Republic of the Philippines | Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon | Schools Division of Bulacan
Class Number:
Strand & Section: 11-STEM 2
TITLE: An Automated Irrigation System for Smart Agriculture using the Internet of Things
KEYWORDS
INTRODUCTION
Research Aims
Research Problem
Main Contributions
System Architecture and Design
Different components used in
the hardware according to
Ramachandran, V.,
Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan,
S. (2018).
Cloud-based Remote Monitoring
Optimization Level
Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School
Lias, Marilao, Bulacan
Senior High School Department
CORNELL NOTES 4
Name: Capicio, Jhanina Krizzah B. Score:
Date: Parent’s Signature:
NOTES
According to Government of India (2018), agricultural innovation is necessary to maintain agricultural
production, provide food security, and boost economic growth in the face of climatic variability, labor
shortages, and changing soil conditions. More than 50% of the population is employed in agriculture
across India, which is responsible for 18% of the nation's GDP.
- Use the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and optimization tools to provide an
automated irrigation system that will minimize the amount of water used in agriculture
(Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. 2018)
- Reduce the amount of water that is watered during a 24-hour period.
- To make use of the moisture in the soil and rainwater.
As stated by Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. (2018), in agriculture, water is a
crucial and scarce resource, and the best way to manage it is becoming more vital.
1. A smart irrigation system that collects and stores data via IoT and cloud connection,
employs an optimization model to determine the ideal watering settings, and implements solenoid valves
for final control (Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. 2018)
2. Use experiments or simulations to demonstrate the hardware and control technique.
3. The article addresses design issues related to IoT hardware, software, and their
integration, as well as networking and cloud connection.
- As stated by Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. (2018), The solenoid valve,
soil moisture sensor, flow sensor, ARM (WEMOS), GPRS, internet, thinkspeak, web interface,
and mobile interface made up the IoT architecture utilized to implement the irrigation system.
- This study uses cost-effective soil moisture and flow sensors to control the flow of fluid. The
WEMOS D1 controller receives data from the sensors and uses it to control the solenoid valve
and regulate the DC motor's on/off state. The GSM GPRS chip allows the controller to access
the internet, as broadband is not practical in remote agricultural regions (Ramachandran, V.,
Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. 2018).
1. WEMOS D1 Controller - The WEMOS includes an ESP8266 chip to simplify
integration with Arduino Uno, and multiple analog sensors are connected to the controller using ADCs.
2. Solenoid valve - Solenoid valves are used to regulate flow, controlled by pulse-width
adjustment, and can be operated in either an ON or OFF mode. They are switched ON/OFF using a 24 V
relay.
3. Soil Moisture Sensor - The volumetric water content of the soil is measured with a
soil moisture sensor or meter from the YL69 series. In agriculture, measuring soil moisture is seen as an
essential task that helps farmers operate irrigation systems more efficiently.
4. Flow sensor - This method is used to calculate the volume of water consumed for
irrigation, using a pinwheel within a water flow sensor to measure the amount of water that is irrigated.
The water rate is calculated in litres per second.
5. Data Transmission - Information gathered from the farm is sent to the Internet via
GPRS internet access in this project. Due of the increased transmission speed, a wireless networking
device is used to transfer the data rather than a GPRS module. When compared to using an Arduino, the
WEMOS controller improved the ESP8266 interface. The GSM module is utilized by the controller to
communicate messages about the field's status.
The Thingspeak cloud system is used to start an irrigation system based on soil moisture data, with lab
view features and real-time data visualization.
An optimization tool is needed to solve the decision-making problem of computing the minimal watering
levels based on sensed data (Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. 2018). As a result,
the researchers formulate the issue of optimum irrigation as an optimization problem to specify:
- The gap between the periods of planting and harvesting.
- Maximum amount of rain during the irrigation season, shown by Rmax.
Results According to Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. (2018), based on the value of the
moisture sensor, irrigation was carried out. Deficient watering conditions were not present in this
experimental model since there was enough water available during the whole experiment.

Observations 1. It was shown that when moisture levels rise, the pH value of the soil lowers.
2. The capacity to gather data and visualize it was greatly improved by IoT and cloud connectivity.
3. Enhancing IoT, cloud connection, and optimization models can help farm systems use water more
efficiently.
4. By linking solenoid values, the drip irrigation system was automated, which improved control agility.

Conclusion The investigation of Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. (2018), showed an automated
irrigation system that uses the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud monitoring, and optimization to minimize
consumption in agriculture.

Methods The following methods were used by the researchers:

1. Conventional Method
2. Drip irrigation method
3. Flow-based control
Samples
On the study, a pilot having four land sectors each 2 x 2 square feet were taken by the researchers to test
the method.

Research Design Quantitative

Authors 1. Ramachandran, V.
2. Ramalakshmi, R.
3. Srinivasan, S.

Published Date November 2018.

References:

Ramachandran, V., Ramalakshmi, R., & Srinivasan, S. (2018, November). An automated irrigation system
for smart agriculture using the Internet of Things. In 2018 15th International conference on control,
automation, robotics and vision (ICARCV) (pp. 210-215). IEEE.

Govt. of India, “Indian economic survey”, 2018. http://mofapp. nic.in:8080/economicsurvey/

Khattab, A., Abdelgawad, A., & Yelmarthi, K. (2016, December). Design and implementation of a cloud
based IoT scheme for precision agriculture. In 2016 28th International Conference on Microelectronics
(ICM) (pp. 201-204). IEEE.

Patil, V. C., Al-Gaadi, K. A., Biradar, D. P., & Rangaswamy, M. (2012). Internet of things (Iot) and cloud
computing for agriculture: An overview. Proceedings of Agro-Informatics and Precision Agriculture (AIPA
2012), India, 292-296.

Channe, H., Kothari, S., & Kadam, D. (2015). Multidisciplinary model for smart agriculture using internet-
of-things (IoT), sensors, cloud-computing, mobile-computing & big-data analysis. Int. J. Computer
Technology & Applications, 6(3), 374-382.