means ground). There are thus 8 possible
combinations of input voltage. Compute Vout for each of these possibilities.
(UC,Berkeiep)
"
- 2"

-
#"
Fig. 3.1
-
2"

-
Fig. 3.1

Solution:
The circuit in Fig. 3.1 can be redrawn as that in Fig. 3.2.

n be redrawn as that in+Fig. 3.2.

iI +
2R
Vout

2R 2R

Solution: Vout
"'
The figure can I-
be redrawn as
Fig. 3.2

Let the currents flowing in the component circuits be as shown. By $ 2" $&
Kirchhoff's laws we have
!
V, = [2(i3- iz) + P(i3 - i 4 j ] ~ ,
##$%
-
VJ V3 = [2(i2 - i l ) + (i2 - i,) + 2(iz - i3)]R, '! − '"
315

2R "
$" 2"
2"
'! + '# − '"
#! #"
2"
I-
Fig. 3.2

By Kirchhoff’s
in the component laws, webe
circuits have
as shown. By
𝑉+
𝑉+ − 2𝑅𝑖+ − (𝑖+ − 𝑖$ )𝑅 − (𝑖+ + 𝑖# − 𝑖$ )2𝑅 = 0 ⇒ = 5𝑖+ + 2𝑖# − 3𝑖$ [1]
𝑅
𝑉#
- iz) + P(i3 - i 4 j ] ~𝑉#, − 𝑖# 2𝑅 − (𝑖+ + 𝑖# − 𝑖$ )2𝑅 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2𝑖+ + 4𝑖# − 2𝑖$ [2]
- i l ) + (i2 - + 𝑉+
i,) 2(iz i3)]R, -
𝑉+ − 𝑖+ 2𝑅 − 𝑖$ 2𝑅 = 0 ⇒ = 2𝑖+ + 2𝑖$ [3]
𝑅

315 Notice that we have 3 unknowns 𝑖+ , 𝑖# , 𝑖$ and we need 3 equations to find all of them.
And 𝑉,-* reads,
𝑉,-* = 2𝑅𝑖$
So we only need to solve 𝑖$ .
2[1]-[2],
2𝑉+ 𝑉#
− = 10𝑖+ + 4𝑖# − 6𝑖$ − 2𝑖+ − 4𝑖# + 2𝑖$ = 8𝑖+ − 4𝑖$ [4]
𝑅 𝑅
4[3]-[4],
4𝑉+ 2𝑉+ 𝑉#
− + = 8𝑖+ + 8𝑖$ − 8𝑖+ + 4𝑖$ = 12𝑖$
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉+ 𝑉#
⇒ 𝑖$ = +
6𝑅 12𝑅
And
1 1
𝑉,-* = 2𝑅𝑖$ = 𝑉+ + 𝑉#
3 6

5. An isosceles triangular glass prism is placed horizontally in the water, and the angle
between the hypotenuse (斜邊) and the base is 𝜃. A beam of horizontal light, which is
above the water surface and perpendicular to the prism axis, is reflected inside the prism
through the glass-water interface, and then refracted back into the air.
$ 0
Take the refractive index of glass and water as 𝑛. = # and 𝑛/ = $ respectively, what is the
minimum value of the angle 𝜃 numerically?

! !

water

Solution:

"
−! %
2
!+%
! !

water
 1
The incident angle is # − 𝜃. By Snell’s law
𝜋
sin { − 𝜃| = cos 𝜃 = 𝑛. sin 𝜙
2
For total internal reflection, we have
𝑛. sin(𝜃 + 𝜙) > 𝑛/
𝑛/ 8
sin(𝜃 + 𝜙) > =
𝑛. 9
1 1 8
⇒ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 L1 − #
cos # 𝜃 + cos # 𝜃 >
𝑛. 𝑛. 9
#
4 8 2 64 32 4
⇒ (1 − cos # 𝜃) 51 − cos # 𝜃9 > 5 − cos # 𝜃9 = − cos # 𝜃 + cos 0 𝜃
9 9 3 81 27 9

13 4 64 32 4
⇒1− cos # 𝜃 + cos 0 𝜃 > − cos # 𝜃 + cos 0 𝜃
9 9 81 27 9
7 17
⇒ cos # 𝜃 <
27 81
#
3 17 51
⇒ cos 𝜃 < × =
9 7 63
∘
⇒ 𝜃 > 25.88

6. A rod of proper length 𝐿" moves with speed 𝑣 along the positive 𝑥 3 -direction of observer
𝑂′. The rod makes an angle 𝜃" with respect to the 𝑥-axis of its rest frame.
(a) Find the length of the rod as measured by 𝑂′.
(b) Find the angle 𝜃 the rod makes with the 𝑥′-axis as measured by 𝑂′.

# #′

%! %
'
$! $
" "′
! !′
In the rest frame of the rod The rod is moving with speed
! relative to the observe "′.

Solution:
(a) The projection along the axes in the rest frame are
Δ𝑥 = 𝐿" cos 𝜃"
Δ𝑦 = 𝐿" sin 𝜃"
In the 𝑂′ frame, we have
 𝑣 # 𝑣 #
Δ𝑥 3 = L1 − { | Δ𝑥 = L1 − { | L" cos θ"
𝑐 𝑐
3
Δ𝑦 = Δ𝑦 = 𝐿" sin 𝜃"
The length measured in 𝑂′ is
𝑣 #
𝐿 = …(Δ𝑥 3 )# + (Δ𝑦 3 )# = 𝐿" L1 − { | cos # 𝜃"
𝑐
(b)
Δ𝑦 3 sin 𝜃"
tan 𝜃 = 3 = = 𝛾 tan 𝜃"
Δ𝑥 #
‡1 − {𝑣 | cos 𝜃"
𝑐