PROPERTIES OF PURE

SUBSTANCES

CHAPTER 3c
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 CONTENTS

Pure Subtances
Phases of a Pure Substances
Phase Change Processes
Property Diagrams
Property Tables
The Ideal Gas Equation
Compressibility Factor
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 LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able

to:

Describe the ideal gas equation

Apply the ideal gas EOS in the solution of

typical problems

Define compressibility factor

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 THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION
OF STATE

Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure,
temperature, and specific volume of a substance.

The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the

gas phase is the ideal-gas equation of state.

Ideal gas EoS

If a gas obeys this relation it is called an ideal gas.

P: absolute pressure (kPa)

T: absolute temperature (K)
v: specific volume (m3/kg)
R: gas constant (kJ/kg.K)
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 THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION
OF STATE (cont’d)

Recall that: Pv = RT Ideal gas EoS

Where:
Ru Universal Gas Constant
R=
Gas Constant
M
Different substances have
different gas constants.

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 THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION
OF STATE (cont’d)
The ideal gas equation of state may be written several ways.
Pv = RT
V
V = mv P = RT PV = mRT
m
Molar mass, M is defined as the mass (kg) of one kmole of a substance
Mass of subs tan ce (kg ) m
M= =
No of mole (kmol ) N
∴ m = MN
Ru PV = NRuT
PV = mRT = ( MN ) RT = ( MN ) T
M
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 Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?

At pressures below 10 kPa,

water vapor can be treated as
an ideal gas, regardless of its
temperature, with negligible
error (less than 0.1 percent).

At higher pressures, however,

the ideal gas assumption yields
unacceptable errors,
particularly in the vicinity of the
critical point and the saturated
vapor line.

Fig: Percentage of error ([|vtable - videal|/vtable]

×100) involved in assuming steam to be an
ideal gas, and the region where steam can be
treated as an ideal gas with less than 1
7
percent error.
 EXAMPLE 1(a)

Determine the specific volume of R-134a at 1 MPa and 70oC,

using ideal gas EOS. Compare the result with the actual value
of 0.024261 m3/kg. (R=0.08149 kJ/kgK)

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 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR

Gases deviate from ideal-gas behavior significantly at states near

saturation region & critical point.

This deviation can be accounted for by a compressibility factor (Z)
Compressibility factor Z: A factor
that measures the deviation of real
gases from ideal-gas behavior.
Pv
Z=
RT
vactual
It also can be expressed as Z=
videal
RT
The compressibility factor is unity where v ideal =
for ideal gases.
P
The farther away Z is from unity, At very low pressures, all gases approach ideal-
Openthe more the gas deviates from gas behavior (regardless of their temperature).9
ideal-gas behavior.
 Generalized Compressibility
Chart (Figure A-30a, A-30b, A-30c)
Pseudo-reduced
Z is determined from the generalized compressibility chart.
specific volume

Compressibility Factor (y- axis)

Pseudo reduced v (dotted lines)

Reduced T Reduced P (x- axis)

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 Generalized Compressibility
Chart (cont’d)
The Z factor is approximately the same for all gases at the same
reduced temperature and reduced pressure, which are defined as

T P
TR = and PR =
Tcr Pcr

Values of specific volume are

included on the generalized
chart through the variable
called the pseudo reduced
volume.

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Comparison of Z factors for various gases.
 EXAMPLE 1(b)
Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and
50oC, using: Use Figure A-30a to read Z (R=0.08149 kJ/kgK)
a) the ideal gas equation of state
b) the generalized compressibility chart.
Compare the values obtained to the actual value of 0.02171
m3/kg and determine the error involved in each case.

(Tcr=374.2 K, Pcr=4.059 MPa). The percentage of error for the

volume ([|vtable – videal|/vtable]x100)

Ans: 0.02632, 21.2%, 0.02211, 2%

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 EXERCISE
Nitrogen at 150 K has a specific volume of 0.041884 m3/kg.
Determine the pressure of nitrogen, using

a) the ideal gas equation and

b) the generalized compressibility chart

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 Useful Ideal Gas Relation: The Combined
Gas Law
By writing the ideal gas equation twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties
of an ideal gas at two different states are related by
m1 = m2

PV PV PV
1 1 PV
1 1
= 2 2 = 2 2
R T1 R T2 T1 T2

Example 2-7
An ideal gas having an initial temperature of 25°C undergoes the two processes
described below. Determine the final temperature of the gas.

Process 1-2: The volume is held constant while the pressure doubles.
Process 2-3: The pressure is held constant while the volume is
reduced to one-third of the original volume.
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 P T2
Process 1-3: 3
2
Ideal m1 = m3
Gas
T3
or T1
1
PV
1 1 PV
= 3 3
T1 T3 V

but V3 = V1/3 and P3 = P2 = 2P1

Therefore, P3 V3
T3 = T1
P1 V1
2 P1 V1 / 3 2
T3 = T1 = T1
P1 V1 3
2
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T3 = (25 + 273) K = 198.7 K = −74.3°C 15
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 CLASS TAKEAWAY
The pressure of water vapor at T=350oC and v=0.035262 m3/kg, can be
determine by using;
a. The steam tables
b. The ideal gas equation
c. The generalized compressibility chart

Compare the values obtained and justify your answer.

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 Assignment # 2

ASSIGNMENT #2 - individual assignment

Due date: Wednesday, 11 th October 2017,

12 pm

Problems: 3-33, 3-40, 3-72 and 3-85. from

Textbook: Thermodynamics, An Engineering
Approach, 8th Ed.
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Reflection 1: We have been halfway through our learning journey in
this 1st half. Please reflect what we have gone through so far by
answering the following questions:
1. What are the topic/s do you like in Thermodynamics I that you
have learned so far? Please list.
2. What is the most challenging topic that you have learned so far?
What improvement do you think can be done to improve your
understanding of this topic?
3. What activity(ies) do you like in the student centre learning and
want to have it more in the remaining part?
Note: you need to write/copy and paste your reflection on
https://padlet.com/abaheta/e6daxwlgdy7z
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 Summary of Chapter 3

Pure substance
Property tables

Phases of a pure  Enthalpy
substance
 Saturated liquid, saturated

Phase-change processes of vapor, Saturated liquid vapor
pure substances mixture, Superheated vapor,
 Compressed liquid, compressed liquid
Saturated liquid, Saturated
vapor, Superheated vapor
The ideal gas equation of
 Saturation temperature and state
Saturation pressure

Property diagrams for  Is water vapor an ideal gas?
phase change processes
Compressibility factor
 The T-v diagram, The P-v
diagram, The P-T diagram,
The P-v-T surface
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