ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER

& GENERAL ENERGY

ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 2b
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 CONTENTS

Forms of Energy

Energy Transfer by Heat

Energy Transfer by Work

Mechanical Forms of Work

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conversion Efficiencies
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 LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be

able to:

State the First Law of Thermodynamics

Explain the conservation of energy principle
(Energy Balance)

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 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law provides a basis for studying the relationships among the
various forms of energy and energy interactions.
Work done on a system = change in total energy of the system

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 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Balance (cont.)

Ein − Eout = ∆Esystem

• This relation is referred to as

the energy balance
• The relationship is valid for
any system undergoing any
process

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 Example

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 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Total Energy = sum of internal, kinetic, and potential energy changes

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 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
• Energy can be transferred to a system in three forms:

heat (Q)

work (W)

mass flow (Emass)
• Energy interactions are recognized at the boundary
• Taking the three forms of energy transfer into account, the energy
balance can be written as
Ein − Eout = (Qin − Qout ) + (Win − Wout ) + (Emass, in − Emass, out ) = ∆Esystem

• Or, more compactly as

Ein − Eout = ∆Esystem

Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,

by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies 8
 CLOSED SYSTEM ENERGY BALANCE

(kJ)
In a process of a closed system the energy of the system
increases and decreases by an amount equal to the
amount of energy transferred across its boundary
Change in Energy = Net amount of -
Net amount of
of the system heat transfer in work transfer
out

E2 − E1 = Q − W

∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE = Q − W
For a cycle
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 RATE OF ENERGY TRANSFER
(kJ)
The energy balance can then be expressed compactly as:

Or in a rate form:

Or on a unit mass basis:

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 2-7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
Performance (or Efficiency)
• An indicator of how well an energy conversion or transfer process
is accomplished
• Generally defined as
Desired Output
Performanc e =
Required Input

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 EXAMPLE 1
A closed system containing 20 kg of air undergoes a
process in which there is a heat transfer of 1000 kJ
from the system to the surroundings. The work done on
the system is 200 kJ. If the initial specific internal
energy of the system is 300 kJ/kg, what is the final
specific internal energy? Neglect KE and PE. (260
kJ/kg)

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 Example 2
Water is being heated in a closed
pan on top of a range while being
stirred by a paddle wheel.
During the process, 30 kJ of heat
is transferred to the water, and
5kJ of heat is lost to the
surrounding air.
The paddle-wheel work amounts
to 500 N.m Determine the final
energy of the system if its initial
energy is 10 kJ. [Ans 35.5 kJ]
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 Example 3
Consider a fan located in a 1m x 1m
square duct. Velocities at various
points at the outlet are measured, and
the average flow velocity is
determined to be 7 m/s.

Taking the air density to 1.2 kg/m3 ,

estimate the minimum electric power
consumption of the fan motor.
[Ans 0.2058 kW]

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 EXAMPLE
5 kg of steam in the figure undergoes an expansion from state 1
(u1=2709.9 kJ/kg) to state 2 (u2=2659.6 kJ/kg). During the
process, there is heat transfer to the steam of 80 kJ. The paddle
wheel transfers energy to the steam by work in the amount of 18.5
kJ. Determine the energy transfer by work from the steam to the
piston during the process. ( 350 kJ)

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 Class Takeaway
1. For any system, the first law can be written as:
a. ____________________________ (kJ) or,
b. ____________________________ (kJ/kg) or,
c. ____________________________ (kW)

2. Fill in the blank spaces in the table.

Process Q W E1 E2 ∆E
A +50 -20 +50
B +50 +20 +20
C -40 +60 +20
D -90 +50 0
E +50 +20 -100 16
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 Summary of Chapter 2

Forms of energy
 Macroscopic = kinetic + potential
 Microscopic = Internal energy (sensible + latent +
chemical + nuclear)

Energy transfer by heat

Energy transfer by work

Mechanical forms of work

The first law of thermodynamics
 Energy balance
 Energy change of a system
 Mechanisms of energy transfer (heat, work, mass flow)
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 Assignment 1
#1.37, 1-58, 2-37 , 2-43 and 2-47

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