Assignment 4

Nouran A. El Badawi
PHDE 612
Fall 2014
Problem 1:

A. Effects list:

Require Intercept Stdized effect Sum of Squares Contribution %

Error A-A 0.833333 4.166667 0.190273
Model B-B 11.5 793.5 36.23563
Model C-C 7 294 13.42568
Error AB -1.83333 20.16667 0.920922
Model AC -9 486 22.19347
Error BC -2.66667 42.66667 1.948398
Error ABC -2.33333 32.66667 1.491742
Error Lack of Fit 0 0
Pure
Error Error 516.6667 23.59388
Lenth's
ME 5.343891
Lenth's
SME 7.683285

From the % contribution, only B, C, and AC would be included in the ANOVA.

B. ANOVA

Step 1: ANOVA with all the terms included even the ones with low contribution % in the effects
list:

Analysis of variance table [Partial sum of squares - Type III]

Sum of Mean F p-value
Source Squares df Square Value Prob > F
Model 1673.17 7 239.02 7.40 0.0005 significant
A-A 4.17 1 4.17 0.13 0.7241
B-B 793.50 1 793.50 24.57 0.0001
C-C 294.00 1 294.00 9.10 0.0082
AB 20.17 1 20.17 0.62 0.4409
AC 486.00 1 486.00 15.05 0.0013
BC 42.67 1 42.67 1.32 0.2673
ABC 32.67 1 32.67 1.01 0.3295
Pure Error 516.67 16 32.29
Cor Total 2189.83 23

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From the p-values above, the model is significant, and only B, C, and AC are significant terms
which agrees with the assumption made in part A.

Step 2: Correct ANOVA:

Analysis of variance table [Partial sum of squares - Type III]

Sum of Mean F p-value
Source Squares df Square Value Prob > F
Model 1573.50 3 524.50 17.02 < 0.0001 significant
B-B 793.50 1 793.50 25.75 < 0.0001
C-C 294.00 1 294.00 9.54 0.0058
AC 486.00 1 486.00 15.77 0.0008
Residual 616.33 20 30.82
Lack of Fit 99.67 4 24.92 0.77 0.5594 not significant
Pure Error 516.67 16 32.29
Cor Total 2189.83 23

From the p-values, the model is significant, and the terms B, C, and AC are significant.

C. Regression equation:

Final Equation in Terms of Coded Factors:

R1 =
+40.92
+5.75 * B
+3.50 * C
-4.50 * AC

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 D. Residuals Analysis:

Residuals Normal Probability Plot, and Residuals vs. Predicted Values Plot:
rt® Software
Normal Plot of Residuals

E x t e r n a l ly S t u d e n t i z e d R e s i d u a l s
Design-Expert® Software
R1 Residuals vs. Predicted
by value of
Color points by value of
4.00
R1:
61
N o r m a l % P r o b a b ili t y

99
21
95
90 2.00

80
70

50
0.00

30
20

10
-2.00
5

-4.00

-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Externally Studentized Residuals Predicted

The normality plot and the plot of residuals vs. predicted data look acceptable. The model is
adequate to rely on, and that it satisfies the constant variance assumption.

E. Recommendations:

Using the cube graph, the largest response (longest life of the tool of a machine) was found to be
when having Low cutting speed (A), High tool geometry (B), and High cutting angle (C)

Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual Cube
R1
X1 = A: A R1
X2 = B: B
X3 = C: C 3 3
55 42.6667

3 3
B+: 1.00 39.3333 49.6667
B: B

3 3
42 38 C+: 1.00

C: C

3 3
B-: -1.00 25.6667 35 C-: -1.00
A-: -1.00 A+: 1.00
A: A

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Problem 2:

A. Effects list:

Require Intercept Stdized effect Sum of Squares Contribution %

Model A-A -8.625 595.125 37.48819
Error B-B -1.5 18 1.133858
Model C-C -2.75 60.5 3.811024
Model D-D 3.75 112.5 7.086614
Model AB 4.125 136.125 8.574803
Error AC 0.875 6.125 0.385827
Model AD -2.125 36.125 2.275591
Error BC 2.55E-15 2.27E-13 1.43E-14
Error BD -0.5 2 0.125984
Error CD 1.75 24.5 1.543307
Model ABC -5.375 231.125 14.55906
Model ABD 4.625 171.125 10.77953
Error ACD -0.625 3.125 0.19685
Error BCD -1 8 0.503937
Model ABCD 2.625 55.125 3.472441
Error Lack of Fit 0 0
Pure
Error Error 128 8.062992
Lenth's
ME 3.462995
Lenth's
SME 5.494383

According to the contribution %, the terms that should be included in the model are: A, C, D,
AB, AD, ABC, ABD, and ABCD.

B. ANOVA

Step 1: ANOVA with all the terms included even the ones with low contribution % in the effects
list:

Analysis of variance table [Partial sum of squares - Type III]

Sum of Mean F p-value
Source Squares df Square Value Prob > F
Model 1459.5 15 97.3 12.1625 < 0.0001 significant
A-A 595.125 1 595.125 74.39063 < 0.0001
B-B 18 1 18 2.25 0.153088

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 C-C 60.5 1 60.5 7.5625 0.014234
D-D 112.5 1 112.5 14.0625 0.001748
AB 136.125 1 136.125 17.01563 0.000794
AC 6.125 1 6.125 0.765625 0.394519
AD 36.125 1 36.125 4.515625 0.049514
BC 0 1 0 0 1
BD 2 1 2 0.25 0.623882
CD 24.5 1 24.5 3.0625 0.099268
ABC 231.125 1 231.125 28.89063 < 0.0001
ABD 171.125 1 171.125 21.39063 0.000281
ACD 3.125 1 3.125 0.390625 0.540783
BCD 8 1 8 1 0.332195
ABCD 55.125 1 55.125 6.890625 0.018382
Pure Error 128 16 8
Cor Total 1587.5 31

From the p-values above, the model is significant, and only A, C, D, AB, AD, ABC, ABD, and
ABCD are significant terms which agrees with the assumption made in part A.

Step 2: Correct ANOVA with the highest contributing terms:

Analysis of variance table [Partial sum of squares - Type III]

Sum of Mean F p-value
Source Squares df Square Value Prob > F
Model 1397.75 8 174.72 21.18 < 0.0001 significant
A-A 595.13 1 595.13 72.14 < 0.0001
C-C 60.50 1 60.50 7.33 0.0125
D-D 112.50 1 112.50 13.64 0.0012
AB 136.13 1 136.13 16.50 0.0005
AD 36.12 1 36.12 4.38 0.0476
ABC 231.13 1 231.13 28.02 < 0.0001
ABD 171.12 1 171.12 20.74 0.0001
ABCD 55.13 1 55.13 6.68 0.0166
Residual 189.75 23 8.25
Lack of Fit 61.75 7 8.82 1.10 0.4073 not significant
Pure Error 128.00 16 8.00
Cor Total 1587.50 31

From the p-values, the model is significant, and all selected terms are significant.

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 C. Regression Equation:

Final Equation in Terms of Coded Factors:

Yield =
+82.88
-4.31 * A
-1.38 * C
+1.87 * D
+2.06 * AB
-1.06 * AD
-2.69 * ABC
+2.31 * ABD
+1.31 * ABCD

D. Residuals Analysis:

Residuals Normal Probability Plot, and Residuals vs. Predicted Values Plot:
t® Software
Normal Plot of Residuals
y value of
N o r m a l % P r o b a b il i t y

99

95
90

80
70

50

30
20

10
5

-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00

Externally Studentized Residuals

E x t e r n a lly S t u d e n t i z e d R e s i d u a l s

rt® Software
Residuals vs. Predicted
by value of
4.00

2.00

0.00

-2.00

-4.00

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Predicted

The normality plot and the plot of residuals vs. predicted data look acceptable. The model is
adequate to rely on, and that it satisfies the constant variance assumption.

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E. Recommendations:

Using the Cube graph, the interactions between ABC at different D levels could be analyzed.
Two cubes were constructed representing the responses of the 4 factors.

Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual Cube
Yield
X1 = A: A Yield
X2 = B: B
X3 = C: C 2 2
87.125 72.125
Actual Factor
D: D = -1.00

2 2
B+: 1.00 81.875 82.875
B: B

2 2
78.625 80.625 C+: 1.00

C: C

2 2
B-: -1.00 89.375 75.375 C-: -1.00
A-: -1.00 A+: 1.00
A: A

Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual Cube
Yield
X1 = A: A Yield
X2 = B: B
X3 = C: C 2 2
85.75 81
Actual Factor
D: D = 1.00

2 2
B+: 1.00 85.75 86.5
B: B

2 2
91.75 75 C+: 1.00

C: C

2 2
B-: -1.00 97.25 75 C-: -1.00
A-: -1.00 A+: 1.00
A: A

Recommendation for achieving the maximum yield is running the experiment at Low A, Low B,
Low C, and High D.