PLC and Scada

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“JNANASANGAMA”,BELAGAVI-590018.
An Internship Report On
“PLC AND SCADA”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor Of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Submitted by
YOGESH A M
[1GG20EC425]
Internship carried out
At
GTTC Bangalore, Karnataka 560024
Internal guide External guide

Prof. NAGARAJU T.A Mrs. SHAILAJA M. V.
Asst. Professor Supervisor
Dept. of ECE,GECR GTTC Bangalore
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAMANAGARA
B.M.ROAD, RAMANAGARA -562159
2022-23
B.M.ROAD, RAMANAGARA -562159
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship entitled “PLC AND SCADA” has been
successfully carried out at “GTTC Banglore”, by YOGESH A M. bearing the USN:
1GG20EC425, a bonafide student of GOVERNMENT ENGGINEERING COLLEGE
RAMANAGARA in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestion indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report.
The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with
respect to the internship work for the said degree.
Internal Guide Head of the Department. Principal
Nagaraju T.A. Dr. Imran Khan Dr.Pundarika

Asst.Professor HOD GEC,Ramanagara
(Dept.of ECE) (Dept.of ECE)
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.
2.
This is to certify that YOGESH A M
bearing number KA/BLR/4001/08-2022/0092 has successfully
completed Course
Certificate Course in PLC and SCADA (220 Hrs)
Conducted at
Siemens Centre of Excellence, GTTC, Bengaluru
ಸ $& ಉಪಕರS ರ ಮ ತರ å ಂ ದy , ಂ ಗ
from 29/08/2022 to 24/10/2022

B.M.ROAD, RAMANAGARA-562159
DECLARATION
I, YOGESH A M. bearing the USN: 1GG20EC425, the student of Bachelor of Engineering,

Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Engineering College Ramanagara
here by declare that the internship entitled “PLC AND SCADA” has been independently
carried out by me under the supervision and guidance of Mrs. SHAILAJA M. V, GTTC
Bengaluru and Dr. IMRAN KHAN, Associate professor, department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering GECR, submitted by me as a partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi during
the academic year 2022-23. I also declare that the internship has not been submitted previously
for the award of any degree or diploma by me, to any institution.
YOGESH A M.
[1GG20EC425]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. G PUNDARIKA , principal, Government

Engineering College Ramanagara for providing me excellent facilities and academic
ambience which has helped me in satisfactory completion of this Bachelor's Degree.
I express my truthful thanks to Dr. IMRAN KHAN, Head of Department, Dept of ECE, for
his valuable support.
I extend my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to the internship coordinator, Dr. IMRAN
KHAN Dept. of ECE, for providing me an invaluable support.
I extend my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to my internal guide Prof.NAGARAJU T

A, Associate Professor Dept of ECE, for providing me an invaluable support through out the
period of my internship.
I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my external guide Mrs. SHAILAJA M. V,

Supervisor at GTTC Bangaluru.
I would like to sincerely thank all the people who supported in the part of this internship at
Siemens while presenting this Internship and also during preparation of this report.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my earnest gratitude and respect to my parents,
teaching & non-teaching staffs of the department, the library staff and all my friends, who
have directly or indirectly supported me during the period of my internship program.
YOGESH A M
[1GG20EC425]
Z

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Vision of the Institute
“To become a premier Engineering college by providing quality technical education and
research with professional ethics embedded with human values”
Mission of the Institute
• To constantly improve quality of education system that produces engineers having good
technical capabilities with ethical and human values.
•To encourage faculty and students to engage in significant research and consultancy by
nurturing a good eco-system
•To strengthen industry institute collaboration for promoting team work, internship, training
and entrepreneurship.
• To enhance educational opportunities for the students from rural and weaker sections of the
society.
•
Department Vision
“Harness creativity in transforming students into the Global Professional with Ethics and
Human Values for Societal needs”
Department Mission
M1: Imparting the health, professional ethics and human values lectures and practices.
M2: Providing students an academic freedom encouraging a sense of eagerness and passion
towards technology.
M3: Organizing activities in making students to work together to bridge the gap between
industry and academia.
Z
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO 1: To produce graduates who can design, implement and analyse analogue
and digital circuits for real time problems.
PEO 2: To produce graduates who would be able to apply programming skills in

DSP, Image, Hardware complex circuits, networking and IOT.
PEO 3: To prepare graduates to exhibit professionalism, ethical outlook, effective

communication, team work and engage in lifelong learning process
through higher education and research
Z

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
INTERNSHIP EVALUATION RUBRICS
INTERNSHIP Work Evaluation:

1. All the students admitted to III year of BE/B.Tech shall have to undergo mandatory internship of 4
weeks during the vacation of VI and VII semesters and /or VII and VIII semesters. A University
examination shall be conducted during VIII semester and the prescribed credit shall be included in
VIII semester.
2. The internship can be carried out in any industry /R and D Organization/Research Institute/ reputed
Educational institute.
3. Internship shall be considered as a head of passing and shall be considered for the award of degree.
Those, who do not take-up/complete the internship shall be declared fail and shall have to
complete during subsequent University examination after satisfying the internship requirements.
4. The Department/college shall nominate staff member/s to facilitate, guide and supervise students
under internship. The students shall report the progress of the internship to the guide in regular
intervals and seek his/her advice.
5. After the completion of Internship, students shall submit a report with completion and attendance
certificates to the Head of the Department with the approval of both internal and external guides.
6. There will be 40 marks for CIE (Report: 20, Presentation: 10 Q & A: 10) and 60 marks for SEE.
The minimum requirement of CIE marks shall be 50% of the maximum marks.
7. The Internship evaluation committee and the internal guide shall award the CIE marks for internship
after evaluation.
8. The external guide from the industry shall be an examiner for the viva voce on Internship. Viva-
Voce on internship shall be conducted at the college and the date of Viva-Voce shall be fixed in
consultation with the external Guide. The Examiners shall jointly award the Viva- Voce marks. In
case the external Guide expresses his inability to conduct viva voce, the Chief Superintendent of
the institution shall appoint a senior faculty of the Department to conduct viva-voce along with the
internal guide. The same shall be informed in writing to the concerned Chairperson, Board of
Examiners (BOE).
9. The students are permitted to carry out the internship anywhere in India or abroad.
Z
Course outcomes:
1. Apply engineering and management principles in solving real time problems at their workplace.
2. Identify, write down, and carry out performance objectives, optimized solutions related to their job
assignment using modern tools
3. Develop team work, good communication, interpersonal and other critical skills for job interview
process
4. Develop work habits and practice of professional ethics for lifelong learning.
Program outcomes:
The students gain confidence and meaningful experience in the area of their work during
internships. This learning may be listed by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) in the areas of
Engineering knowledge (PO1), Individual and team work (PO9) and Lifelong Learning (PO12).
Z
CO-PO Mapping
Sl. No. Course Outcome CL Linked POs
Apply engineering and management principles
CO 1 in solving real time problems at their L4 1,2,3,4,5,7
workplace.
Identify, write down, and carry out
performance objectives, optimized solutions
CO 2 L4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11
related to their job assignment using modern
tools
Develop team work, good communication,
CO 3 interpersonal and other critical skills for job L4 1,2,9,10
interview process.
Develop work habits and practice of
CO 4 L4 1,8,12
professional ethics for lifelong learning.
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
CO 1 3 2 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - 3 -
CO 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 3 2 - 3 3
CO 3 3 2 - - - - - - 2 3 - - - -
CO 4 3 - - - - - - 3 - - - 3 3 -
Z
RUBRICS FOR INTERNSHIP PRACTICE EVALUATION (18ECI85)
Sl. No. Parameter Split Details CO
Internship Organization of Abstract and

Report chapters Conclusions
1
20M 10M 10M
Presentation Technical Conveying the Time

and content Information Management
Communication delivery
2 Skills
10M 4M 3M 3M
Answering the Relevant and convincing answers

queries
3
10M 10M
TOTAL MARKS OBTAINED
Internship Co-ordinator HOD

Z
ABSTRACT
Industrial training is must for every student perusing professional degree because the ultimate goal
of every student is to get the information the industrial training helps us to get an idea of the things.
We should know in order to get a job i.e. I have a good professional career. Industrial training
teaches us lots of thing s. it helps us to know the kind of environment we would be getting in the
industry and help us to get with the kind of environment. The totality the industrial teaches us
industrial ethics. Some advance technical how and help us to acquire with industrial working style.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) allows a utility operator to monitor and control
processes that are distributed among various remote sites. SCADA, is a system for gathering real
time data, controlling processes, and monitoring equipment from remote locations.
As more companies are implementing an open SCADA architecture through the Internet to monitor
critical infrastructure components such as power plants, oil and gas pipelines, chemical refineries,
flood control dams, and waste and water systems, vital systems are becoming increasingly open to
attack. This report provides an overview of SCADA, outlines several vulnerabilities of SCADA
systems, presents data on known and possible threats, and provides particular remediation strategies
for protecting these systems.
PLCs are used in many different industries and machines such as packaging and semiconductor
machines. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery- backed or non-
volatile memory. A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital
computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on
factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and
machines. Unlike general- purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output
arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration
and impact.
PLC & SCADA
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter1:INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 04
1.1 Organization chart
1.2 Company Descriptions
Chapter2: AUTOMATION ................................................................................................ 10
2.1 History of Automation
2.2 Advantages of Automation
2.3 Disadvantages of Automation
2.4 Parts of Automation
Chapter 3:PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC) .............................................. 12
3.1 Types of PLC
3.2 Wiring In a PLC
3.3 Features of PLCs
3.4 Programming
Chapter 4:LADDER LOGIC ............................................................................................... 19
4.1 Addressing for input and output
4.2 Symbols used in ladder logic programming
4.3 Example of a simple ladder logic program
4.4 Generally Used Instructions & symbol For PLC Programming
4.5 Programming For Start/Stop of Motor by PLC
4.6 Component of PLC
4.7 Input /Output devices
4.8 Micrologix1000
Chapter 5:SUPER VISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) ........ 32
5.1 Meaning of SCADA
5.2 Types of SCADA
5.3 How does it works
5.4 Objectives of SCADA
5.5 Benefits of SCADA
5.6 Functions of SCADA
5.7 Architecture of SCADA
Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 1

PLC & SCADA
5.8 Communications of SCADA

5.9 Interfacing
5.10 Scalability
5.11 Redundancy
5.12 Trends in SCADA
5.13 Security issues
5.14Application Development
5.15 Configuration
5.16 Development Tools
5.17 Evolution
5.18 Engineering
5.19 Applications of SCADA
Chapter 6:Interfacing between PLC and SCADA....................................................................45
Chapter 7: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 47

PLC & SCADA
LIST OF FIGURES:
SL NO FIGURE NAME
1. Introduction diagram
1.1 Organisation chart
3 PLC (Allen bradley)
3 Interfacing between input & output to process the desired logic
3.2 Wiring in PLC block diagram
3.2.1 Generation of input signal
3.3 Features of PLC

4.5 Starting the motor
4.5 Diagram to stop the motor
4.8 Hard ware overview
5.2 SCADA block diagram
5.7 SCADA Architecture
5.14 SCADA Application development
5.18 SCADA in Engineering

PLC & SCADA
CHPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION :
A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC, or Programmable Controller is a digital
computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory
assembly lines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and
output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance
to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-
backed or non-volatile memory.
A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in
response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
PLC and Programmable Logic Controller are registered trademarks of the Allen-Bradley
Company. SCADA is Widely used in industry for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition of
industrial processes, SCADA systems are now also penetrating the experimental physics
laboratories for the controls of ancillary systems such as cooling, ventilation, power distribution,
etc. More recently they were also applied for the controls of smaller size particle detectors such
as the L3 moon detector and the NA48 experiment, to name just two examples at CERN.
SCADA systems have made substantial progress over the recent years in terms of functionality,
scalability, performance and openness such that they are an alternative to house development
even for very demanding and complex control systems as those of physics experiments.

PLC & SCADA
1.1 ORGANIZATION CHART:
Programmable Logic Controllers or PLCs are microprocessor based controllers that are used in
automation of machine control in industries. PLC is a member of the computer family with
Programmable Memory that stores instruction to perform different tasks like logic, timing,
counting, sequencing and arithmetic in order to control machines and automating the processes.
CPU, Processor or Controller: The operations within the PLC is controlled and processed by a
main Central Processing Unit (CPU). It contains arithmetic and logic unit to perform data
manipulation and logical operations. The CPU reads the status of the Input Devices and executes
the control program in order to control the load.
Memory Unit: It stores the instructions needed to run the program, the data to be processed from
input sensors and the data to be sent for output devices. It consists of ROM as a permanent

PLC & SCADA
storage for operating system and other data used by the CPU. RAM is used for storing the user
program, status of various input and output devices and history data of various devices.
Power Supply Unit: Power Supply Unit provides the necessary power to the PLC. It converts
the mains AC voltage to the low DC voltage as per the requirements needed to power the
processor and the other circuits in input, output and communication modules. Most PLC systems
work at 230V AC or 24V DC.
Input / Output Modules: Input and Output Modules form the physical connections to the field
modules to the main controller. I/O modules i.e. sensors and actuators allow the PLC system to
interface with the outside world. PLCs typically consists of many number of channels for input
and output devices with integrated isolation and signal conditioning circuits so that each sensor
and actuator can be connected directly to the PLC without any external circuitry.
I/O Modules can be either fixed i.e. controller and I/O are packed together or modular i.e. I/O
can be easily fitted into removable racks. The most commonly used I/O devices include
1. Digital input modules

2. Digital output modules
3. Analog input modules
4. Analog output modules
5. Special purpose modules
Program and Programming Device: The heart of the PLC is the CPU and we need to program
the CPU as per the requirement. Usually, the programming part of the PLC is implemented using
a dedicated language and is generally a Graphical Method. The Program for PLC can be
designed by the operating engineers without vast knowledge in computers or programming.
The program must be loaded into the memory of the PLC using external programmers and the
controller monitors the input and output devices according to this program.
Additional Hardware: In addition to the above mentioned components, some additional

components like connectors for connecting external modules (USB, RS232, SD Card, etc.),
communication interface for connecting with the network (Ethernet), chassis, etc.

PLC & SCADA
1.2 COMPANY DESCRIPTION:
GTTC was established in 1972 at Bangalore with the participation of the Karnataka State
Government, in collaboration with the Government of Denmark under the Bilateral Development
Co-operation Agreement. The excellent performance of GTTC Bangalore, proactive Government
of Karnataka which saw the need for expansion, got second unit of GTTC, started in 1992 with
DANIDA assistance.
Proliferation of technology for development of the industries with supply of skilled manpower is
the key to meet the needs of the global requirement.
With this Government of Karnataka encouraged GTTC to start 10 more sub-centres to train in
the area of tool and die making in various parts of Karnataka. GTTC is an autonomous society,
and a recognised Scientific and Research Organisation by the Government of India. Govt. Tool
Room and Training Centre (GTTC), is serving industry by way of precision tooling and
providing in well trained craftsmen the area of tool and die making.
Today, the GTTC have acquired mastery in Would and die making technology and have
blossomed into an epitome of precision and quality in the development and manufacture of
sophisticated moulds, dies and tools.
Fully aware of the rapid advancement in technology the world over, the GTTC is periodically
adding new technologies to the existing set of advanced equipment like CAD / CAM, CNC
machines for tooling, Precision Components, Laser for Industries, Rapid prototyping, vacuum
casting.
GTTC is concentrating on the Integrated Development of the related segments of industries by
way of providing international quality tools, trained personnel and consultancy in tooling and
related areas. In future, the focus would be more on turnkey projects in Tooling, Aerospace
components & their assemblies, and also to support the development of small and medium scale
enterprises
 Facts and Figures of Government Tool Room Training Centre:
Type of Institute Government
Campus strength 516
-Undergraduate- 02
Total no. of Courses Offered
-Postgraduate- 01

PLC & SCADA
Total no. of Computer 80
Total no. of Rooms 14
-No. of Titles- 900
Library -Books- 4073
-Journals- 24
Total No. of Teaching staff 10
Vision of GTTC :
To emerge as an International Centre of Excellence in Training production, R & D and

Consultancy Services related to Manufacturing Technology – from Concept to End Product

PLC & SCADA
Mission of GTTC:
To continuously improve the skills in Training, Develop Innovative Process to Optimise Product
ionisation using Latest Facilities / Methodologies, Trends, Techniques to Meet all Stake Holder
Needs and be the Leader.
Objectives of GTTC:
To conduct Industry Oriented Technical Training Programs to youth with Employable skills. To
assist MSME units in Technological upgrading by providing quality tools. To provide highly
Skilled Work force to existing and emerging Industries.

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 2
AUTOMATION:
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment
such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone
networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or
reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.
The biggest benefit of automation is that its avis labor however, it is also used to save energy and
materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.
The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic(coming from automaton), was not
widely used before 1947,when General Motors established the automation department. It was
during this time that industry was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced
in the 1930s.
Automationhasbeenachievedbyvariousmeansincludingmechanical,hydraulic,pneumatic,
electrical, electronic and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as
modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined techniques
2.1 History of Automation:In the ancient times people worked by hand. They made every
tasks, every works without any help. Later they began to do some simple (and later more
complicated ) machines, eg: water wheels for lifting water from channels, mills (water and wind
mills ) for milling corns, etc. They began to use animals to give their force, their power to get
work machines, vehicles, etc
IntheXIXthcenturythemachineswereabletodomanytasks.Steamenginesgavethe mechanical energy

to machines, but the man had to control every machine.
Control consists of some activities:
• observe the phenomena (speed of machine, pressure of steam, temperature of water, etc.)
• compute(decide)theneededactivity(growingorreducingtheamountoffuel ),
• set the appropriate device (modify the setting of fuel valves).
2.2 Advantages of Automation:

The main advantages of automation are:
 Increased through output or productivity.
 Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.

PLC & SCADA
 Improved robustness(consistency), of processes or product.

 Increased consistency of output.
 Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses.

2.3 Disadvantages of Automation:
The main disadvantages of automation are:
 Causing unemployment and poverty by replacing human labor.

 Security Threats/Vulnerability: An automated system may have a limited
level of intelligence, and is therefore more susceptible to committing errors
outside of its immediate scope of knowledge (e.g., it is typically unable to
apply the rules of simple logic to general propositions).
 Unpredictable/excessive development costs: The research and development
cost of automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation
itself.
 High initial cost: The automation of a new product or plant typically requires
a very large initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product,
although the cost of automation may be spread among many products and
over time.
2.4 Parts of Automation:
1. Hardware Control
 PLC/DCS

2. Software Control
 SCADA
3. Field Instruments
 Motors, Sensors, Lamp, valves etc.

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 3
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC):

A Programmable Logic Controller is an industrial computer control system that continuously
monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom program to control
the state of output devices.
Almost any production line, machine function, or process can be greatly enhanced using this type
of control system. However, the biggest benefit in using a PLC is the ability to change and
replicate the operation or process while collecting and communicating vital information.
Another advantage of a PLC system is that it is modular.That is, you can mix and match the
types of Input and Output devices to best suit your application
Figure1
PLC(ALLEN BRADLEY)
A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or Programmable Controller is a digital
computer used for automation of electro mechanical processes, such as control of machinery on
factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many
industriesandmachines.Unlikegeneral-purposecomputers,thePLCisdesignedformultiple inputs
and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and
resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in
battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory

PLC & SCADA
Figure2
Interface between Input and Output to process the desired logic.
3.1 TYPES OF PLC:

 Compact type
 Modular type
1. Compact type:
 Slots are not available
 I/O cannot be varied
 Also compact in it size

PLC & SCADA
2. Modular type:
 Slots are available
 I/O can be varied
3.2 WIRING IN A PLC:
 Block diagram of a PLC:
 Generation of Input Signal:
Diagram Showing Energized input terminal X1

Inside the PLC housing, connected between each input terminal and the Common terminal, is an
opto-isolator device (Light-Emitting Diode) that provides an electrically isolated "high" Logic
signal to the computer's circuitry (a photo-transistor interprets the LED's light) when there is
120 VAC power applied between the respective input terminal and the Common terminal. An
indicating LED on the front panel of the PLC gives visual indication of an "energized" input.

PLC & SCADA
 Generation of Output Signal:
Output signals are generated by the PLC's computer circuitry activating a switching device
(transistor, TRIAC,
or even an electromechanical relay), connecting the "Source" terminal to any of the "Y-"
labeled output terminals. The "Source" terminal, correspondingly, is usually connected to the L1
side of the 120 VAC power source. As with each output, an indicating LED on the front panel
of
the PLC gives visualindication of an "energized" output
In this way, the PLC is able to interface with real-world devices such as switches and solenoids.
The actual logic of the control system is established inside the PLC by means of a computer
program
This program indicates which output gets energized under which input conditions. Although the
program itself appears to be a ladder logic diagram, with switch and relay symbols, there are no
actual switch contacts or relay coils operating inside the PLC to create the logical relationships
between input and output. These are imaginary contacts and coils, if you will. The program is
entered
and viewed via a personal computer connected to the PLC's programming port.
Diagram Showing Energized Output Y1

PLC & SCADA
3.3 FEATURES OF PLC:

Photograph showing several input and output modules of asingle Allen-Bradley PLC.
With each module having sixteen "points" of either input or output, this PLC has the abilityto
monitor and control dozens of devices. Fit into a control cabinet, a PLC takes up little room,
especially considering the equivalent space that would be needed by electromechanical relays
to perform the same functions:
The main difference from other computers is that PLC is armored for severe condition (dust,
moisture,
heat, cold, etc) and has the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect
the heat, cold, etc) and has the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These
connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables
(such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some even
use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic
cylinders, magnetic relays or solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may
be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer
network that plugs into the PLC.

PLC & SCADA
Many of the earliest PLCs expressed all decision making logic in simple ladder logic which
appeared similar to electrical schematic diagrams. The electricians were quite able to trace out
circuit problems with schematic diagrams using ladder logic. This program notation was chosen
to reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLCs used a form of
instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver. The functionality of the PLC
has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control,
distributed control systems and networking. Thedata handling, storage,
processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately
equivalent to desktop computers.

PLC & SCADA
3.4 Programming:
Representing magnetic core memory but now the program is stored in the PLC either in battery-
backed
-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Early PLCs were designed to be used by
electricians who would learn PLC programming on the job. These the various logical elements of
PLC programs. Programs were stored on Early PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed
using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often
had dedicated function
keys cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to
lack
of memory capacity. More recently, PLC programs are typically written in a special application
on a personal computer, then downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the
PLC.
The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile PLCs were programmed in "ladder logic", which
strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. Modern PLCs can be programmed in a
variety of ways,
from ladder logic to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C. Another
method
is State Logic, a Very High Level Programming Language designed to program PLCs based on
State Transition Diagrams.

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 4
LADDER LOGIC:
The Ladder Logic (is the most commonly used PLC programming language.
Ladder Diagram LD)Traditional ladder logic is graphical programming language.
Initially programmed with simple contacts that simulated the opening and closing of
relays, Ladder Logic programming has been expanded to include such functions as
counters, timers, shift registers, and math operations.
4.1 ADDRESSING FOR INPUTAND OUTPUT:
FILETYPE:FILENO.:SLOTNO.*WORDNO./BIT No.
i.e. For Input:-I:0.0/0,I:0.0/1 and

so on….For Output:-
O0:0.0/0,O0:0.0/1andsoon…
4.2 SYMBOLS USED IN LADDER LOGIC PROGRAMMING:
 Normally Open
Pushbutton
 Normally Closed
Pushbutton
 Normally Open switch
 Normally Closed switch
 Normally Open
contact
 Normally closed
contact

PLC & SCADA
4.3 Example of a simple ladder logic program:
The language itself can be seen as a set of connections between logical checkers (relay contacts)
and actuators (coils). If a path can be traced between the left side of the rung and the output,
through
asserted (true or "closed") contacts, the rung is true and the output coil storage bit is asserted (1)
or true.
If no path can be traced, then the output is false (0) and the "coil" by analogy to
electromechanical relays
is considered "de-energized". The analogy between logical propositions and relay contact status
is due to Claude Shannon.
Ladder logic has "contacts" that "make" or "break" "circuits" to control "coils." Each coil or
contact corresponds
to the status of a single bit in the programmable controller's memory. Unlike electromechanical
relays, a ladder program can refer any number of times to the status of a single bit, equivalent to
a relay with an indefinitely large number of contacts.
So-called "contacts" may refer to inputs to the programmable controller from physical devices
such as push
buttons and limit switches, or may represent the status of internal storage bits which may be
generated else
where in the program.
Each rung of ladder language typically has one coil at the far right. Some manufacturers may
allow more than
one output coil on a rung.
--( )--a regular coil, true when its rung is true
--(\)--a "not" coil, false when its rung is true
--[ ]--A regular open contact, true when its coil is true (normally false)
--[\]--A "not" contact/close contact, false when its coil is true (normally true)
The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device
connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use
elsewhere in the program.

PLC & SCADA
4.4 Generally Used Instructions & symbol For PLC Programming:
 Input Instruction:
--[ ]-- This Instruction is Called XIC or Examine If Closed.
ie; If a NO switch is actuated then only this instruction will be true. If a NC switch is actuated
then this instruction willnot be true and hence output will not be generated.
--[\]-- This Instruction is Called XIO or Examine If Open
ie; If a NC switch is actuated then only this instruction will be true. If a NC switch is actuated
then this instruction willnot be true and hence output will not be generated.
 Output Instruction:
--( )-- This Instruction Shows the States of Output.
ie; If any instruction either XIO or XIC is true then output will be high. Due to high output a
24 volt signal is generated from PLC processor.
 Rung:
Rung is a simple line on which instruction are placed and logics are created
E.g.; Here is an example of what one rung in a ladder logic program might look like. In real
life, there may be hundreds or thousands of rungs.
 more practical examples
Example-1
------[ ]--------------[ ]----------------O---

Key Switch 1 Key Switch 2 Door Motor
This circuit shows two key switches that security guards might use to activate an electric motor
on a
bank vault door. When the normally open contacts of both switches close, electricity is able to
flow to the motor which opens the door. This is a logical AND.

PLC & SCADA
 Example With PLC

Consider the following circuit and PLC program:
-------[ ]--------------( )---

run motor
When the pushbutton switch is un actuated (un pressed), no power is sent to the X1 input of the
PLC. Following
 the program, which shows a normally-open X1 contact in series with a Y1 coil, no

"power" will be sent to the
 Y1 coil. Thus, the PLC's Y1 output remains de-energized, and the indicator lamp
connected to it remains dark.
 If the pushbutton switch is pressed, however, power will be sent to the PLC's X1 input.
Any and all X1 contacts appearing in the program will assume the actuated (non-normal)
state, as though they were relay contacts actuated
 by the energizing of a relay coil named "X1". In this case, energizing the X1 input will
cause the normally-open
 X1 contact will "close," sending "power" to the Y1 coil. When the Y1coilof the program
"energizes," the real Y1 output will become energized, lighting up the lamp connected to
it.

PLC & SCADA
4.5 Programming For Start/Stop of Motor by PLC:
Often we have a little green "start" button to turn on a motor, and we want to turn it offwith a
big red "Stop" button.
--+----[ ]--+----[\]----( )---

| start | stop run
| |
+---[ ]---+
run
The pushbutton switch connected to input X1 serves as the "Start" switch, while the switch
connected to input X2 serves as the "Stop." Another contact in the program, named Y1, uses the
output coil status as a seal-in contact,
directly, so that the motor contactor will continue to be energized after the "Start" pushbutton
switch is released.
You can see the normally-closed contact X2 appear in a colored block, showing that it is in a
closed ("electrically conducting") state.

PLC & SCADA
• Starting of Motor:
If we were to press the "Start" button, input X1 would energize, thus "closing" the X1 contact in
the program, sending "power" to the Y1 "coil," energizing the Y1 output and applying 120 volt
AC power to the real motor contactor coil. The parallel Y1 contact will also "close," thus latching
the "circuit" in an energized state:

PLC & SCADA
• Logic for Contineous Running of motor When Start Button is Released:
Now, if we release the "Start" pushbutton, the normally-open X1 "contact" will return to its
"open" state, but the motor will continue to run because the Y1 seal-in "contact" continues to
provide "continuity"to "power" coil Y1, thus keeping the Y1 output energized:

PLC & SCADA
• To Stop the Motor:

To stop the motor, we must momentarily press the "Stop" pushbutton, which will energize the X2
input and
"open" the normally-closed "contact," breaking continuity to the Y1 "coil:"
When the "Stop" push button is released, input X2 will de-energize, returning "contact" X2 to its
normal, "closed" state. The motor, however, will not start again until the "Start" pushbutton is
actuated, because the "seal-in" of Y1 has been lost.

PLC & SCADA
4.6 COMPONENTS OF A PLC:
1. Power Supply:
ProvidesthevoltageneededtoruntheprimaryPLCcomponents24vDC,220vAC,and 110ac
2. Communication:
a 4-20mA standard whereby signals of 4mA and 20mA form respectively the minimum and
maximum values of an The wiring diagram shows the inputs (hardwired) to the PLC. The
devices shown are on/off or digital in nature but the signal to the PLC is analog. Many
commonly used devices conform to analog signal. With analog devices, a separate cable needs to
be run between the end device and the control system because only a single analog signal can be
represented on the circuit. The 4-20mA standard is slowly being replaced by network or field bus
communications. Field bus is a multi-drop digital two-way communication link between
intelligent devices. Field bus allows the connection of a number of sensors allocated in the same
area to the same cable. Field bus comes in many varieties depending on the manufacturer and
application. Examples include A Si bus, Profi bus, Device net and Mod bus. A more recent trend
is the development of Industrial Ethernet which has the capacity to transport large quantities of
data not only for process control but also to integrate the process with management information
systems.
3. Input Modules:
a) Provides signal conversion and isolation between the internal logic-
b) level signals inside the PLC and the field’s high level signal.
c) The I/O interface section of a PLC connects it to external field devices.
d) The main purpose of the I/O interface is to condition the various signals received from or
sent to the external input and output devices.
e) Input modules converts signals from discrete or analog input devices to logic levels
acceptable to PLC’s processor.
3.1 Discrete Input:
A discrete input also referred as digital input is an input that is either ON or OFF is connected to
the PLC digital input. In the ON condition it is referred to as logic 1 or logic high and in the OFF
condition may be referred to as logic o or logic low. It can be toggle switch, push button etc.

PLC & SCADA
3.2 Analog input:

An analog input is an input signal that has a continuous signal. Typical inputs may vary from 0
to 20mA,4 to 20mA or 0 to 10V.Below,a level transmitter monitors the level of liquid in the
tank. Depending on the level Tx, the signal to the PLC can either increase or decrease as the
level increases or decreases. e.g. temperature and pressure related instruments etc.
4.Output Modules:
Outputmodulesconvertssignalfromtheprocessortolevelscapableofdrivingtheconnected discrete or
analog output devices.
4.1 Analog Output:

Ananalogoutputisanoutputsignalthathasacontinuoussignal.Typicaloutputsmayvary from 0 to
20mA, 4 to 20mAor 0 to10V.
4.2Digital Output:
AdiscreteoutputiseitherinanONorOFFcondition.Solenoids,contactorscoils,lampsare example of
devices connected to the Discrete or digital outputs. Below, the lamp can be turned ON or OFF
by the PLC output it is connected to.
5.Processor :
The processor module contains the PLC’s micro processor, its supporting circuitry, and its
memory system.
The main function of the microprocessor is to analyze data coming from field sensors through
input modules,
make decisions based on the user’s defined control program and return signal back through
output modules to
the field devices. Field sensors: switches, flow, level, pressure, temp. transmitters, etc. Field
output devices:
motors, valves, solenoids, lamps, or audible devices.
4.7 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES:
 INPUTS
 Switches and Push buttons
 Sensing Devices
 Limit Switches
 Photoelectric Sensors
 Proximity Sensors
 Condition Sensors
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 Encoders
 Pressure Switches Level Switches
 Temperature Switches
 Vacuum Switches Float Switches
 OUTPUTS
 Valves
 Motor Starters
 Solenoids
 Actuators –
 Horns and Alarms
 Stack lights
 Control Relays
 Counter / Totalizer
 Pumps
 Printers
 Fans
4.8 MICROLOGIX1000:
4.8.1 Hardware Overview:
The Micro Logix1000 programmable controller is a packaged controller containing a power

supply, input
circuits, output circuits, and a processor. The controller is available in 10 I/O, 16 I/O and 32 I/O
configurations,
as well as an analog version with 20 discrete I/O and 5 analog I/O.
The catalog number for the controller is composed of the following:
Figure 1

PLC & SCADA
Figure 2
4.8.2 Benefits:
 Compact design:
Let’stheMicroLogix1000controller thrive in limited panel space.
 Choice of communication networks:

AnRS-232-Ccommunication port is configurable for:DF1 protocol for direct connection to a
programming
device or ; DH-485 networking through a1761-NET- AIC converter; Device Net networking
through a 1761-
NET-DNI interface; Ethernet/IP networking through a 1761-NET-ENI interface; or for half-
duplex slave
protocol in SCADA applications.
 Simple programming with your choice of programming device:

You can program these controllers in familiar ladder logic with Micro Logix1000 A.I. Series
Software,

PLC & SCADA
PLC 500 A. I. Series Programming Software, RS Logix500™Windows Programming Software,

or the
Micro Logic Hand-Held Programmer (1761- HHP-B30). This symbolic programming language
is based
on relay ladder wiring diagrams that simplify the creation and troubleshooting of your control
program.
 Comprehensive instruction set:
Over 65 instructions including simple bit, timer, and counter instructions, as well as instructions
for powerful applications like sequencers, high-speed counter, and shift registers.
 Fast:
Execution timeforatypical500-instructionprogramisonly1.56ms.
 Choice of languages:
Software and documentation are available in 5 languages. The hand-held programmer has 6
languages
built in.

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 5
5. SUPER VISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA):
A SCADA system refer to a system consisting of a number of remote terminal units (or
RTUs) collecting field data connected back to a master station via a communications system.
The master station displays the acquired data and also allows the operator to perform remote
control tasks. The accurate and timely data (normally real-time) allows for optimization of the
operation of the plant and process.
A further benefit is more efficient, reliable and most importantly, safer operations. This all
results in a lower cost of operation compared to earlier non-automated systems. A successful
SCADA installation depends on utilizing proven and reliable technology, with adequate and
comprehensive training of all personnel in the operation of the system.
5.1 Meaning of SCADA:
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a category of software applications for
controlling industrial processes, which is the gathering of data in real time from remote locations
in order to control equipment and conditions. SCADA provides organizations with the tools
needed to make and deploy data-driven decisions regarding their industrial processes.
One of the most commonly used types of industrial control system, SCADA can be used to
manage almost any type of industrial process.
SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds
data into field controller systems, which forward the data to other systems that process and
present it to a human-machine interface (HMI) in a timely manner. SCADA systems also record
and log all events for reporting process status and issues. SCADA applications warn when
conditions become hazardous by sounding alarms.
5.2 Types of SCADA System:
SCADA systems are classified into four types which include the following.
1. Monolithic SCADA Systems

2. Distributed SCADA Systems
3. Networked SCADA Systems
4. IOT SCADA Systems

PLC & SCADA
1. Monolithic SCADA Systems:

Monolithic SCADA systems are called as early or first-generation systems. In these types of
systems, minicomputers are used. The development of these systems can be done when common
network services are not available. The designing of these systems can be done like independent
systems without any relation to other systems.
The data can be gathered from all RTUs using a backup mainframe. The main functions of these
first-generation systems are restricted to flagging processes in crisis cases &to monitor the
sensors.
2. Distributed SCADA Systems:

Distributed SCADA systems are called second-generation systems. The distribution of the
control functions can be done across numerous systems by connecting with a local area network.
The control operations can be performed by sharing real-time data & command processing.
In these types of systems, the size and cost of each station are reduced however there were no
consistent network protocols. As the protocols were proprietary, fewer people understand the
SCADA system security while installation & this factor were ignored largely.
3. Networked SCADA Systems:

The networked SCADA systems are also known as third-generation systems. The networking
and communication of present SCADA systems can be done using the WAN system through
data lines or phones. The data transmission among two nodes can be done with the help of
Ethernet or Fiber-optic connections.
This type of SCADA system uses PLC to adjust and monitor the flagging operations simply once
there is a necessity for main choices.
4. IOT SCADA Systems:

IOT SCADA systems are fourth-generation systems. In these systems, the system’s
infrastructural cost is reduced by implementing IoT through cloud computing. Maintaining as
well as integrating these systems is easy as compared with others.
In real-time, the condition of these systems can be reported through cloud computing. Therefore
the implementation of algorithms like intricate control can be done that are frequently used on
usual PLCs.
5.3 How does it works?

A SCADA system comprises various essential elements such as supervisory computers,
programmable logic controllers, remote terminal units, human-machine interface, and
communication infrastructure. Let’s read about these SCADA system components in detail.
Supervisory Computers:
Supervisory computers form the core of SCADA systems and are known for gathering data on
the process. These are known for transferring the control commands to the field-connected
devices. These refer to the software and computer that are responsible for communicating with
the controllers that connect the field.

PLC & SCADA
Programmable Logic Controllers:

Programmable logic controllers, commonly known as PLCs are connected to actuators and
sensors in the process. These are known for being networked to the supervisory system. When it
comes to factory automation, these have a connection of high speed to the SCADA systems
In remote applications like a large water treatment plant, these can connect directly to SCADA
via a wireless link. These are specially designed for controlling and acted as a founding platform
for programming languages.
Remote Terminal Units:

RTU or remote terminal units connected to the actuators and sensors in the process. These are
connected to the supervisory computer system through a network. These have control
capabilities that are embedded and mostly conform to the programming standard and support
automation.
Human-Machine Interface:
HMI or human-machine interface acts as an operator window of the supervisory system. It is
known for presenting the information of plants to the operating personnel in a graphical manner.
These graphical diagrams comprise mimic diagrams which are the schematic representation of
the plant which is being controlled, event logging pages, and alarm.
The human-machine interface is linked to the SCADA supervisory computer to drive mimic
diagrams, trending graphs, and alarm displays by providing live data. The HMI acts as a
graphical user interface for the operators in numerous installations. It collects the data from
external devices, sends notifications, performs alarms, and creates reports.
Communication Infrastructure:
The communication infrastructure is known for connecting the supervisory computer system to

PLC & SCADA
the PLCs and RTUs. They may utilize manufacturer proprietary protocols or industry standards
but both PLCs and RTUs are known for their autonomous functioning on the near-real-time
process control.
5.4 OBJECTIVES OF SCADA:
The important objectives of SCADA are to listed below:
 Monitoring : Continuous monitoring of the parameters of voltage , current, etc..

 Measurement: Measurement of variables for processing.
 Data Acquisition: Frequent acquisition of data from RTUs and Data Loggers/Phasor
dataConcentrators (PDC).
 Data Communication: Transmission and receiving of large amounts of data from field to
controlcentre’s.
 Control: Online real time control for closed loop and open loop processes. Automation::
Automatic tasks of switching of transmission lines, CBs, etc.
5.5 Benefits of SCADA:
The important benefits can be addresses as the following functions:

 Continuous monitoring of process.
 Real time control.
 Automation and Protection.
 Remote control and operation
5.6 FUNCTIONS OF SCADA:
The important functions of an SCADA are listed below.
 Data Acquisition.
 Information Display.
 Supervisory Control.
 Alarm Processing.
 Information Storage and Reports.
 Sequence of Event Acquisition.
 Data Calculation.
 Special RTU Processing/Control.

PLC & SCADA
5.7 Architecture:
This section describes the common features of the SCADA products that have been evaluated at
CERN in view of their possible application to the control systems of theLHC detectors.
 Hardware Architecture
One distinguishes two basic layers in a SCADA system: the "client layer" which caters for the
man machine interaction and the "data server layer" which handles most of the process data
control activities. The data servers communicate with devices in the field through process
controllers. Process controllers, e.g. PLCs, are connected to the data servers either directly or via
networks or field buses that are proprietary (e.g. Siemens H1), or non-proprietary (e.g. Profit
bus). Data servers are connected to each other and to client stations via an Ethernet LAN. The
data servers and client stations are NT platforms but for many products the client stations may
also be W95 machines.

PLC & SCADA
5.8 Communications:
 Internal Communication:
Server-client and server-server communication is in general on a publish-subscribe and event-
driven basis and uses a TCP/IP protocol, i.e., a client application subscribes to a parameter which
is owned by a particular server application and only changes to that parameter are then
communicated to the client application.
 Access to Devices:
The data servers poll the controllers at a user defined polling rate. The polling rate may be
different for different parameters. The controllers pass the requested parameters to the data
servers. Time stamping of the process parameters is typically performed in the controllers and
this time-stamp is taken over by the data server. If the controller and communication protocol
used support unsolicited data transfer then the products will support this too.
The products provide communication drivers for most of the common PLCs and widely used
field-buses, e.g., Mod bus. Of the three field buses that are recommended at CERN, both Profit
bus and World flip are supported but CAN bus often not . Some of thedrivers are based on third
party products (e.g., Applicom cards) and therefore have additional cost associated with them.
VME on the other hand is generally not supported.
A single data server can support multiple communications protocols: it can generally support as
many such protocols as it has slots for interface cards.
The effort required to develop new drivers is typically in the range of 2-6 weeks depending on
the complexity and similarity with existing drivers, and a driver development toolkit is provided
for this.
5.9 Interfacing:
The provision of OPC client functionality for SCADA to access devices in an open and standard
manner is developing. There still seems to be a lack of devices/controllers, which provide OPC
server software, but this improves rapidly as most of the producers of controllers are actively
involved in the development of this standard. OPC has been evaluated by the CERN-IT-CO
group.
The products also provide:

An Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC) interface to the data in the archive/logs, but not to the
configuration database,
An ASCII import/export facility for configuration data,
A library of APIs supporting C, C++, and Visual Basic (VB) to access data in the RTDB, logs
and archive. The API often does not provide access to the product's internal features such as

PLC & SCADA
alarm handling, reporting, trending, etc.
The PC products provide support for the Microsoft standards such as Dynamic Data Exchange
(DDE) which allows e.g. to visualize data dynamically in an EXCEL spreadsheet, Dynamic Link
Library (DLL) and Object Linking and Embedding (OLE).
The configuration data are stored in a database that is logically centralized but physically
distributed and that is generally of a proprietary format.
For performance reasons, the RTDB resides in the memory of the servers and is also of
proprietary format.
The archive and logging format is usually also proprietary for performance reasons, but some
products do support logging to a Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) at a
slower rate either directly or via an ODBC interface.
5.10 Scalability:
Scalability is understood as the possibility to extend the SCADA based control system by adding
more process variables, more specialized servers (e.g. for alarm handling) or more clients. The
products achieve
scalability by having multiple data servers connected to multiple controllers. Each data server
has its own configuration database and RTDB and is responsible for the handling of a sub-set of
the process variables (acquisition, alarm handling, archiving).
5.11 Redundancy:
The products often have built in software redundancy at a server level, which is normally
transparent to the user. Many of the products also provide more complete redundancy solutions if
required.
5.12 Trends in SCADA:
The North American Electric Reliability There is a trend for plc and HMI/SCADA software to
be more "mix-and-match". In the mid 1990s, the typical DAQ I/O manufacturer supplied
equipment that communicated using proprietary protocols over a suitable-distance carrier like
RS-485. End users who invested in a particular vendor's hardware solution often found
themselves restricted to a limited choice of equipment when requirements changed (e.g. system
expansions or performance improvement). To mitigate such problems, open communication
protocols such as IEC870-5-101/104, DNP3 serial, and DNP3 LAN/WAN became increasingly
popular among SCADA equipment manufacturers and solution providers alike. Open

PLC & SCADA
architecture SCADA systems enabled users to mix-and-match products from different vendors to
develop solutions that were better than those that could be achieved when restricted to a single
vendor's product offering.
Towards the late 1990s, the shift towards open communications continued with individual I/O
manufacturers as well, who adopted open message structures such as Modbus RTU and Modbus
ASCII (originally both developed by Modicon) over RS-485. By 2000, most I/O makers offered
completely open interfacing such as Modbus TCP over Ethernet and IP.
Corporation (NERC) has specified that electricalsystem data should be time-tagged to the nearest
millisecond. Electrical system SCADA systems provide this Sequence of events recorder
function, using Radio clocks tosynchronize the RTU or distributed RTU clocks.
SCADA systems are coming in line with standard networking technologies. Ethernet and TCP/IP
based protocols are replacing the older proprietary standards. Although certain characteristics of
frame-based network communication technology (determinism, synchronization, protocol
selection, environment suitability) have restricted the adoption of Ethernet in a few specialized
applications, the vast majority of markets have accepted Ethernet networks for HMI/SCADA.
With the emergence of software as a service in the broader software industry, a few vendors have
begun offering application specific SCADA systems hosted on remote platforms over the
Internet. This removes the need to install and commission systems at the end-user's facility and
takes advantage of security features already available in Internet technology, VPNs and SSL.
Some concerns include security, Internet connectionreliability, and latency.
SCADA systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. Thin clients, web portals, and web
based products are gaining popularity with most major vendors. The increased convenience of
end users viewing their processes remotely introduces security considerations. While these
considerations are already considered solved in other sectors of internet services, not all entities
responsible for deploying SCADA systems have understood the changes in accessibility and
threat scope implicit in connecting a systemto the internet.
5. 13 Security issues:
The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions together with
the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and office networks and the
Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks - see references. Consequently, the security of
SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are increasingly seen as extremely
vulnerable to cyber warfare/cyber terrorism attacks.
In particular, security researchers are concerned about the lack of concern about security and
authentication in the design, deployment and operation of existing SCADA networks the
mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through obscurity through the
use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces the mistaken belief that SCADA networks
are secure because they are purportedly physically secured the mistaken belief that SCADA
networks are secure because they are supposedlydisconnected from the Internet.

PLC & SCADA
SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples of which are
transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in pipelines, water distribution, traffic
lights, and other systems used as the basis of modern society. The security of these SCADA
systems is important because compromise or destruction of these systems would impact multiple
areas of society far removed from the original compromise. For example, a blackout caused by a
compromised electrical SCADA system would cause financial losses to all the customers that
received electricity from that source. How security will affect legacy SCADA and new
deployments remains to be seen.
There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the threat of unauthorized
access to the control software, whether it be human access or changes induced intentionally or
accidentally by virus infections and other software threats residing on the control host machine.
Second is the threat of packet access to the network segments hosting SCADA devices. In many
cases, there is rudimentary or no security on the actual packet control protocol, so anyone who
can send packets to the SCADA devicecan control it. In many cases SCADA users assume that
a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware that physical access to SCADA-related
network jacks and switches provides the ability to totally bypass all security on the control
software and fully control those SCADA networks. These kinds of physical access attacks
bypass firewall and VPN security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint authentication
and authorization such as are commonly provided in the non-SCADA world by in-device SSL or
other cryptographic techniques.
Many vendors of SCADA and control products have begun to address these risks in a basic sense
by developing lines of specialized industrial firewall and VPN solutions for TCP/IP-based
SCADA networks. Additionally, application white listing solutions are being implemented
because of their ability to prevent malware and unauthorized application changes without the
performance impacts of traditional antivirus scans Also, the ISA Security Compliance Institute
(ISCI) is emerging to formalize SCADA security testing starting as soon as 2009. ISCI is
conceptually similar to private testing and certification that has been performed by vendors since
2007. Eventually, standards being defined by ISA99 WG4 will supersede the initial industry
consortia efforts, but probably not before 2011 .
The increased interest in SCADA vulnerabilities has resulted in vulnerability researchers
discovering vulnerabilities in commercial SCADA software and more general offensive SCADA
techniques presented to the general security community. In electric and gas utility SCADA
systems, the vulnerability of the large installed base of wired and wireless serial communications
links is addressed in some cases by applying bump-in-the-wire devices that employ
authentication and Advanced Encryption Standard encryption rather than replacing all existing
nodes.

PLC & SCADA
5.14 Application Development:
5.1 5Configuration:
The development of the applications is typically done in two stages. First the process parameters
and associated information (e.g. relating to alarm conditions) are defined through some sort of
parameter definition template and then the graphics, including trending and alarm displays are
developed, and linked where appropriate to the process parameters. The products also provide an
ASCII Export/Import facility for the configuration data (parameter definitions), which enables
large numbers of parameters to be configured in a more efficient manner using an external editor
such as Excel and then importing the data into the configuration database.

PLC & SCADA
However, many of the PC tools now have a Windows Explorer type development studio. The
developer then works with a number of folders, which each contains a different aspect of the
configuration, including the graphics.
The facilities provided by the products for configuring very large numbers of parameters are not
very strong. However, this has not really been an issue so far for most of the products to-date, as
large applications are typically about 50K I/O points and database population from within an
ASCII editor such as Excel is still a workable option.
On-line modifications to the configuration database and the graphics are generally possible with
the appropriate level of privileges.
5.16 Development Tools:
The following development tools are provided as standard:
 A graphics editor, with standard drawing facilities including freehand, lines, squares circles,
etc. It is possible to import pictures in many formats as well as using predefined symbols
including e.g. trending charts, etc. A library of generic symbols is provided that can be linked
dynamically to variables and animated as they change. It is also possible to create links
between views so as to easenavigation at run-time.
 A data base configuration tool (usually through parameter templates). It is in general possible
to export data in ASCII files so as to be edited through an ASCII editor or Excel.
 A scripting language
 An Application Program Interface (API) supporting C, C++, VB
5.17 Evolution:
SCADA vendors release one major version and one to two additional minor versions once per
year. These products evolve thus very rapidly so as to take advantage of new market
opportunities, to meet new requirements of their customers and to take advantage of new
technologies.
As was already mentioned, most of the SCADA products that were evaluated decompose the
process in "atomic" parameters to which a Tag-name is associated. This is impractical in the case
of very large processes when very large sets of Tags need to be configured. As the industrial
applications are increasing in size, new SCADA versions are now being designed to handle
devices and even entire systems as full entities (classes) that encapsulate all their specific
attributes and functionality. In addition, they will alsosupport multi-team development.

PLC & SCADA
As far as new technologies are concerned, the SCADA products are now adopting:
 Web technology, ActiveX, Java, etc.
 OPC as a means for communicating internally between the client and server modules. It
should thus be possible to connect OPC compliant third party modules to that SCADA
product.
5.18 Engineering:
Whilst one should rightly anticipate significant development and maintenance savings by
adopting a SCADA product for the implementation of a control system, it does not mean a "no
effort" operation. The need for proper engineering can not be sufficiently emphasized to reduce
development effort and to reach a system that complies with the requirements, that is economical
in development and maintenance and that is reliable and robust. Examples of engineering
activities specific to the use of a SCADA system are the definition of:
 a library of objects (PLC, device, subsystem) complete with standard object behavior (script,
sequences, ...), graphical interface and associated scripts for animation,
 templates for different types of "panels", e.g. alarms,
 instructions on how to control e.g. a device ...,
 a mechanism to prevent conflicting controls (if not provided with the SCADA), alarm levels,
behavior to be adopted in case of specific alarms

PLC & SCADA
5.19 Applications of SCADA:

 Manufacturing
• Food Production
• Electric and Gas Utilities
• Waste Water Treatment
• Telecom and Information Technology (IT)

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 6
INTERFACING BETWEEN PLC AND SCADA:
To interface PLC with SCADA first we have to establish a proper communication channel. The
monitoring PC’s communications or network port link is connected with the cable (usually) that
connects to the PLC.
The next step is to ensure that both the systems can communicate with each other.
At last you need to set up the SCADA server to collect information from the PLC system across
the network. Typically this is done by having names or addresses in the SCADA chart of usually
similar names.
After completing these steps, PLC – SCADA system is now able to communicate with each
other. The details vary greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer.
PLC – SCADA using Siemens TIA portal:

Interfacing PLC with SCADA should enable monitoring and controlling for PLC through
SCADA.
Take your siemens PLC from devices in the TIA portal. Then you have to take the SCADA
software.

PLC & SCADA
Now you have to take the SCADA HMI applications from > devices > Add devices > Simatic
HMI applications. There can be different HMI software available like, WinCC RT advanced,
WinRT professional, WinCC Client.
Just click on the HMI application needed and click ok.
For example, we have WinCC RT advanced. Now we have to configure the connection with the
communication facility. To enable ethernet drag and drop IE module from the catalog to the
HMI block.
Now click on the network view on the top right side. You will two blocks PLC and HMI block.
We have to connect both the block. For this an IP address should be give for communication link
from both the block, should be different.
After giving proper IP address, click on network > connection > click & drag from PLC port to
HMI forming a connecting line.
To create the HMI screen go to > Devices > PC system (simatic system) > HMI RT advanced >
Screen > Add new screen.
On the blank screen available you can make any animation and graphics which are available in
the objects, elements and control signals.
For example we can run a program using start and stopping motor. Go to Devices > PLC
programming > create a ladder diagram.

PLC & SCADA
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUTION:
In my one month of training I acquired knowledge about automation industries and how work in
industries. During this time, I learnt about the programming in automation. I got some
information about plc and how we work
I also learnt about basics of SCADA and how it useful in industries. I also learnt about
connection of plc and SCADA through contactors and relay. I also got brief knowledge about
drives.
Companies that dealing with automation industries using plc and SCADA needs a that type of
employees. so the knowledge that I got during my training is helpful in future for employment.
REFERENCES:
 A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Technology Survey Summary of Study Report", IT- CO/98-08-

09, CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.
 A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selection and Evaluation of Commercial SCADA Systems for

the Controls of the CERN LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999 International
Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste,
1999, p.353.
 G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use of Field buses at CERN in the LHC
Era", Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Accelerator and Large
Experimental Physics Control Systems, Beijing, 1997, p.285.
 R.Barillere et al., "Results of the OPC Evaluation done within the JCOP for the Control
of the LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on
Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.511.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“PLC AND SCADA”

Internal guide External guide

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAMANAGARA

B.M.ROAD, RAMANAGARA -562159

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Internal Guide Head of the Department. Principal

Nagaraju T.A. Dr. Imran Khan Dr.Pundarika

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

bearing number KA/BLR/4001/08-2022/0092 has successfully

Certificate Course in PLC and SCADA (220 Hrs)

from 29/08/2022 to 24/10/2022

I, YOGESH A M. bearing the USN: 1GG20EC425, the student of Bachelor of Engineering,

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. G PUNDARIKA , principal, Government

I extend my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to my internal guide Prof.NAGARAJU T

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my external guide Mrs. SHAILAJA M. V,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAMANAGARA

Vision of the Institute

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 2: To produce graduates who would be able to apply programming skills in

PEO 3: To prepare graduates to exhibit professionalism, ethical outlook, effective

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAMANAGARA

INTERNSHIP Work Evaluation:

RUBRICS FOR INTERNSHIP PRACTICE EVALUATION (18ECI85)

Sl. No. Parameter Split Details CO

Internship Organization of Abstract and

Presentation Technical Conveying the Time

Answering the Relevant and convincing answers

TOTAL MARKS OBTAINED

Internship Co-ordinator HOD

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 1

5.8 Communications of SCADA

Chapter 6:Interfacing between PLC and SCADA....................................................................45

Chapter 7: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 47

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 2

1.1 Organisation chart

3 PLC (Allen bradley)

3 Interfacing between input & output to process the desired logic

3.2 Wiring in PLC block diagram

3.2.1 Generation of input signal

3.3 Features of PLC

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 3

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 4

1.1 ORGANIZATION CHART:

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 5

1. Digital input modules

Additional Hardware: In addition to the above mentioned components, some additional

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 6

1.2 COMPANY DESCRIPTION:

 Facts and Figures of Government Tool Room Training Centre:

Type of Institute Government

Campus strength 516

Dept.of Electronics and Communication GEC-Ramanagara Page 7

Total no. of Computer 80

Total no. of Rooms 14

-No. of Titles- 900

Library -Books- 4073