Biological

Macromolecules
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Why are we
eating?
 BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
- Have large structures
that make up all the
R
C eO living things.
A
M arg There are four major
-l classes of biological
macromolecules
(carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic
acids), and each is an
important component of
the cell and performs a
wide array of functions.
 A.
Carbohydrates

bread, rice, and potato

 -lethargic; sluggish
-laziness or lack of energy
 Carbohydrates

bread, rice, and potato

-main source of energy.

Carbohydrates
Chitin (kai·tn) is a structural
component of arthropod
exoskeletons, fungi cell walls,
mollusk shells, and fish scales.
-protection for animals
Carbohydrates
Cellulose (seh·lyuh·lows) a
tough, fibrous, and water-
insoluble polysaccharide, plays
an integral role in keeping the
structure of plant cell walls
stable.
-protection for plants
 Kinds of
Carbohydrates

1.monosaccharide 2. disaccharide 3. polysaccharide

 1.MONOSACCHARIDE

k -also called simple

re e
G sugars, are the
r o m
g l e simplest form of
f s i n r
s - g a
o n o s u sugar and the most
m har- basic units of
c c
sa carbohydrates.
-one sugar molecule
 EXAMPLES
1. ) glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
2. ) dextrose- a simple sugar made
from corn or wheat that's
chemically identical to glucose, or
blood sugar. Dextrose is often used
in baking products as a sweetener,
and is commonly found in items
such as processed foods and corn
syrup.
 EXAMPLES
3.) fructose- or fruit sugar, is a
ketonic simple sugar found in many
plants.
4.) galactose- It is usually found in
nature combined with other sugars.
5.) xylose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) or wood sugar
is a monosaccharide of aldopentose
type.
6.) ribose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) used by the
body to make the energy-containing
substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 2. DISACCHARIDE
(also called a double
sugar or biose) is the
e k
re
G sugar formed when two
o m
o monosaccharides are
fr w gar
- t u joined by glycosidic
i
d r- s
h a linkage.
c c -Like monosaccharides,
sa
disaccharides are simple
sugars soluble in water.
 EXAMPLES
1. ) sucrose is a sugar composed of
glucose and fructose subunits. It
is produced naturally in plants and
is the main constituent of white
sugar. It has the molecular
formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.
2. ) lactose- is a sugar composed of
galactose and glucose subunits and
has the molecular formula
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
 EXAMPLES

3.) maltose also known as

maltobiose or malt sugar.
-is a sugar made out of two
glucose molecules bound together.
 3. POLYSACCHARIDE
e k (also called a glycan) is
re
G
o m
any
a large molecule made
fr m r of many smaller
- u g a
l y s monosaccharides.
po ar-
c c h - are the most abundant
s a
carbohydrate found in
food.
 EXAMPLES

1. ) Starch or amylum is a polymeric

carbohydrate consisting of
numerous glucose units joined by
glycosidic bonds.
-is produced by most green plants
for energy storage.
 EXAMPLES

2.) cellulose- is the primary support

molecule in plants, while fungi and
insects rely on chitin.
-used for energy storage tend to be
branched and folded upon themselves.
-because they are rich in hydrogen
bonds, they are usually insoluble in
water.
 EXAMPLES
3.) glycogen- is a glucose
polysaccharide occurring in most
mammalian and nonmammalian cells,
in microorganisms, and even in some
plants.
-It is an important and quickly
mobilized source of stored glucose.
-In vertebrates it is stored mainly in
the liver as a reserve of glucose for
other tissues.
 B.
Protein
 B.
Protein
 B.
Protein

Integumentary System
SKIN- collagen
HAIR, NAILS, OUTER LAYER
OF THE SKIN- keratin
 B.
Protein

Made up of chemical
'building blocks' called
amino acids.
 /Carboxyl group

Amino acid
Glycine Alanine Valine
Proteins are made up of hundreds or
thousands of smaller units called
amino acids, which are attached to
one another in long chains. There are
20 different types of amino acids that
can be combined to make a protein.
The sequence of amino acids
determines each protein's unique 3-
dimensional structure and its specific
function. Amino acids are coded by
combinations of three DNA building
blocks (nucleotides), determined by
the sequence of genes.
 Hemoglobin
A protein in your red blood
cells that carries oxygen to
your body's organs and
tissues and transports carbon
dioxide from your organs and
tissues back to your lungs.
Amino acid sequence
Amino acid sequence
Secondary structure refers to
regular, recurring
arrangements in space of
adjacent amino acid residues
in a polypeptide chain. It is
maintained by hydrogen
bonds between amide
hydrogens and carbonyl
oxygens of the peptide
backbone. The major
secondary structures are α-
helices and β-structures.
 The tertiary structure of a
protein refers to the overall
three-dimensional
arrangement of its
polypeptide chain in space.
It is generally stabilized by
outside polar hydrophilic
hydrogen and ionic bond
interactions, and internal
hydrophobic interactions
between nonpolar amino acid
side chains
 Protein Functions

Function Description Example

1.Antibody Protect our body Immunoglobulin

chemical reactions
2. Enzymes that take place in Phenylalanine
cells and Formation hydroxylase
of new molecules
 Protein Functions

Function Description Example

3. Messenger Hormones- transmit Growth hormone

signal

provide structure
4. Structural and support for cells Actin
component and they also allow
the body to move.
 Protein Functions

Function Description Example

bind and carry

5. Transport/storage atoms and small Ferritin
molecules within
cells and throughout
the body.
 C.
Fats/ Lipids
 C.
Fats
 C.
Fats
 Kinds of Fats

1.fats
3. waxes

4. steroids
2. oils
 a t s
1 . F
 C.
Fats
 Fatty Acids:
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon
chains connected by single bonds only.
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or
more double bonds. Each double bond
may be in a cis or trans configuration.
In the cis configuration, both
hydrogens are on the same side of the
hydrocarbon chain. A cis double bond
causes a kink (curve) in the chain.
In the trans configuration(Trans fat),
the hydrogens are on opposite sides.
Can cause heart disease.
 AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE
SATURATED-
Solid phase

UNSATURATED
-Liquid phase
example: Oil
 x e s
W a
3 .
 id s
e r o
. S t
4 Include cholesterol, sex
hormones (progesterone,
estrogen, and testosterone)
produced by gonads and
cortisone.
 LDL (low-density
lipoprotein),
sometimes called
“bad” cholesterol,
makes up most of your
body’s cholesterol.
High levels of LDL
cholesterol raise your
risk for heart disease
and stroke.

HDL (high-density lipoprotein),

or “good” cholesterol, absorbs
cholesterol and carries it back
to the liver. The liver then
flushes it from the body. High
levels of HDL cholesterol can
lower your risk for heart
disease and stroke.
 D.
Nucleic Acid
 Nucleic acids are macromolecules,
which means they are molecules
composed of many smaller molecular
units. These units are called
nucleotides, and they are chemically
linked to one another in a chain. In
DNA, the nucleotides are referred to
in shorthand as A, C, T, and G. In
RNA, the nucleotides are A, C, U, and
G. The order, or sequence, of the
nucleotides in DNA allows nucleic acid
to encode an organism's genetic
blueprint.
 Deoxyribonucleic
acid is a polymer
composed of two
polynucleotide
chains that coil
around each other to
form a double helix
carrying genetic
instructions for the
development,
functioning, growth
and reproduction of
all known organisms
and many viruses.


 Ribonucleic acid
is a polymeric
molecule
essential in
various biological
roles in coding,
remove
oxygen
decoding,
regulation and
expression of
genes.


Assessment
 BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
There are four major
classes of biological
macromolecules
1._______________________________,
and each is an important
component of the cell and
performs a wide array of
functions.
 A.
2.____________

bread, rice, and potato

 Carbohydrates

bread, rice, and potato

-main source of 3.__________

Carbohydrates
4.____________________ is a structural
component of arthropod
exoskeletons, fungi cell walls,
mollusk shells, and fish scales.
-protection for animals
Carbohydrates
5.____________________ a tough,
fibrous, and water-insoluble
polysaccharide, plays an
integral role in keeping the
structure of plant cell walls
stable.
-protection for plants
 Kinds of
Carbohydrates

6._____________________ _______________________ _______________________

 1.MONOSACCHARIDE

k -also called simple

re e
G sugars, are the
o m
___ _ _ _ simplest form of
fr . r
- 7 g a
n o s s u sugar and the most
o
m ha r -
c c basic units of
sa carbohydrates.
-one sugar molecule
 EXAMPLES
1. ) 8._____________ C₆H₁₂O₆
2. ) dextrose- a simple sugar made
from corn or wheat that's
chemically identical to glucose, or
blood sugar. Dextrose is often used
in baking products as a sweetener,
and is commonly found in items
such as processed foods and corn
syrup.
 EXAMPLES
3.) 9._____________- or fruit sugar, is a
ketonic simple sugar found in many
plants.
4.) galactose- It is usually found in
nature combined with other sugars.
5.) xylose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) or wood sugar
is a monosaccharide of aldopentose
type.
6.) ribose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) used by the
body to make the energy-containing
substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 2. DISACCHARIDE
(also called a double
sugar or biose) is the
e k
G re sugar formed when two
o m
____ _ _ monosaccharides are
fr _ _ r
0 . u g a joined by glycosidic
- 1 s
d har-
i linkage.
c c -Like monosaccharides,
sa
disaccharides are simple
sugars soluble in water.
 EXAMPLES
1. ) sucrose is a sugar composed of
11.___________________ subunits. It is
produced naturally in plants and is
the main constituent of white
sugar. It has the molecular
formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.
2. ) lactose- is a sugar composed of
galactose and glucose subunits and
has the molecular formula
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
 3. POLYSACCHARIDE
e k (also called a 12_________)
re
G
o m
any
is a large molecule
fr m r made of many smaller
- u g a
l y s monosaccharides.
po ar-
c c h - are the most abundant
s a
carbohydrate found in
food.
 B.
Protein

13_____________ System
SKIN- collagen
HAIR, NAILS, OUTER LAYER
OF THE SKIN- keratin
 B.
Protein

Made up of chemical
'building blocks' called
14._______________.
 Kinds of Fats

15.
1.___________ 3. ____________

4.____________
2. __________
Answer
 BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
There are four major classes
of biological macromolecules
1.(carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids),
and each is an important
component of the cell and
performs a wide array of
functions.
 A.
2.Carbohydrates

bread, rice, and potato

 Carbohydrates

bread, rice, and potato

-main source of 3.energy.

Carbohydrates
4.Chitin (kai·tn) is a structural
component of arthropod
exoskeletons, fungi cell walls,
mollusk shells, and fish scales.
-protection for animals
Carbohydrates
5.Cellulose (seh·lyuh·lows) a
tough, fibrous, and water-
insoluble polysaccharide, plays
an integral role in keeping the
structure of plant cell walls
stable.
-protection for plants
 Kinds of
Carbohydrates

6.
1.monosaccharide 2. disaccharide 3. polysaccharide
 1.MONOSACCHARIDE

k -also called simple

re e sugars, are the
G
o m l

sing re simplest form of
fr .
7 g a
n s- su
o -
sugar and the most
o
m cha r
c basic units of
s a
carbohydrates.
-one sugar molecule
 EXAMPLES
1. ) 8.glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
2. ) dextrose- a simple sugar made
from corn or wheat that's
chemically identical to glucose, or
blood sugar. Dextrose is often used
in baking products as a sweetener,
and is commonly found in items
such as processed foods and corn
syrup.
 EXAMPLES
3.) 9.fructose- or fruit sugar, is a
ketonic simple sugar found in many
plants.
4.) galactose- It is usually found in
nature combined with other sugars.
5.) xylose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) or wood sugar
is a monosaccharide of aldopentose
type.
6.) ribose- (C₅H₁₀O₅) used by the
body to make the energy-containing
substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 2. DISACCHARIDE
(also called a double
sugar or biose) is the
e k
Gre sugar formed when two
o m
o monosaccharides are
fr .
w
t ar
1 0 s u g joined by glycosidic
i -
d ar- linkage.
c c h
s a -Like monosaccharides,
disaccharides are simple
sugars soluble in water.
 EXAMPLES
1. ) sucrose is a sugar composed of
11.glucose and fructose subunits.
It is produced naturally in plants
and is the main constituent of
white sugar. It has the molecular
formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.
2. ) lactose- is a sugar composed of
galactose and glucose subunits and
has the molecular formula
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
 3. POLYSACCHARIDE
e k (also called a 12.glycan)
re
G
o m
any
is a large molecule
fr m r made of many smaller
- u g a
l y s monosaccharides.
po ar-
c c h - are the most abundant
s a
carbohydrate found in
food.
 B.
Protein

13.Integumentary System
SKIN- collagen
HAIR, NAILS, OUTER LAYER
OF THE SKIN- keratin
 B.
Protein

Made up of chemical
'building blocks' called
14.amino acid.
 Kinds of Fats

15.
1.fats 3. waxes

4. steroids
2. oils