COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

DISEASE CAUSATIVE INCUBATIO MODE OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREVENTION & TREATMENT
AGENT N PERIOD TRANSMISSION CONTROL
COVID-19 (VIRAL) Severe Acute Symptoms - Respiratory droplets Common: WUHAN Vaccine; no specific antiviral
- new virus that causes respiratory Respiratory appear 5 days and contact routes Fever, dry cough, tiredness treatment
illness in people and can spread from Syndrome after Isolation, Contact tracing and
person-to-person Coronavirus 2 Less common: monitoring
(SARS-CoV 2) – Aches, sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, headache, loss of
Outbreak: Wuhan, China subgenus of SARS- taste and smell, rash
CoV
- RNA virus related to both MERS Serious:
and 2019 novel Shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of speech
SARS coronaviruses coronavirus
(2019-nCoV)
MERS-CoV (VIRAL) Middle East 2-14 days - Close person-to- Severe respiratory illness with symptoms of: WUHAN No vaccine; no specific
- First identified: Saudi Arabia in Respiratory person contact - Fever, cough, shortness of breath (2-14 days) antiviral treatment. Treatment
2012. Syndrome (MERS), (droplet spread) - GI symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea/vomiting. Isolation, Contact tracing and is supportive based on
caused by a novel monitoring patient’s clinical condition
- Zoonotic virus, a virus that is coronavirus. - Contact with Comorbidities:
transmitted between animals and infected body fluids, diabetic, cancer, chronic heart,
People respiratory secretions, lung, kidney disease - comorbidities
raw or undercooked
- Middle east, Africa, South Asia camel meat, and
unpasteurized dairy
products of camels

SARS (VIRAL) Severe Acute 2-10 says, - Close person-to- Prodromal phase Isolation, Contact tracing and No confirmed treatment
- newly recognized form of a typical Respiratory with a mean of person contact. - Stage of infection after incubation and before symptoms. monitoring
pneumonia Syndrome 5 days 38°C body temp Antiviral medications and
Coronavirus (SARS- - Respiratory droplets Infectivity: none or low steroids are sometimes given
Earliest known cases: Guangdong CoV) (2-14 days without respiratory symptoms) to reduce lung swelling but
Province, China in November 2002 - fomites aren’t effective for
Respiratory Phase Everyone
- The WHO (March 2003) global - Shed in feces - 2-7 days
alert - dry nonproductive cough with or without respiratory distress. Diagnosed using PCR test
and worldwide surveillance - Common findings: (RT-PCR)
hypoxia, dullness on percussion and decreased breath sounds
on Physical examination.
Infectivity: highest

DENGUE FEVER & DENGUE Flaviviruses 1,2,3,4, a 3-14 days; - Through bite of Classic Dengue: Enhanced 4S Strategy Vaccine; No specific anti-
HEMORRAGHIC FEVER family of Togaviridae commonly 7- infected female Prodromal symptoms: malaise, anorexia, fever, myalgia, S - earch and Destroy viral medication to treat
(VIRAL) (single strand RNA) 10 days mosquito severe frontal and back headaches, arthralgia, nausea, S - eek Early Consultation dengue
- Each year, up to 400 million (Aedes aegypti) vomiting, rash petechiae S - elf Protection Measures
infected Arboviruses Group B S - ay yes to fogging only Paracetamol, analgesic for
- Day-biting DHF: Fever, hemorrhagic diathesis, hepatomegaly, during outbreaks fever, muscle pain or
- Approx. 100 million people get sick Vector: Mosquito: mosquito (2 hrs after hypovolemic shock headache
from infection, and 22,000 die from Aedes aegypti; Aedes sunrise; 2 hrs before ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) –
severe dengue. albopictus sunset) Phases of illness: first dengue vaccine DON’T GIVE ASPIRIN or
, Aedes polynensis, 1. Initial febrile phase IBUPROFEN –
- An acute febrile infection Aedes scutellaris First 4 days - invasive stage Diagnosis: anticoagulant
(non-specific manifestation of any simplex starts abruptly as high fever (104F or 40C), abdominal pain - Tourniquet test properties – thinner blood:
infectious disease) of sudden onset and headache, petechiae (distal portion of extremities); - Platelet count hemorrhage
with clinical manifestation of 3 Herman’s sign (skin appears purple w/ blanched areas), - Hemoconcentration
stages. febrile convulsions - Occult blood Drink plenty of fluids such as
DHF: purpura, epistaxis, gum bleeding - Hemoglobin determination water or drinks with added
electrolytes to stay
2. Circulatory phase hydrated
4th to 7th days - toxic or
hemorrhagic stage May require IV to prevent
lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration and replace
frequent plasma
bleeding, loss of plasma, cyanosis, profound
thrombocytopenia, untreated shock, death may occur Blood transfusion for
patients w/ severe bleeding
3. 7th to 10th day -convalescent or
Recovery Oxygen therapy for those in
----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- ◦ ----- shock
Grade I – positive tourniquet test
Grade II – grade I + spontaneous bleeding
Grade III – circulatory failure, weak pulse; narrow pulse
pressure, hypotension, restlessness
Grade IV – profound shock, blood pressure is undetectable

DIPHTHERIA (BACTERIAL) Corynebacterium 2-5 days after Respiratory droplets Respiratory Diphtheria: Tonsils, Pharynx, Nose Active immunization of all Penicillin – effective against
- Acute febrile infection of the tonsil, diphtheriae (Klebs- being exposed - sore throat + low-grade fever, whitish-gray membrane infants and children respiratory diphtheria
throat, nose, larynx or a wound Loeffler bacillus) – to the Contact with patient attached to the tonsils and pharynx, enlarged cervical lymph
marked gram positive, non- bacterium or carrier or with nodes (bull’s neck), severe breathing problems Physical examination for Anti-toxin (anti-diphtheria
sporulating, articles soiled with swollen lymph nodes serum) – can be given w/
- can also affect the skin and mucous generally aerobic Wound/Cutaneous Diphtheria: Skin (more contagious; penicillin
membranes (wound or cutaneous rarer) Schick test, Virulence test
diphtheria) - scaly rashes, sores, blisters Erythromycin (40 mg/kgbw
Loeffler slant in 4 doses x 7-10 days)

ENCEPHALITIS (VIRAL)
- also known as brain fever; is an inflammatory disease involving the nervous system, resulting in abnormal functioning of the spine and brain.
1. Viral Encephalitis
a. Common viruses – travels through a nerve on the skin and causes cold sore; affects temporal lobe (memory & speech), frontal lobe (emotions & behavior). Ex: Herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr Virus, HIV, Cytomegalovirus,
Mumps rubeola virus
b. Childhood viruses – occurrence of childhood viruses that can cause encephalitis. ex: chickenpox, measles, rubella
c. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) – due to arboviruses; Often transmitted by mosquitos that belong to Culex group (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) w/c is active day/night.

2. Bacterial Encephalitis
- caused by bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis spreading to the brain (primary); complication of current disease, like syphilis (secondary)

3. Protozoal Encephalitis
- parasitic / protozoal infections; toxoplasmosis, malaria.
CAUSATIVE INCUBATIO MOT SIGNS & SYMPTOMS PREVENTION & TREATMENT
AGENT N CONTROL
CLASSIFICATIONS OF Bacteria, viruses, 5-15 days; Bite of an infected General manifestations Prevent mosquito bites; Control convulsions
ENCEPHALITIS fungi, rickettsia, 4-21 days mosquito Prodromal symptoms: eradicate mosquito vectors
1. Primary Encephalitis toxins, chemical - 1-4 days, patients experience fever, headache, vomiting, Sanitary disposal of nose &
a. Eastern equine encephalitis substances, trauma dizziness, apathy Use insect repellants, wear throat secretions
(EEE) long-sleeved shirts and pants
- affects young children and people Arboviruses w/c - chills, sore throat, conjunctivitis, arthralgia, myalgia, Tepid sponge bath (TSB) or
older than 55 inhabit in Culex abdominal pain Diagnosis: alcohol sponge bath.
- more fatal than western group mosquito Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Paracetamol is administered
- Both western and eastern types - encephalitic signs such as nuchal rigidity, ataxia, tremors, analysis - acquired through if fever is excessively high
cause severe symptoms in infants; mental confusion, speech difficulties, aphasia, lumbar puncture/tap (as ordered by physician)
permanent nerve & brain damage. hyperexcitability, convulsions.
b. Western equine encephalitis Serologic test – 90% Corticosteroids – reduce
(WEE) - ocular palsy, ptosis, flaccid paralysis confirmatory, done on the 7th brain inflammation
- acute inflammation of brain day of illness
parenchyma and meninges; caused Japanese encephalitis Physical therapy,
by alphavirus w/c spread primarily - flu like symptoms Enzyme-linked occupational therapy, speech
by bite of Culex and Aedes immunosorbent assay therapy, and psychotherapy
mosquitos (ELISA)
- stiff neck, confusion, neurologic manifestations occur within
c. St. Louise encephalitis – enter
72 hrs and may progress drowsiness, seizures, and coma
olfactory tract; high risk of death in
Polymerase chain reaction
older people.
- decreased IQ (PCR)
d. Japanese encephalitis (JE) –
Culex tritaeniorhynchus; prevalent
in rice-growing, pig-and-poultry- - serious brain damage Computerized tomography
(CT scan) – brain structure
raising regions. Affects children
below 10; occurs more in males in a
3:1 ratio. March-April; Sept-Oct Electroencephalograph
(EEG) – show sharp waves
in encephalitis
2. Secondary Encephalitis
a. Post infection – sequelae to viral
diseases like measles, chickenpox, Magnetic resonance
mumps imaging (MRI)
b. Post vaccinal – associated w/ anti-
rabies vaccines.
FILARIASIS (PARASITIC) Wuchereria 10-12 months The disease is Asymptomatic stage: Measures aimed to control Ivermectin – onchocerciasis
- also known as elephantiasis, is a Bancrofti transmitted to a Characterized by the presence of microfilariae in the the vector:
parasitic disease caused by several - affects the lymph person through bites peripheral blood - Environmental sanitation Albendazole – lymphatic
microscopic, thread-like worms nodes, lymph vessels from an infected No clinical signs and symptoms of the disease such as proper drainage and filariasis
(African eye worm) that belongs to of the legs, arms, female mosquito. cleanliness of the
the superfamily Filarioidea. vulva, and breasts Acute stage: surroundings Diethylcarbamazine
Lymphadenitis - inflammation of the lymph nodes - Use of insecticides. (DEC) / Hetrazan
- Public health concern in many Brugia Malayi Lymphangitis- inflammation of lymph vessels in some cases,
endemic areas (46 Provinces in - causes swelling of the male genitalia is affected. Measures aimed to protect Surgery
12 Regions) extremities (below the people in endemic
knees and elbow) Chronic stage: irreversible areas:
- Chronic parasitic infection Developed 10-15 years from the onset of first attack - Use of mosquito nets
caused by nematode parasite Brugaria Timori Hydrocoele - swelling of the scrotum - Application of insect
- rarely affects the Lymphedema - swelling of the upper and lower extremities repellants
- Vector-borne disease - genitals Elephantiasis - enlargement or thickening of the skin of the - Screening of houses
mosquito lower and/or upper extremities, scrotum, breast - Health education
Loa Loa – eye worm
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
TINEA FLAVA (TINEA ALBA, Tinea flava Days up to 2 Contact w/ infected Disturbing abnormal skin pigmentation Wash; don’t share towels, - Miconazole
TINEA VESICOLOR) (Malassezia furfur) – weeks after objects like towels, clothing, combs, etc.
- hypopigmentation / lipophilic fungi being in clothes, combs Mild pruritus - Ciclopirox colamine
hyperpigmentation of the skin, contact w/ the Use prescribed skin and oral
usually at the back or on the chest. fungus treatment - Propylene glycol lotion

- affects people at puberty age; both Coconut oil – anti-fungal - Topical terbinafine
M and F
- Benzoyl peroxide
TINEA VESICOLOR
(PITYRIASIS VESICOLOR)
- small patches on the skin to become
scaly and discolored; can be darker or
lighter than the surrounding skin.
TINEA BARBAE (BARBER’S Trichopyton Days up to 2 contact of an infected Mild superficial form: Don’t share equipment, - griseofulvin
ITCH) mentagrophytes – weeks after animal (dogs, cattle, Erythema (abnormal redness), perifollicular papules, towels, clothing, combs, etc.
- colonization of bearded areas of the cattle being in horses) to the skin of pustules, brittle and lusterless hair - ketoconazole
face and neck (adult males only) contact w/ the a human
Trichopyton fungus Inflammatory form: - fluconazole
verrucosum - horses use of contaminated - Deep, pustular kerion (crusting around the hair), unilateral
equipment (razor) involvement of neck, chin and maxillary area, but sparing - itraconazole
upper lip
- brittle hair - terbinafine
- alopecia

Circinate – Vesiculo-pustular border w/ central scaling

TINEA CORPIS Dermatophytes – 10 to 14 days Direct, skin-to-skin clear or scaly area inside the ring, perhaps with a scattering of Changing socks and OTC antifungal cream,
(TRICHOPHYTOSIS / lives on keratin after contact contact w/ an infected bumps whose color ranges from red on white skin to reddish, underwear daily lotion, powder
RINGWORM) and ringworm person purplish, brown or gray on black and brown skin.
- not caused by a worm, but a fungal of the body is Avoid sharing clothes, linen,
infection seen 4 to 10 Grooming / petting itchiness combs, etc.
days after cats or dogs
- circular, red, flat sores accompanied initial contact. Observe personal hygiene
by scaly skin

TWO TYPES:
Dry type – rounded macular areas
of reddish or yellowish-brown
color. Slightly elevated above
surrounding the skin. Center is paler
than periphery of the lesion.

Moist type – less frequently seen;

usually arise from dry lesions and
rapidly becomes pustular in the
presence of secondary infection.

TINEA PEDIS (ATHLETE’S Dermatophytes 4 – 10 days contact with infected Redness, blisters, filled with pus Wash feet daily Topical antifungal ointments
FOOT) skin scales or contact
- toe infection characterized by red, with fungi in damp Infected skin is soft and layers start to break down Dry feet completely
dry, cracked, and itchy skin. areas (showers,
locker rooms, Medicated powder to reduce
- occurs more to those who wear tight swimming pools) perspiration
shoes and stay in sweaty socks

TINEA CRURIS (JOCK ITCH) Dermatophytes 4-14 days Same w/ athlete’s reddened area of skin in the crease in the groin Avoid contact w/ infected Topical antifungal
- infection of groin / upper thighs; foot animals ointments / powder
both sexes can be infected burn / feel itchy
Avoid sharing undergarments

Proper hygiene

GERMAN MEASLES / RUBELLA Rubella virus – 14-21 days Direct contact w/ Prodromal period: Avoid exposing children to No specific treatment
/ THREE-DAY MEASLES togavirus & closely nasopharyngeal Low grade fever, headache, malaise, mild coryza, any person with fever or with
(VIRAL) related to secretions of infected conjunctivitis, post-auricular, sub-occipital, posterior cervical acute catarrhal symptoms Symptomatic
- An acute highly communicable alphaviruses persons lymphadenopathy w/c occur on 3rd – 5th day after onset
infection characterized by fever, Disinfection of all articles Vitamin A
rashes and symptoms referable to Air droplets Eruptive period: soiled with secretion of nose
upper respiratory tract Pinkish rash on soft palate (Forchheimer’s spot), and throat
Transplacental in exanthematous rash, eruption, testicular pain (young adults),
- mild, feverish illness associated w/ congenital rubella transient polyarthralgia, polyarthritis. Live attenuated and
rashes and joint aches inactivated measles virus
Infants’ urine and (MMR) for infants
- teratogenic effect on fetus pharyngeal secretions - encephalitis
- neuritis Death is due to the
- older = more severe symptoms - arthritis complication (Secondary to
- arthralgias pneumonia, usually in
- rubella syndrome / thrombocytopenic purpura children under 2 years old)
(blueberry muffin skin)
- AMB microcephaly (smaller than usual head)

GONORRHEA (BACTERIAL) Neisseria 3-21 days Mucous – mucous Females: Sex education - ceftriaxone (125 – 250 mg
- sexually transmitted bacterial Gonorrhoeae or membrane (sexual - frequent urination, burning sensation, IM single dose)
disease involving the mucosal lining Gonococcus transmission) from - yellowish purulent vaginal discharge, Case finding / contact tracing
of the genitourinary tract, cervix, exudates - redness and swelling of genitals, vaginal itchiness, - doxycycline (100 mg PO
rectum, pharynx, or membranes of - urethritis, cervicitis Females: BID x 7 days)
the eyes and conjunctivae Uterine transmission - endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic peritonitis (infertility) - Culture of specimen taken
– rupture of from cervix and anal canal; - For pregnant: ceftriaxone
membranes Male: inoculation of specimen on (125 – 250 mg IM single
- Dysuria (painful urination) w/ purulent discharge (gleet) Thayer-Martin method dose + erythromycin 500 mg
Bacterial - rectal infection for homosexuals, urethritis, prostatitis (contains antibiotic that PO x 7 days)
transmission – baby - pelvic pain, fever inhibits growth of
comes out of infected microorganisms) - aqueous procaine penicillin
birth canal Others: (ANST) – 4 m units IM
Eyes – pain, photophobia, pus-like discharges Male:
Sexual contact Throat – sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck - Gram-staining of urethral - Gonococcal conjunctivitis:
(orogenital, Joints – painful joints, swelling, redness, warmth discharge Ceftriaxone IM and irrigation
anagenital) Rectum – itchiness, discharge, blood in stool of infected eye w/ normal
saline solution
Fomites
- Crede’s prophylaxis -
babies
 HEPATITIS (VIRAL)
HEPA A (INFECTIOUS Hepatitis A virus 15-60 days; 3 Fecal-oral Flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of Vaccine for children at age 1 No specific treatment;
HEPATITIS; Catharral jaundice) – (HAV) weeks with a appetite, nausea, jaundice / dark-colored urine and older bedrest
GI TRACT mean of 30 Ingestion of
- liver infection caused by HAV; days contaminated water, Encephalopathy – drowsiness, cerebral edema Screen food handlers High carbs, low fat, low
inflammation of the liver that is not uncooked fruits and GI bleeding carefully protein
very severe. veggies Clonus, hyperreflexia
Edema, ascites Diagnosis: Vit b complex
- spreads relatively easy to Contaminated Aplastic, anemia SGOT – serum glutamic
individuals food/drinks infected Loss of corneal and papillary reflexes, respiratory failure oxaloacetic transaminase Isoprinosine (methisoprenol)
by food handlers SGPT – serum glutamic
pyruvic transaminase
HEPA B (SERUM HEPATITIS) – Hepatitis B virus 30-189 days Body fluids (blood) Prodromal period: Vaccine; screening of blood No specific treatment;
STI (HBV) (2-5 months) Fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, donors bedrest
- inflammation of liver caused by Contaminated jaundice, dark urine, pale stools
HBV; considered more serious than needles, syringes Avoid injury w/ sharp objects
Hepa A due to severe complications Fulminant hepatitis – may be fatal w/ severe symptoms (needles, syringes)
Sexual contact (bleeding, ascites)
Safe sex precaution

HEPA C – STI Hepatitis C virus 2-26 weeks, Needlestick Majority do not exhibit symptoms Safe sex precaution No treatment, no vaccine
- liver disease by HCV; (HCV) ave of 6-8
asymptomatic weeks Blood, body fluids Influenza, right upper quadrant abdominal pain (RUQ) Be careful of needlestick
injuries
- small percent of patients tested Sex (male-male) Dark urine, straw-colored stools, jaundice, joint pains, pruritus

HEPA D – STI Hepatitis D virus 2-8 weeks Same methods as Same signs / symptoms as Hepa B Same precautions as Hepa B Same treatment as Hepa B
- found in patients with an acute or (HDV) Hepa B
chronic episodes of hepatitis B and
requires presence of HbsAg

HEPA E – GI TRACT Hepatitis E virus 2-9 weeks Same methods as Same symptoms as Hepa A Same precautions as Hepa A Same treatment as Hepa A
- waterborne like hepa A (HEV) (mean 6 Hepa A
weeks)
- shed in stool; detection is difficult

- never becomes chronic

HERPES SIMPLEX (VIRAL) Herpes Simplex 4 days; range HSV-1 – cold sores; Painful vesicular lesion of the male and female genitals and Primary disease can be No vaccine.
- appearance of cold sores and Virus (HSV) 2-12 after spread through oral anal area. prevented by protection from
blisters anywhere on the skin; occurs exposure droplets exposure to vesicular - Acyclovir (Zovirax)
usually around the mouth and nose, Flu-like symptoms, pain, itching, tenderness of genitals, lesion.
genitals and buttocks (virus of love) muscular pain, burning sensation - Famciclovir (Famvir)
HSV-2 – sexual Abstinence
TYPES: contact; genital Ulcers may form when blisters rupture and ooze or bleed - Valacyclovir (Valtrix)
HSV-1 – cold sores; spread through Condoms
oral droplets Development of sores on the:
HSV-2 – sexual contact; genital Buttocks, thighs, anus, One partner
herpes Mouth, pharynx
HSV-3 (Varicella Zoster Virus) – Urethra
Chickenpox & Shingles Vaginal area
HSV-4 (Epstein-Barr Virus) – External genitals
Tonsilitis, Fever, Nodes; Cervix
Mononucleosis Penis, scrotum
HSV-5 (Cytomegalovirus)
HERPES ZOSTER (VIRAL) Varicella – Zoster 5-6 days after Direct contact: Thoracic segment is commonly affected Adults 50+ yrs old should Symptomatic
- also known as shingles / acute Virus (VZV) the last crust droplet infection; receive the shingles vaccine
posterior ganglionitis, is caused by disappears; airborne spread Extremities and branches of 5th (trigeminal) and 7th (facial) Antiviral drugs, Acyclovir
the same virus responsible for 13-17 days cranial nerves Avoid exposure to patient w/
chickenpox, the VZV Indirect contact: VZV Analgesics
Fomites Erythematous base of the skin
- dormant in certain nerve fibers, Increase immune resistance Anti-inflammatory
becomes active later on Vesicles become pustular, breakdown, form crusts
Antihistamine
Gasserian ganglionitis – corneal anesthesia due to
ophthalmic branch (5th cranial nerve) is affected

Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome – paralysis of facial nerve and

vesicles in the external auditory canal (7th cranial nerve)

HOOKWORM DISEASE Ancylostoma 4-6 weeks Through skin of the Abdominal pain, diarrhea, urticaria Blood exam - Pyrantel Embonate
(PARASITIC) Duodenate (Europe after larvae foot (ground itch) (Quantrel)
- intestinal parasite of humans that & Asia), Necator penetrate skin Mentally and physically underdeveloped; protruding Microscopic exam of feces
usually causes diarrhea and cramps Americanus Ingestion of abdomens, lethargic for the eggs - Tetrachloroethylene
40-100 days, contaminated food /
2-8 weeks water Malnourished - Carbon Tetrachloride

Laziness, lack of energy

Perverted appetite, pedal edema

INFLUENZA (VIRAL) RNA-containing 24-48 hrs Airborne spread Fever, chills, headaches, Cough, Sore throat, Runny or stuffy Proper personal hygiene Self-limiting disease – can
- Highly communicable disease Myxovirus, types A, nose, hyperpyrexia, malaise, coryza (colds & pharyngitis), resolve on its own
A-prime, B, and C Droplet spread rhinorrhea, myalgia Body’s resistance
- Abrupt onset with fever (1 to 6
days) chilly sensation or chills, aches Direct contact Severe backpain, severe sweating Social distancing Antiviral drugs, if prescribed
or pain in the back and limbs with by a doctor
prostrations. GI symptoms, vomiting Active immunization with
influenza vaccine
- Respiratory symptoms: coryza Aspirin is not to be given to
(rhinitis), sore throat and cough. Diagnosis: 16 y/o beow
- Ranks 6th in the leading cause of Leukopenia, oropharyngeal
morbidity (DOH, 2014) swag, viral serology

AVIAN INFLUENZA (VIRAL) Influenza virus A 3-5 days after - Inhalation of/or Similar signs and symptoms w/ human influenza Control Measure in Birds: Self-limiting
- termed as bird flu; type of influenza (H5N1) exposure contamination with - Rapid destruction, proper
infected discharges disposal of carcasses and Antiviral drugs: Osetalmivir
- both as emerging and re-emerging Avian Influenza (A1) of feces of infected rigorous disinfection of farms (Tamiflu), stop the progress
viral infection virus; genus of bird/chicken Restriction on the movement of the illness if given within
Orthomyxoviridae of live poultry. the first 2 days from the onset
- unvarying disease caused by a - cats are possible of fever
varying virus. vectors of H5N1 Preventive Measure in
strains of avian flu Human:
- infectious disease of birds ranging - Handwashing
from mild to severe form of illness.
- Cook poultry product
- All birds are susceptible; some Thoroughly
species are more resistant than
others - Yearly vaccination of
poultry
- Some forms of bird flu infections workers with regular of
can cause illness to humans. periodic direct contact with
poultry
LEPROSY (BACTERIAL) THREE FORMS:
- Also known as Hansen’s Disease / Hansenosis 1. Lepromatous Leprosy (Multibacillary
- most serious and most infectious; causes damage to respiratory tract, eyes, testes, nerves, skin
- leading cause of permanent physical disability among the communicable disease; chronic mildly communicable - Lesions appear as mascules, become modular in character (leproma)
disease that mainly affects the skin the peripheral nerves, the eyes and mucosa of URT - Lepromin test is negative

WHO classification of Leprosy: 2. Tuberculoid Leprosy

paucibacillary leprosy (non-infectious; 6-9 months treatment)
- well defined skin lesions that are numb, early stage
multibacillary leprosy or lepromatous leprosy (most infectious; 24-30 months treatment)
- stuffy nose and many skin lesions and nodules, advanced stage
- important to classify patients to determine duration to treatment
- affects peripheral nerves, sometimes the surrounding skin (face, eyes, testes)
- Macules are elevated w/ clearing at the center, more clearly defined than in the lepromatous form
- Lepromin test is positive; Anesthesia is present
3. Borderline (Dimorphous) Leprosy
- if misidentified: risk of relapsed and spreading - has the characteristics of both
LEPROSY (BACTERIAL) Mycobacterium 5.5 months – 8 Respiratory droplets Early signs and symptoms: Avoidance of prolonged skin Ambulatory chemotherapy
Leprae (Hansen’s yrs a. Change in color- either reddish brown/white to skin contact especially through use of MDT
Bacillus) Break in skin and b. Loss of sensation on the skin lesion with lepromatous case;
mucous membranes c. Decrease/loss of sweating and hair growth over the lesion Practice personal hygiene no single drug - drug
d. Thickened and painful nerves resistance
e. Muscles weakness and paralysis of extremities avoid close contact with
f. Pain and redness of the eyes active untreated leprosy case MDT recommended:
g. Nasal obstruction or bleeding dapsone (100 mg daily),
BCG vaccine rifampicin (600 mg a
Signs of advanced leprosy: month), clofazimine (50 mg
a. Loss of eyebrow (madarosis) Adequate nutrition, rest, and daily, for 12 months)
b. Inability to close eyelids (lagophthalmos) exercise
c. Paralysis and crippling of hands and feet PBL - 6 months course of
d. Nose disfigurement Diagnosis: treatment
e. Blindness - Lepromin skin test MBL - 12 months course of
f. Chronic non-healing ulcers on the bottom of the feet - Slit skin smears treatment

LEPTOSPIROSIS (BACTERIAL) Leptospira 6-15 days Ingestion or contact Three Septic Stages: Educate people Aetiotropic Drugs:
- Weil’s Disease, Canicola Fever, Interrogans w/ the skin mucous 1. Septic Stage – fever, chills, headache, anorexia, abdominal Penicillin
Hemorrhagic Jaundice, Mud Fever, membrane of the pain, severe prostration / tiredness Use of protective clothing Doxycycline
Swine Herd Disease, Japanese Seven Sources: infected urine or 2. Immune Phase / Toxic Stage – w/ or w/o jaundice, boots and gloves especially Ampicillin
Days Fever Rats (L. carcasses of wild & disorientation, convulsions, oliguria and anuria w/ progressive by worker with occupational Amoxicillin
icterohaemorrhagiae) domestic animals renal failure, shock, coma, congestive heart failure hazards
- Worldwide zoonotic disease. – source of Weil’s - death occurs between 9th – 16th day of infection Prophylaxis:
disease Leptospira enters 3. Convalescence – relapse may occur during 4th – 5th week Rats and other potential Doxycycline (100 mg PO q
- occupational disease affecting blood host's control 12 hrs for 1 week)
veterinarians, miners, farmers, sewer, Dogs (L. canicola) Organs affected: Complications:
workers, abattoir workers, etc. Contact w/ semen of Liver – jaundice Meningitis Investigation of contacts and Peritoneal Dialysis
Mice (L. infected animals Kidney – renal failure Weil’s Disease source of infection
drippotyphosa) Muscles – pain & edema Cardiovascular problems F&E and blood products as
Eyes – conjunctivitis Darken patient’s room indicated
Rats (L. bataviae)

MALARIA (PARASITIC) Protozoa of Genus P. falciparum Mechanical, bite of Uncomplicated: 6-10 hrs, recur every 2nd day House spraying; Educate the Drug of choice is
- acute and chronic parasitic disease Plasmodia – 12 days female Anopheles - sensation of cold + shivers, fever, headaches, vomiting people on endemic areas Chloroquine.
transmitted by the bite of infected mosquito - seizures
female Anopheles mosquitos P. falciparum P. ovale & P. - sweats Chemoprophylaxis: Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine
(malignant tertian) vivax – 14 Parenteral, blood Only Chloroquine should be combination may be used in
- Life threatening, serious, fatal P. vivax (benign days transfusion Severe Malaria: vital organ dysfunction given. It must be taken at areas with high levels of
tertian) - fever & chills, weekly interval starting from resistance to Chloroquine
- only 7 provinces remain with P. malariae P. malariae – Transplacental, - impaired consciousness, prostration (assume prone position), 1-2 weeks before entering
local transmission of the disease (Quartan) 30 days congenital malaria multiple convulsions, respiratory distress, abnormal bleeding endemic areas.
P. ovale (anemia), clinical jaundice & vital organ dysfunction
P. knowlesi
MEASLES (VIRAL) Filtrable virus 10-12 days Virus is found in the Pre-eruptive Stage Isolation; Immunization Anti-viral drugs –
- An acute, highly communicable, belonging to the blood, and secretions - fever Isoprenosine
exanthematous, vaccine-preventable genus Morbillivirus Single attack from the eyes, nose, - catarrhal symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, Tepid sponge bath
disease characterized by fever, of the family conveys a and throat coryza) Antibiotics
rashes and symptoms referable to Paramyxoviridae lifelong - respiratory symptoms Daily cleansing
upper respiratory tract infection immunity Direct contact - Enanthem sign (Koplik’s spot, Stimson’s line) Supportive therapy – oxygen
(URTI) KOPLIK SPOT- inflammatory lesions of buccal mucous Oral and nasal hygiene inhalation, IV
Droplet glands; look like grains of salt scattered on red inflamed
- The eruption is preceded by about 2 background Care of eyes and ears
days of coryza, during which stage Fomites
grayish pecks (“koplik spots”) may Eruptive Stage Limit diet to fruit juices,
be - maculopapular rash, high grade fever milk, and water during
found on the inner surface of the - anorexia, irritability febrile stage
cheeks: pre-eruptive stage - abdominal tympanism, sore throat
Change position every 3-4
- Measles is severe among Stage of Convalescence hrs
malnourished children with fatality of - rashes fade, fever subsides
95- 100% - desquamation begins when rashes fade

MENINGITIS (VIRAL) Pneumococcus Respiratory droplets Acute meningococcemia – invades bloodstream w/o Vaccines; Rifampicin as IV Antibiotics:
- Cerebrospinal Fever, inflammation from the involving meninges prophylaxis Ampicillin
of the meninges of the brain and Staphylococcus nasopharyngeal - high-grade fever, nasopharyngitis, nausea, vomiting, malaise Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
spinal cord due to viral and bacterial mucosa Aminoglycosides
infection. Streptococcus Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome – meningococcemia +
adrenal medulla hemorrhage Digoxin to control
- inflammation involves three Tubercle bacillus - development of petechiae that becomes purpuric (purple) & arrhythmias
meningeal membranes: dura matter, ecchymotic (discoloration of skin resulting from bleeding)
arachnoid membrane, pia matter Neisseria spots w/ shock Mannitol - cerebral edema
Meningitidis
(Meningococcus) Aseptic meningitis – benign syndrome characterized Anticonvulsants
headache, fever, vomiting, meningeal irritation, stiff neck,
nuchal rigidity Acetaminophen
MONONUCLEOSIS (VIRAL) Epstein-Barr virus 30-50 days Direct contact Prodromal signs: Proper disposal of oral Steroids for bronchodilation
- Infectious Mononucleosis / (EBV) Fatigue, anorexia, inability to concentrate, chills, headache secretions
Glandular Fever, “Mono” is an acute High and lasting Fever, sore throat, lymph nodes Antibiotics are of no use
self-limiting disease of lymphatic immunity usually Exudative tonsillitis characterized by whitish, pasty exudates Bed rest, refrain from
system caused by EBV (herpes) develops and a foul-smelling and spreading greenish-gray membrane. strenuous activity Bed rest and fluids
Dysphagia, gum bleeding
MUMPS (VIRAL) Paramyxovirus 14-25 days Droplets Headache, otalgia (ear pain), anorexia, fever, swelling of MMR Anti-viral drugs
- Infectious Parotitis / Epidemic parotid gland
Parotitis, acute viral disease fomites Isolation of patient NSAIDS for pain relief
manifested by swelling of one or both
parotid glands Application of hot or cold
compress
PEDICULOSIS (PARASITIC) Pediculus Humanos 1 week (6-9 Direct contact Asymptomatic Avoid getting in contact w/ OTC shampoos, cream,
- infestation w/ human head-and- w/ two subspecies: days before infested person lotions
body-louse eggs to hatch) Less commonly on
P.H. capitis (head fomites Soak combs, brushes
louse)
P.H. humanos (body Avoid head-to-head contact
louse)

PERTUSSIS (BACTERIAL) Bordetella Pertussis 7-14 days Direct Catarrhal Stage Isolation 4-6 weeks Supportive therapy:
- whooping cough, repeated attacks - non-specific symptomatology, mucoid rhinorrhea, sneezing, F&E Replacement
of spasmodic coughing w/c consist of Indirect lacrimation, dry bronchial cough DPT
a series of explosive expirations, - most communicable Adequate nutrition
producing crowing sound, the Droplet
“whoop”, and is followed by Paroxysmal Stage Oxygen therapy
vomiting fomites - occurs at 7th – 4th day
- cough becomes spasmodic, recurrent, excessive, explosive Antibiotic – Erythromycin,
outbursts in a rapid series of 5-10 rapid coughs Ampicillin
- whoop / crowing sound
- Cyanotic face, veiny, bulging eyes, tongue protrudes Hyperimmune convalescent
- involuntary urination, lethargy serum or gamma globulin

Convalescent Stage
- gradual decrease in paroxysms of coughing, both in
frequency and severity
- vomiting ceases

TETANUS (BACTERIAL)
- fatal in up to 60% of unimmunized
people, death occurs 10 days of onset.
- Prognosis is poor if symptoms
develop within three days
- Acute disease induced by toxin of
Tetanus bacilli growing anaerobically
in wounds and at the umbilicus
among the infants.
- Characterized by muscle
contraction.
- Starts in jaw then progress
Clostridium tetani Punctured wounds Neonate: Immunity is induced by Within 72 hrs post-exposure:
contaminated by rust, - feeding / sucking difficulties tetanus toxoid anti-toxin ATS, TAT, or TIG
Source of infection: dust, soil, animal - short, mild, voiceless but excessive cry
Immediate source excreta containing C. - fever, dehydration, tonic or rigid muscular contractions, Prevalent places: pregnant Tetanus toxoid, 0.5 mL IM
of infection is soil, tetani spasms, convulsions, cyanosis, pallor, flaccidity, exhaustion, women immunity (DPT)
street dust, animals death Pen G Na to control infection
and human feces Rugged, traumatic Health education of mothers,
wounds, burns Older children / adult: relative and attendants - strict Muscle relaxant
Localized - Spasms, increased muscle tone aseptic methods of umbilical
Umbilical stump of Systemic – hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, tachycardia, care in the newborn
newborn painful involuntary muscle contractions, neck and facial
- muscle rigidity (trismus)
Babies delivered to - Grinning expression (risus sardonicus)
mother w/o tetanus - Board-like abdomen / abdominal rigidity
toxoid immunizations - Opisthotonos (muscle spasms causing backward arching of
head and neck)
Piercings - Laryngospasm, fracture of vertebrae
PNEUMONIA (BACTERIAL, Streptococcus 1-3 days Droplets - Rhinitis/ Common cold Fatigue Immunization against Hib, Bed rest
VIRAL, FUNGAL) pneumoniae - Highly colored urine pneumococcus, measles and
- An acute infectious disease of the Inhalation of caustic / - Severe chill whooping cough (pertussis) Adequate salt, fluid, calories
lungs usually caused by the Staphylococcus toxic chemicals, - High fever is and vitamin intake
pneumococcus resulting in the aureus aspiration of food, - Dilated pupils the most effective way to
consolidation of one or more lobes of fluid or vomitus - Pain over affected areas prevent pneumonia. Water requirement increases
either one or both lungs. Haemophilus - Rusty sputum because of the high fever,
influenzae - Productive cough sweating and increased RR.
- ranks 2nd in the leading cause of - Fast respiration Pneumococcal vaccine –
morbidity (DOH, 2014) Klebsiella - Vomiting at times prevent pneumonia Tepid sponge bath for fever
pneumoniae * Convulsion may occur
- ranks 4th in the leading cause of (Friedlander’s bacilli) Staff education Antibiotics based on Care of
mortality with a rate of 54.2 per Serious conditions lead to Acute Respiratory infection
100,000 population (DOH, 2013) - Viruses bacteremia (lung abscess), pleural Infection and microbiological (CARI of DOH)
- Mycoplasmas effusion, acute respiratory infection surveillance
- Bacterial, viral, or fungal - Fungi
- Various chemicals Modifying host risk for
- Pneumonitis: general term that infection
describes the inflammatory process in
the lung tissue that may predispose
and place the patient at risk for
microbial invasion