Definitions, Rules, and Formulas

THE REAL NUMBERS [a. 00) = {xix ~ a}

Natural Numbers: {1,2,3, } a

Whole Numbers: {O, 1, 2, 3, } (-00,00) = [z l r is a real number} = {xlxER}
Integers: {... ,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 ....}
Rational Numbers: {j; I a and b are integers, b =1=O}
Irrational Numbers: {x I x is real and not rational} SLOPE FORMULA
change in Y Y2 - YI
slope (m) = . = --- (XI X2)
=1=
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA change III x X2 - XI

Commutative: a + b = b + a; ab = ba
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Associative: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c);
(ab)c = a(bc) 1. Slope-intercept form: y = m x + b
Distributive: a(b + c) = ab + ac;a(b - c) = ab - ac m is the line's slope and b is its y-intercept,
Identity: a + 0 = a; a . 1 = a 2. General form: Ax + By + C = 0
Inverse: a + (-a) = O;a· ~ = 1 (a =1= 0) 3. Point-slope form: Y - YI = m( x - x I)
Multiplication Properties: (-I)a = -a; m is the line's slope and (x I, YI) is a fixed point on the
(-l)(-a) = a;a' 0 = 0; (-a)(b) = (a)(-b) = -ab; line.
(-a)(-b) = ab 4. Horizontal line parallel to the x-axis: Y = b
5. Vertical line parallel to the y-axis: x = a

SET-BUILDER NOTATION, INTERVAL NOTATION,

ABSOLUTE VALUE
AND GRAPHS
X if x ~ 0
(a,b) = {xla < x < b} 1. Ixl = {
)
-x if x < 0
a b 2. If Ixl = c, then x = c or x = -c. (c > 0)

[a,b) = {xla ~ x < b} 3. If Ixl < c, then -c < x < c. (c > 0)

I 4. If Ixl > c, then x < -c or x > c. (c > 0)
a b

(a, b] = {x I a < x ~ b} SPECIAL FAGORIZATIONS

I
a b 1. Difference of two squares:
[a,b] = {xla ~ X ~ b} A2 - B2 = (A + B) (A - B)
1
a b 2. Perfect square trinomials:
(-00, b) = {xix < b} A2 + 2AB + B2 = (A + Bf
)
b A2 - 2AB + B2 = (A - B)2

(-oo,b] = {xix ~ b} 3. Slim of two cubes:

I
b A' + B3 = (A + B)(A2 - AB + B2)

(a, 00) = {xix> a} 4. Difference of two cubes:

l
a A3 - BO = (A - B)(A2 + AB + B2)
Algebra
Exponents Radicals Logarithms

r. am a" =am+n
o
l. (!if;;)" = a I. log, xy = IOgb"X+ log, Y

2. (am)" = amll 2. !!,fa "'ifb = '!.lab 2.

x
log, -
Y
= log, X - log, Y
....
" ;:-- ~ k
3.
am
-=a
m-II
3. !if;;=~ 3. IOgb(X) = k log, x
a" Vb b

4. aO = I 4. ~ = ('.:rat = am/II 4. loghbX =X

5. a-II =(~J 5. 'f:j

a = a I"f"n IS 0 dd 5. b1og,x x =
a"

6.. ai/II = !if;; 6. 1:7

a = Ia I"f n " even
I IS
6.
I
ogbx=---
log" x
log"b

Quadratic Formula
"Ifax2 + bx + e = 0 and a * 0, then
-b±~b2 -4ae
X=
2a

Factoring Models

I. Common factor: ax + ay = a( x + y)
2. Difference of squares: X2 - y2 = (x + y)(x - y)
3. Trinomial (leading coefficient 1): " X2 + (a + b)x + ab = (x + a)( x + b)
4. Perfect square trinomial: X2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2
5. General trinomial: (ae)x2 + (ad + be)x +bd = (ax + b)(ex + d)
6. Sum of cubes: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
7. Difference of cubes: a3 - b3 = (a - b)( a2 + ab + b2)

Number Relations

Complex numbers
a + bi
< Real
b =0 <
Irrational

Rational --

Pure imaginary
a = O. b"* 0
Integers
Geometric Formulas
Rectangle Square Triangle Sum of Angles of Triangle

IV

Perimeter: P = 21 + 2w Perimeter: P = 4s Perimeter: P = a + b +c A + B + C = 180°

Area: A = lw Area: A = s2 1 The SUI)1 of the measures of
Area·.A = -bh
2 the three angles is 180°.

Right Triangles Pythagorean Theorem Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle

(for right triangles)

c b c b

a a

Perimeter: P = a + b +c Triangle has: Triangle has:

1 two equal sides and three equal sides and
Area·.A = =ab
2 two equal angles. three equal angles.
One 90° (right) angle Measure of each angle is 60°.

Trapezoid Parallelogram Circle Rectangular Solid

I
I
I
I I
I I

a c
I
I
a
r:'>
Ih /

w
/
I /
/
I / H
/
/
/
/
1------ B-----I
L

Perimeter: Perimeter: P = 2a + 2b Circumference: C = 7Td Volume.V = L W H

P=a+b+c+B Area: A = bh C = 27Tr Surface Area:
1 Area: A = 11-,2 S = 2LW + 2H L + 2HW
Area: A = "2h(B + b)

Cube Cone Right Circular Cylinder Sphere

II

"...-
.----- -, r

Volume: V = s3 Volume: V = 7Tr2h 4 3

2 Volume·. V = -7Tr
3
Surface Area: S = 6s Surface Area:
S = 27Tr2 + 27Trh Surface Area: S = 47Tr2
Other Formulas 9 5
Distance: d = rt (r = rate, t = time)
Temperature: F = SC + 32 C = 9(F - 32)
Percent: p = br (p = percentage, b = base, r = rate) Simple Interest: I = Prt
(P = principal, r = annual interest rate, t = time in years)
LIBRARY OF FUNCTIONS

Identity Function Square Function Cube Function

f(x) = x f(x) = X2 f(x) = x3

-4
(-1,-1)

-4

Square Root Function Reciprocal Function Cube Root Function

1
f(x) = \IX f(x) = - f(x) = \1x
x

y y
2 \ (2, n 3 (2,12)
(1,1) /

-1
(1,~ ~G,D
-2 2x -3 3 x
\ (0,0)

(-2,-12) (-1, -1)

~2
-3

Absolute Value Function Exponential Function Natural Logarithm Function

f(x) = Ixl f(x) = e' f(x) = lnx

y
3

Sine Function Cosine Function Tangent Function

f(x) = sin x f(x) = cos x f(x) = tan x

1:

Cosecant Function Secant Function Cotangent Function

f(x) = csc x f(x) = secx f(x) = cot x

31T t. Iy
12:'- ~
I

I _31T I 31T -1!. x

~ 2 I -2~2-1
FORMULAS/EQUATIONS
Distance Formula If PI = (x], Y\) and P2 = (X2, Y2), th~ distance from PI to P2 is

d(PI, P2) = V(X2 - XI)2 + (Y2 - 'Ylj2

Standard Equation The standard equation of a circle of radius r with center at (h, k) is
ofa Circle
(x - h)2 + (y - kf = r2

Slope Formula The slope m of the line containing the points PI = (Xl, YI) and P2 = (X2, Y2) is
Y2 - Yl
m= . if Xl =1= X2
X2 - Xl
m is undefined if Xl = x2

Point-Slope The equation of a line with slope m containing the point (Xl, YI) is
Equation of a Line
Y - YI = m(x - Xl)

Slope-Intercept The equation of a line with slope m and y-intercept b is

Equation of a Line
Y = mx + b

Quadratic Formula The solutions of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a =1= 0, are

-b ± \lb2 - 4ac
x=
2a
If b2 - 4ac > 0, there are two unequal real solutions.
If b2 - 4ac = 0, there is a repeated real solution.
If b2 - 4ac < 0, there are two complex solutions that are not real.

GEOMETRY FORMULAS

Circle
o r

b
= Radius, A = Area, C = Circumference

= Base, h
A = 1Tr2
= Altitude (Height),
C = 21Tr
A = area
Triangle
~
b A = ~bh

Rectangle I = Length, w = Width, A = area, P = perimeter

A =Iw P = 21 + 2w

I = Length, w = Width, h = Height, V = Volume, S = Surface area

Rectangular Box
CI-----Qh
I W V = Iwh S = 21w + 21h + 2wh

Sphere r = Radius, V = Volume, S = Surface area

V = ~1Tr3
3
S = 41Tr2

Right Circular Cylinder r = Radius, h = Height, V = Volume, S = Surface area

V = 1Tr2h S = 21Tr2 + 21Trh
Trigonometry
General Angle Definitions If Bis an angle in standard position, and if(x,y) is any pointonthe terminal ray of B[except (0, 0)], then
y
sin B= ~ ~ reciprocals -+ csc B= ~
r y
x r
cosB= - ~ reciprocals -+ sec B=-
r x
~(X,y)
tan B= ~ ~ reciprocals -+ cot B=~,
x
rr=;
Y ----------~~~~------~x
Note: r = "x- + y-
Initial ray

Unit Circle Definitions Consider a point (x, y) on the unit circle x2 + y2 = I at arc length s from (I, 0), Then

I y
sins = v ~ reciprocals -+ cscs =-
• Y
I
coss = x ~ reciprocals -+ secs =-
x

tan s = ~ ~ reciprocals -+ cot s = ~,

x y -+---------+--J-----~~x
(1,0)

Right Triangle Definitions If B is an acute angle in a right triangle, as shown below, then
opposite, hypotenuse
sinB= ~reclprocals-+cscB= ,
hypotenuse opposite Hypotenuse
adjacent _ hypotenuse Opposite side
cosB= ~ reciprocals -+ sec B= -"--'--,
---
hypotenuse adjacent to angle e,
opposite, adjacent o
tanB= ~reclprocals-+cotB= "
adjacent opposite
Adjacent side
to angle B.

Signs of the Trigonometric Ratios

-Sine} posiuve
" All the functions
cscu
are positive,
others} negative
------------+-----------~x
-tane} "
posiuve -cos e} posiuve
"
cote sec O

others} negative others} negative

.Exact Values of Special Angles

e
sin e csc e cos e see e tan e cot e
degrees radians

not not
00 0 0 1 1 0
defined defined
1(
300 - -
1
2 -
J3 2 1
J3
6 2 2 J3 J3
1( 1 1
450 - J2 J2 1 1
4
1(
J2 J2 ..
600
- J3
-
2
-
1
2 J3
1
3 2 J3 2 J3
1( not not
900 - 1 1 0
defined defined
0
2
not not
1800 1( 0 -I -I 0
defined defined
31( not not
2700 -I -I 0 0
2 defined defined
. _ J
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
y
Let t be a real number and let P = (x, y) be the point on the (0,1)
unit circle that corresponds to t. (_12' fl.)
2
.

sint = y cost = x tant = [ , x=l=O (_'fl 'fl)

2' 2
x
1 1 x (_fl.2' 1)
csct = -, y=l=O sect = -, x=l=O cott = -, y=l=O 2
Y x Y

y
t (-1,0)
X2 + y2 =1
8 = tradians
s = tunits
t units x

o x
8 = tradians
X2 + y2 =1 s = It I units

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Fundamental Identities Half-Angle Formulas Double-Angle Formulas

tanO
sinO
=-- cotO
cosO
= -.-
. f!.. _
sm 2 - ±
)1 - 2
cosO sin (20) = 2 sinO cosO
cosO sin e cos(20) = cos20 - sin20
1
cscO = -.-
smO
secO = --0
1
cos
cotO =--
tanO
1 f!.. _
cos 2 - ±
)1 + 2
cosO cos (20)
cos (20)
=

=
2 cos20 - 1
1 - 2 sin20
sin20 + cos20 = 1 o 1 - cosO tan (20) = _2_t_an_0_
tan20 + 1 = sec20 tan 2: = sinO 1 - tan20
coeO + 1 = csc20

Even-Odd Identities Product-to-Sum Formulas

sin( -0) = -sinO csc( -0) = -cscO sin o sinf3 = ![cos(a - f3) - cos(a + 13)]
cos( -0) = cosO sec( -0) = secO cosa cosf3 = Hcos(a - f3) + cos(a + f3)]
tan( -0) = -tanO cot( -0) = -cotO sin a cosf3 = Hsin(a + f3) + sin(a - {3)]

Sum and Difference Formulas Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin(a + f3) = sina cosf3 + coso sinf3 a+f3 a-f3
sin(a - f3) = sinacosf3 - cosasinf3 sin a + sin f3 = 2 sin -2- cos -2-
cos(a + f3) = coso cosf3 - sin o sinf3
a-f3 a+f3
cos(a - f3) = cos o cosf3 + sin o sinf3 sin a - sin f3 = 2 sin -2- cos -2-
tan e + tanf3
tan(a + f3) = ----- a+f3 a-f3
1 - tan o tanf3 cos a + cos f3 = 2 cos -2- cos -2-
tan o - tanf3
tan (a - f3) = -------'- a+f3 a-f3
1 + tan a tanf3 cosa - cosf3 = -2sin--sin--
2 2

SOLVING TRIANGLES
Law of Sines Law of Cosines
sin A sinB sinC
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A
a b c
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C