Plagiarism

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ILOs

By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:

1. Define plagiarism
2. Differentiate between different types of
plagiarism
3. Identify steps of avoiding plagiarism
4. Differentiate between the citation styles
commonly used in most journals

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 Unethical practice of using words or ideas of 
another author/researcher or your previous 
works without proper acknowledgment

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Types of plagiarism (All of the following are
considered plagiarism)
• Secondary source: happens when a researcher uses a
secondary source, but only cites the primary sources
contained within the secondary one.

• Invalid source: occurs when researchers reference

either an incorrect or non existence source.

• Duplication (Self or Auto Plagiarism): happens

when a researcher reuses work from his own
previous studies and papers without attribution

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Types of plagiarism (All of the following
are considered plagiarism)
• Paraphrasing: is taking another person’s writing and
changing the words, making it on your own words.

• Repetitive research: is the repeating of data or text

from a similar study with a similar methodology in a
new study without proper attribution.

• Replication: is the submission of a paper to multiple

publications, resulting in the same manuscript being
published more than once.

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Types of plagiarism (All of the following
are considered plagiarism) (Cont.)
• Misleading Attribution (Inaccurate Authorship): is an inaccurate or
insufficient list of authors who contributed to a manuscript.

• Unethical collaboration: happens when people who are working together

violate a code of conduct. Using written work, outcomes, and ideas that are the
result of collaboration, without citing the collaboration nature of the study and
participants involved, is unethical.

• Verbatim (direct) plagiarism: is the copying of another’s words and works

without providing proper attribution, indentation, or quotation marks.

• Complete plagiarism: is an extreme scenario when a researcher takes a study ,

a manuscript or other work from another researcher and simply resubmits it
under his/her own name.

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 How to avoid Plagiarism?

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 Writing your paper
1. Consult your supervisors
2. Take effective notes
3. When in doubt, CITE SOURCES: Make it 
clear WHO said WHAT
4. Know how to QUOTE, PARAPHRASE AND 
SUMMARIZE
5. Analyze and Evaluate your sources

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What is citation?

• A "citation" is the way you tell your readers 
that certain material in your work came 
from another source. 

• Citing sources actually helps your reader 
distinguish your ideas from those of your 
sources. This will actually emphasize the 
originality of your own work.

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 It also gives your readers the information
necessary to find that source again, including:
• Information about the author
• The title of the work.
• The name and location of the company that 
published your copy of the source.
• The date your copy was published.
• The page numbers of the material you are 
borrowing.

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 When do we give credit?
• The key to avoiding plagiarism is to make 
sure you give credit where it is due. This 
may be credit for something somebody said, 
wrote, emailed, or drew.

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 A brief list of what needs to be credited or
documented:
• Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, 
newspaper, Web page, and computer program.
• Information you gain through interviewing or 
conversing with another person, face to face, over 
the phone, or in writing
• When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase
• When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, 
pictures, or other visual materials
• When you reuse or repost any electronically‐
available media, including images, audio, video, or 
other media

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 There are, of course, certain things that do
not need documentation or credit, including:
• Writing your own lived experiences, your own 
observations and insights, your own thoughts, and 
your own conclusions about a subject
• When you are writing up your own results 
obtained through lab or field experiments
• When you use your own artwork, digital 
photographs, video, audio, etc.

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 • When you are using "common knowledge," things 
like folklore, common sense observations, myths, 
and historical events (but not historical 
documents)

• When you are using generally‐accepted facts, e.g., 
pollution is bad for the environment, 

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 Deciding if something is "common
knowledge"
• Generally speaking, you can regard something as 
common knowledge if you find the same information 
undocumented in at least five credible sources. 
• Additionally, it might be common knowledge if you think 
the information you're presenting is something your 
readers will already know, or something that a person 
could easily find in general reference sources. 
• BUT WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE; IF THE CITATION TURNS 
OUT TO BE UNNECESSARY, YOUR EDITOR WILL TELL 
YOU.

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 What are the differences among quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing?
• These three ways of incorporating other 
writers' work into your own writing differ 
according to the closeness of your writing to 
the source writing: Quotation, paraphrasing 
and summarizing.

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What are the differences among quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing?

Paraphrasing
Quotations Putting a passage from source material into 
your own words. 
Identical to the original, 
Be attributed to the original source.
Must be attributed to the original 
Shorter than the original passage, taking a 
author. somewhat broader segment of the source 
and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing
Putting the main idea(s) into your own words, 
including only the main point(s)
Attribute summarised ideas to the original 
source
Significantly shorter than the original and take a 
broad overview of the source material

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 Quoting: 
• To include the identical wording (verbatim) from the 
original source in your paper. 
• You should quote material when you believe the way the 
original author expresses an idea is the most effective 
means of communicating the point you want to make. 
• It is distinguished from your own words by the use of " " 
or by indenting the quoted text (if quoting a longer 
passage). 
• All quoted material should also be cited, using either 
footnotes, endnotes, or in‐text citation.

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 Paraphrasing: 
• To include the ideas or information from an original 
source in your paper by rephrasing those ideas or 
information in your own words.
• The key to successful paraphrasing is to:
– change both the words and the sentence structure of 
the original, without changing the content.  
– use as few words as possible from the original. 
• Cite your paraphrase, without proper citation, your 
paraphrase could be construed as plagiarism. 

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 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full 
meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note 
card.
3. Write quickly a few words below your paraphrase to remind 
you later how you are going to use this material. 
4. Check your interpretation with the original to make sure that 
your version accurately expresses all the essential information 
in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or 
phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so 
that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the 
material into your paper.

© ………………..…….Department, ASU, 2015 Month/Year

Example to tell the difference between
(paraphrasing , summarizing and plagiarism)
Students frequently overuse direct 
quotation in taking notes, and as a  Students should take just a few 
result they overuse quotations in the  notes in direct quotation from 
final [research] paper. Probably only  sources to help minimize the 
about 10% of your final manuscript  amount of quoted material in a 
should appear as directly quoted matter.  research paper (Lester 1976).
Therefore, you should strive to limit the 
amount of exact transcribing of source 
materials while taking notes Students often use too many direct 
quotations when they take notes, 
In research papers students often quote  resulting in too many of them in the 
excessively, failing to keep quoted  final research paper. In fact, probably 
material down to a desirable level.  only about 10% of the final copy should 
Since the problem usually originates  consist of directly quoted material. So it 
during note taking, it is essential to  is important to limit the amount of 
minimize the material recorded  source material copied while taking 
verbatim (Lester 1976). notes.

Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46‐47.
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 Some definitions

Attribution
• The acknowledgement that something came from 
another source. The following sentence properly 
attributes an idea to its original author:
• Jack Bauer, (2016) in his article "Twenty‐Four 
Reasons not to Plagiarize," maintains that cases of 
plagiarists being expelled by academic institutions 
have risen dramatically in recent years due to an 
increasing awareness on the part of educators.

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 Copyright
• A law protecting the intellectual property of 
individuals, giving them exclusive rights over the 
distribution and reproduction of that material.

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 Fair Use
• The guidelines for deciding whether the use 
of a source is permissible or Not

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 Intellectual Property
• A product of the intellect, such as an 
expressed idea or concept, that has 
commercial value.

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 Public Domain
• The absence of copyright protection; 
belonging to the public so that anyone may 
copy or borrow from it. 

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 Listing References

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What's a Bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you 
have used in the process of researching your 
work. In general, a bibliography should include:
– the authors' names
– the titles of the works
– the names and locations of the companies that 
published your copies of the sources
– the dates your copies were published
– the page numbers of your sources (if they are part 
of multi‐source volumes)

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 What are Footnotes?

• Notes placed at the bottom of a page.

• They cite references or comment on a designated part 
of the text above it. 

• To decide whether you should cite your sources in 
footnotes or in the body of your paper, you should ask 
your supervisors.

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 What's the difference between Footnotes and
Endnotes?
• The only real difference is placement ‐‐ footnotes appear at the 
bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the 
end of your document. 

• If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes 
are more likely to get your reader's attention. 

• Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive (parasitical) and 
will not interrupt the flow of your paper.

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Citation styles

• Citation styles differ mostly in the location, order, 
and syntax of information about references. 
• With so many different citation styles, how do you 
know which one is right for your paper? 
– First, we strongly recommend asking your instructor. 
There are several factors which go into determining the 
appropriate citation style, including: 
‐ discipline (priorities in an English class might differ from those 
of a Psychology class, for example), 
‐ academic expectations (papers intended for publication might 
be subject to different standards than mid‐term papers), 
‐ and the individual preference of your instructor.

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Citation styles

• Basic styles "Harvard" and "Vancouver"
• Most journals have their own styles, which are based more or less on 
Harvard or Vancouver
• Harvard style
– In‐text citation: (author, year)
– Bibliography in alphabetical order by author
• Vancouver style
– In‐text citations numbered consecutively: (1), 1
– Bibliography in numerical order
• Help in citation styles
– Journal’s instructions to authors
• http://mulford.meduohio.edu/instr/index.html
– Search the Internet using keywords such as "citation styles"

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Citations in Harvard style

Text
…this is reference to journal article (Edge et al. 2011)… this is reference to
book chapter (Seitz 2004)… this is reference to whole book (Loo,
Koppejan 2008)…

References
Edge, C.B., Gahl, M.K., Pauli, B.D., Thompson, D.G. & Houlahan, J.E.
2011, "Exposure of juvenile green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) in
littoral enclosures to a glyphosate-based herbicide", Ecotoxicology and
environmental safety, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1363-1369.
Seitz, O. 2004, "Homogeneous DNA detection" in Highlights in bioorganic
chemistry, eds. C. Schmuck & H. Wennemers, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,
pp. 311-323.
Loo, S.v. & Koppejan, J. 2008, The handbook of biomass combustion and
co-firing, Earthscan, London.

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Citations in Vancouver style

Text
…this is reference to journal article (1)… this is reference to book chapter
(2)… this is reference to whole book (3)…

References
(1) Edge CB, Gahl MK, Pauli BD, Thompson DG, Houlahan JE. Exposure
of juvenile green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) in littoral enclosures to a
glyphosate-based herbicide. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011
Jul;74(5):1363-1369.
(2) Seitz O. Homogeneous DNA detection. In: Schmuck C, Wennemers H,
editors. Highlights in bioorganic chemistry Weinheim: Wiley-VCH;
2004. p. 311-323.
(3) Loo Sv, Koppejan J. The handbook of biomass combustion and co-
firing. London: Earthscan; 2008.

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 Plagiarism /Summary

Summary
• Plagiarism is “The act of taking the writings of
another person and passing them off as one’s own.“
• There are different types of plagiarism
• Plagiarism is prevented by citation of the sources
• The difference among Quotation, paraphrasing and
summarizing
• The difference between footnote and endnote.
• Citation styles: Harvard and Vancouver

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Plagiarism

Questions/Comments?

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Plagiarism

THANK YOU

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