Chapter 13: Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in

Liver and Muscle

 Gluconeogenesis

Regulation of Gluconeogenesis

Medical cases
 Glucose Metabolism
Glc Glycogenesis

Glc Glycogen

Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis

Starvation Glc
 Glucose Metabolism
Glc Glycogenesis

Glc Glycogen

Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis
Fasting
Starvation Starvation Glc Rapid response
overnight

Slower response
 Adipose tissue
Amino
acids
Metabolism of
fatty acids Lactate Glycerol

Source of energy Source of Carbons

Glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis from Lactate

GLYCOLYSIS GLUCONEOGENESIS

cytosolic enzymes Mitochondrial &

cytosolic enzymes
 Glycolysis vs Gluconeogenesis
Pase:
Glycolysis Gluconeo. phosphatase
Glucose
Glc-6-
Glucokinase
Glucose 6-P Pase

Fructose 6-P Fru-1,6

PFK-1 BPase
Fructose 1,6-BP
PEP Pyruvate Pyruvate Carboxylase,
kinase PC
Pyruvate
PEP Carboxy
Kinase, PEPCK
 Gluconeogenesis from Lactate
(2) Lactate (2) Pyruvate (2) phosphoenolpyruvate
LDH PEPCK, CO2
CO2
ATP GTP
PC (2) 2-Phosphoglycerate
Biotin
(2) Oxaloacetate (2) Oxaloacetate (2) 3-Phosphoglycerate

Malate dehydrogenase MDH (2) 1,3-BiPhosphoglycerate

MDH
(2) Malate (2) Malate
(2) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glucose Mitochondria
Glucose Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
 Gluconeogenesis from Lactate
(2) Lactate (2) Pyruvate (2) phosphoenolpyruvate
LDH PEPCK, CO2
CO2
ATP GTP
PC (2) 2-Phosphoglycerate
Biotin
(2) Oxaloacetate (2) Oxaloacetate (2) 3-Phosphoglycerate

Malate dehydrogenase MDH (2) 1,3-BiPhosphoglycerate

MDH
(2) Malate (2) Malate
(2) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glucose Mitochondria
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glu-6Pase
Glucose 6-phosphate Fru-1,6 BPase

Fructose 6-phosphate
 Adipose tissue
Amino
acids
Metabolism of
fatty acids Lactate Glycerol

Source of energy Source of Carbons

Glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis from most of the
muscle Amino Acids Asp, Ala & Glu
1 Alanine transaminase, ALT

TCA cycle
intermediate
2
 Adipose tissue
Amino
acids
Metabolism of
fatty acids Lactate Glycerol

Source of energy Source of Carbons

Glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis from Glycerol

2x

2x 2x Fatty acid
2x
Glycerol 3 PDH
Glycerol kinase
 Adipose tissue
Amino
acids
Metabolism of
fatty acids Lactate Glycerol

Source of energy Source of Carbons

Glucose
Gluconeogenesis
 Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

Glycolysis Gluconeo.

Fru-1,6
Fru-2,6 BP PFK-1 BPase Fru-2,6 BP

Activated Inhibited
Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

PFK-2
Fru-6P Fru-2,6 BP
Fru-
P
2,6BPase

Protein GLUCAGON
Kinase A (Increase Glucose)
 Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

Glycolysis Gluconeo.

Fru-1,6
Fru-2,6 BP PFK-1 BPase Fru-2,6 BP

Inhibited Activated

GLUCAGON
(Increase Glucose)
 Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

PFK-2

Fru-2,6 BP
Fru-
P
2,6BPase

Pyruvate Kinase

Glucose PKA GLUCAGON

Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

PFK-2
Fru-6P Fru-2,6
Fru- BP
P
2,6BPase

Insulin
(Decrease Glucose)
Regulation of Gluconeo. by hormonal
mechanisms: Glucagon & Insulin

Glycolysis Gluconeo.

Fru-1,6
Fru-2,6 BP PFK-1 BPase
Fru-2,6 BP

Activated Inhibited

Insulin
(Decrease Glucose)
 Lactate
Gluconeogenesis
Fru 1,6-BPase Amino acid

Glycerol

GLUCOSE
(Hypoglycemia)

Frequent feeding with carbohydrates prevents further

problems