CHAPTER 5

MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUMES
CONTENTS
 Conservation of Mass
 Flow Work & the Energy of a Flowing
Fluid
 Energy Analysis for Steady-Flow
Devices
 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
 Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you should be
able to:
 Solve energy balance problems for common
steady-flow devices
Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
 For steady-flow, the mass flow rates at exits equal the mass
flow rates at inlets
 m   m
i
i
e
e

 The energy transfer by heat and work and the total

energy of the system do not vary with time – steady
 The energy rate balance can be defined as:

 Vi 2   Ve2 
 
dE cv 
 Qcv  W cv  m i  hi   gz i   m e  he   gz e   0
dt i  2  e  2 
 
V12  V22  

0  Q cv  W cv  m  h1  h2    g z1  z 2  

For single
inlet and exit
 2 
 NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS
 Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized
in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even
garden hoses.
 A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
 A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
Nozzles & Diffusers have:
 Varying cross-sectional area,
 No work
 Negligible change in PE

 V12  V22  
 
0  Q cv  W cv  m  h1  h2  
 g z1  z 2 

 2 

0  Q cv  m h1  h2  
V1
2
 V 2
2 
 What happened if the nozzle/diffuser is
 2  adiabatic?
 TURBINES
Turbine drives the electric generator in steam,
gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is
done against the blades, which are attached to
the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.
Energy balance for the turbine:

0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2  
  
V1
2
 V 2
2
 
 g  z1  z 2 
 2 
If PE and KE negligible, energy balance
for the turbine:
Schematic

W cv  Q cv  m  h1  h 2 
diagram
for turbine

However, most of the cases, KE is

significant (hence it cannot be ignored)
 COMPRESSORS & PUMPS
Compressors, as well as
pumps are devices used to
increase the pressure of a fluid.
Work is supplied to these devices
from an external source through
a rotating shaft.

Pumps work very much like

A compressor is capable of
compressors except that they
compressing the gas to very high
handle liquids instead of gases.
pressures.
Energy balance for the compressor in this figure:

0  Q cv  W cv  m  h1  h2  
V1
2
 V 2
2
 
 g  z1  z 2 
 2 
Most of the cases, PE and KE negligible.

Schematic diagram
W cv  Q cv  m  h1  h 2 
for compressor
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchangers are
devices where two moving
fluid streams exchange heat
without mixing. No work is
being done.

PE and KE usually negligible.

The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may

be zero or nonzero depending on how the control
volume is selected.

Mass and energy balances for the adiabatic heat

exchanger in the figure is:
THROTTLING DEVICES
Throttling valves are any
kind of flow-restricting
devices that cause a
significant pressure drop in
the fluid.

For this device, there is:

 No work being done
 Negligible change in PE, KE
 No heat transfer


0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2  
  
V12  V22  
 g  z1  z 2 
 2 
Energy
balance
Problem
Air enters an insulated diffuser operating at
steady state with a pressure of 1 bar, a
temperature of 300 K and a velocity of 250
m/s. At the exit, the pressure is 1.13 bar and
the velocity is 140 m/s. Potential energy
effects can be neglected. Using the ideal gas
model, determine:
(a) the ratio of the exit flow area to the inlet
flow area
(b) the exit temperature, in K.
Solution
p1  1 bar p2  1.13 bar
T1  300 K T2
V1  250 m / s V2  140 m / s
A1 A2

mass rate balance

A2V 2 A1V1 A2V 2 A1V1
  
v2 v1 RT 2 p 2 RT1 p1

A2  p1  T2  V1  T2 is unknown and can be obtain from

    
A1  p2  T1  V2  the energy rate balance
…cont.
energy rate balance
 V 2
 V 2

 
0  Qcv  Wcv  m
  h1  h2  1 2
 g  z1  z 2 
 2 
V12 V22
h2  h1  
2 2
From Table A-17
 250 2  140 2  1
h2   300 .19    321 .64 kJ / kg
 2  1000
Interpolating for h2 in Table A-17: T2  321.3 K
A2  1 bar  321.3 K  250 m / s 
     1.692
A1  1.13 bar  300 K  140 m / s 
Problem
A well-insulated turbine operating at steady state
develops 23 MW of power for a steam flow rate of
40.2 kg/s. The steam enters at 350oC with a velocity
of 35 m/s and exits as saturated vapor at 0.06 bar
with a velocity of 120 m/s. Neglecting potential energy
effects, determine the inlet pressure in bar.
 Solution
T1  350o C p2  0.06 bar
V1  35 m / s V2  120 m / s Mass balance
m  40.2 kg / s
sat.vapor
m  m 1  m 2
Wcv  23 MW
Q  0
cv

Energy rate balance

  V 2
 V 2
 
0  Q cv  W cv  m  h1  h 2    1 2
  g  z1  z 2 
  2  
The equation is reduced to: From Table A-6 (Superheated),
W cv V V 2 2
h1   h2  1 2
p1  16 bar
m 2
23x103 120 2  352
h1   2567.4   3146.13
40.2 21000
Problem
The cooling coil of an air-conditioning system is a heat
exchanger in which air passes over tubes through which
Refrigerant-22 flows. Air enters with a volumetric flow rate
of 40 m3/min at 27oC, 1.1 bar, and exits at 15oC, 1 bar.
Refrigerant enters the tubes at 7 bar with a quality of 16%
and exits at 7 bar, 15oC. Ignoring heat transfer from the
outside of the heat exchanger and neglecting kinetic and
potential energy effects, determine at steady state
(a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/min
(b) the rate of energy transfer, in kJ/min, from the
air to the refrigerant.
Solution

T2  15o C
p2  1 bar 2 R  22 Mass balance
x3  16%
3 p3  7 bar m air  m 1  m 2
m R  22  m 3  m 4
4 T4  15o C
p4  7 bar
1 Energy rate balance

 
Air
 AV 1  40 m3 / min  V12  V22 
T1  27 o C 
0  Q cv  Wcv  m air  h1  h2   
 g z1  z 2 
p1  1.1 bar  2 
  V32  V42  
 
 m R  22  h3  h4  
 g z3  z 4  
 2 
 …cont.

The energy rate balance is reduced to: From Table A-8, (external resource)
 h1  h2  h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3=58.04 + (0.16)(195.60)
m R  22  m air   h3=89.34 kJ/kg
h h 
 4 3
From Table A-9 (external resource)
The mass flow rate of air is found by
, h4 = 256.86 kJ/kg 300.19  288.15
using the ideal gas equation:  
 m R  22  51.103 
 AV 1 p1  AV 1  256.86  89.34 
m air  
v1 RT1 m R  22  3.673 kg / min
1.1x10 2 40  (b) Considering a control volume for
m air   51.103 kg / min
0.287300 
the refrigerant only:

From Table A-17, h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg

 
0  Q R  22  m R  22 h3  h4
and h2 = 288.15 kJ/kg: Q  3.673256.86  89.34 
R  22
Q R  22  615.3 kJ / min
Summary of Chapter 5
 Conservation of mass
 Mass and volume flow rates
 Mass balance for a steady-flow process
 Mass balance for incompressible flow
 Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
 Energy transport by mass
 Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
 Some steady-flow engineering devices
 Nozzles and Diffusers
 Turbines and Compressors
 Throttling valves
 Heat exchangers