DULATRE, JANELLA JOY C.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5A
BS ARCHITECTURE 4A FN-RSW-01

TUBE STRUCTURES BUNDLED TUBES

A HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE HAVING PERIMETER
AN ASSEMBLY OF NARROW TUBES
LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
TIED DIRECTLY TO EACH OTHER TO
INTERNALLY BRACED BY RIGID FLOOR
FORM A MODULAR STRUCTURE THAT
DIAPHRAGMS. A TUBE STRUCTURE ACTS AS
BEHAVES LIKE A MULTICELLULAR BOX
A CANTILEVERED BOX BEAM IN RESISTING
GIRDER CANTILEVERING OUT OF THE
LATERAL FORCES.
GROUND.
PERFORATED SHELL TUBE
A TUBE STRUCTURE HAVING A
PERIMETER SHEAR WALLS WITH
LESS THAN 30% OF THE
TUBE-IN-TUBE STRUCTURE
SURFACE AREA PERFORATED
A TUBE STRUCTURE HAVING AN INNER
BY OPENINGS.
BRACED TUBE ADDED TO THE
PERIMETER TUBE TO IMPROVE ITS
SHEAR STIFFNESS IN RESISTING
LATERAL FORCES

FRAMED TUBE
A TUBE STRUCTURE HAVING
CLOSELY SPACED PERIMETER
COLUMNS RIGIDLY CONNECTED
DAGRID
BY DEEP SPANDREL BEAM.
CONTRACTION FOR DIAGONAL + GRID:
THE EXTERIOR LATTICE-LIKE FRAMEWORK
OF A BUILDING CREATED BY
CRISSCROSSING DIAGONAL MEMBERS.
BRACED TUBE
A FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE
TIED TOGETHER BY A SYSTEM
OF DIAGONAL BRACES.
BRACING SYSTEM

TRUSSED TUBE
A BRACED TUBE STRUCTURE
HAVING TRUSSED WALL
FRAMES OF WIDELY SPACED
COLUMNS TIED TOGETHER BY SINGLE CROSS CHEVRON
A DIAGONAL OR CROSS DIAGONAL
BRACING

LATTICE TRUSS TUBE

A BRACED TUBE STRUCTURE
HAVING PERIMETER FRAMES OF
CLOSELY SPACED DIAGONALS
WITH NO VERTICAL COLUMNS
V K ECCENTRIC
SHELL STRUCTURES ARCH LIKE ACTION, WHILE REGIONS OF
SHELLS ARE THIN, CURVED PLATE UPWARD CURVATURE BEHAVE AS A CABLE
STRUCTURES TYPICALLY CONSTRUCTED OF STRUCTURE. IF THE EDGES OF THE SURFACE
REINFORCED CONCRETE. THEY ARE ARE NOT SUPPORTED, BEAM BEHAVIOR
SHAPED TO TRANSMIT APPLIED FORCES BY MAY ALSO BE PRESENT.
MEMBRANE STRESSES - THE COMPRESSIVE,
TENSILE, AND SHEAR STRESSES ACTING IN
THE PLANE OF THEIR SURFACES. A SHELL
CAN SUSTAIN RELATIVELY LARGE FORCES IF
UNIFORMLY APPLIED. BECAUSEOF ITS
THINNESS, HOWEVER, A SHELL HAS LITTLE
BENDING RESISTANCE AND IS UNSUITABLE
FOR CONCENTRATED LOADS.

BARREL SHELLS ARE CYLINDRICAL SHELL

STRUCTURES. IF THE LENGTH OF A BARREL
SHELL IS THREE OR MORE TIMES ITS
TRANSVERSE SPAN, IT BEHAVES AS A DEEP
BEAM WITH A CURVED SECTION SPANNING
IN THE LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION. IF IT IS
RELATIVELY SHORT, IT EXHIBITS ARCHLIKE
ACTION. TIE RODS OR TRANSVERSE RIGID
FRAMES ARE REQUIRED TO COUNTERACT
THE OUTWARD THRUSTS OF THE ARCHING
ACTION.
RULED SURFACES ARE GENERATED BY THE
MOTION OF A STRAIGHT LINE. BECAUSE OF ITS
STRAIGHT-LINE GEOMETRY, A RULED SURFACE
IS GENERALLY EASIER TO FORM AND
CONSTRUCT THAN A ROTATIONAL OR
TRANSLATIONAL SURFACE.
A ONE-SHEET HYPERBOLOID IS A RULED
SURFACE GENERATED BY SLIDING
AN INCLINED LINE SEGMENT ON TWO
HORIZONTAL CIRCLES. ITS VERTICAL
SECTIONS ARE HYPERBOLAS.

ROTATIONAL SURFACES ARE GENERATED BY

ROTATING A PLANE CURVE ABOUT AN AXIS.
A HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID IS A SURFACE SPHERICAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND PARABOLIC DOME
GENERATED BY SLIDING A PARABOLA WITH SURFACES ARE EXAMPLES OF
DOWNWARD CURVATURE ALONG A ROTATIONAL SURFACES.
PARABOLA WITH UPWARD CURVATURE, OR
BY SLIDING A STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENT WITH
ITS ENDS ON TWO SKEW LINES. IT CAN BE
CONSIDERED TO BE BOTH ATRANSLATIONAL
AND A RULED SURFACE.

SADDLE SURFACES HAVE AN UPWARD

CURVATURE IN ONE DIRECTION AND
A DOWNWARD CURVATURE IN THE
PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION. IN A SADDLE
SURFACED SHELL STRUCTURE, REGIONS
OF DOWNWARD CURVATURE EXHIBIT
DOME STRUCTURES
A VAULTED STRUCTURE HAVING A CIRCULAR
PLAN AND USUALLY THE FORM OF A
PORTION OF A SPHERE, SO CONSTRUCTED
AS TO EXERT AN EQUAL THRUST IN ALL
DIRECTIONS. AROUND 100 A.D., ROMAN
BUILDERS ROTATED AN ARCH IN A CIRCLE
AND DISCOVERED THAT IT CREATED A
STRONG THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE -- THE
MONOLITHIC DOME. THE EARLIEST DOMES
WERE MADE OF STONE.
PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES
SPACE FRAME
ARE ESSENTIALLY THREE DIMENSIONAL
TRUSSES ABLE TO SPAN IN TWO DIRECTIONS.
ALLOW FOR EASY SERVICE DISTRIBUTION
WITHIN THEIR DEPTH AND CAN PROVIDE LIGHT
ELEGANT STRUCTURAL
SOLUTIONS
DEPTH: SPAN/40
TYPICAL MAXIMUM LENGTH: 100M

DEVELOPED BY:
GEODESIC DOME ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AROUND 1900
A STEEL DOME THAT AIMS TO MAKE RIGID FRAMES FOR
HAVING MEMBERS NAUTICAL AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING,
THAT FOLLOW WITH THE TETRAHEDRAL TRUSS BEING ONE OF
THREE PRINCIPLE HIS INVENTIONS.
SETS OF GREAT BUCKMINSTER FULLER IN 1950S FOR
CIRCLES ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES. MERO: FIRST
INTERSECTING AT GRID SYSTEM IN 1943.
60°, SUBDIVIDING THE DOME SURFACE
INTO A SERIES OF EQUILATERAL SPHERICAL DESIGN METHOD:
TRIANGLES. IT WAS PATENTED BY AMERICAN • THE SIMPLEST FORM OF
MATHEMATICIAN, INVENTOR, AND SPACE FRAME IS
ARCHITECT BUCKMINSTER FULLER. HORIZONTAL SLAB OF
INTERLOCKING SQUARE
PYRAMIDS AND TETRAHEDRAL
LATTICE DOME BUILT FROM ALUMINUM OR
A STEEL DOME TUBULAR STEEL STRUTS.
STRUCTURE HAVING • A STRINGER FORM IS COMPOSED OF
MEMBERS THAT INTERLOCKING TETRAHEDRAL IN WHICH ALL THE
FOLLOW THE CIRCLES STRUTS HAVE UNIT LENGTH.
OF LATITUDE AND • REFERRED TO AS AN ISOTROPIC VECTOR
TWO SETS OF MATRIX OR IN A SINGLE UNIT WIDTH AN OCTET
DIAGONALS TRUSS
REPLACING THE LINES • SPACE FRAMES ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED
OF A LONGITUDE USING RIGIDITY MATRIX. IF THE JOINTS ARE
AND FORMING A SERIES OF ISOSCELES SUFFICIENTLY RIGID, THE ANGULAR
TRIANGLES DEFLECTIONS CAN BE NEGLECTED, SIMPLIFYING
THE CALCULATIONS.
RADIAL DOME
A DOME BUILT WITH
COMPONENTS:
STEEL OR TIMBER
1-MEMBERS
TRUSSES ARRANGED
MEMBERS ARE AXIAL ELEMENTS WITH
IN A RADIAL MANNER
CIRCULAR OR RECTANGULAR SECTIONS, ALL
AND CONNECTED BY
MEMBERS CAN ONLY RESIST TENSION OR
POLYGONAL RINGS
COMPRESSION. THE SPACE GRID IS BUILT OF
AT VARIOUS
RELATIVELY LONG TENSION MEMBERS AND
HEIGHTS.
SHORT COMPRESSION MEMBERS.

2-JOINTS
PENDENTIVE DOME
JOINTS HAVE A DECISIVE EFFECT ON THE
A SPHERICAL
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE
DOME FORMED BY
AND COMPOSE AROUND 20% TO 30% OF THE
REMOVING FOUR
TOTAL WEIGHT.
SEGMENT SO THAT
IT MERGES WITH
ITS PENDENTIVES
AND SITS ON A
SQUARE PLAN.
TYPES:
ACCORDING TO CURVATURE
1. FLAT COVERS

2. SPHERICAL DOMES

3. BARREL VAULTS

ACCORDING TO GRID LAYERS

1. SINGLE LAYER

2. DOUBLE LAYER