2x2 − x − 1 ( x − 1)(2 x + 1)

5. lim 2
= lim
x →1 x −1 x →1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)

2x + 1
= lim
x →1 x + 1
2(1) + 1
E xercise 6A (page 6.1)
=
1+1
1. (a) (i) f (x) is continuous at x = a . 3
=
2
(ii) lim f ( x) = 2
x →a
x2 − x − 6 ( x + 2)( x − 3)
(b) (i) f (x) is not continuous at x = a . 6. lim 2
= lim
x →3 2 x − 5 x − 3 x →3 ( x − 3)( 2 x + 1)
(ii) The limit does not exist. x+2
= lim
x →3 2 x + 1
(c) (i) f (x) is not continuous at x = a .
3+ 2
(ii) The limit does not exist. =
2(3) + 1
(d) (i) f (x) is not continuous at x = a . 5
=
(ii) lim f ( x) = 4 7
x →a

2 x 2 + 3x − 2 ( x + 2)(2 x − 1)
(e) (i) f (x) is not continuous at x = a . 7. lim = lim
1 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 1 ( x − 1)( 2 x − 1)
(ii) The limit does not exist. x→ x→
2 2
x+2
(f) (i) f (x) is not continuous at x = a . = lim
x→ x −1
1
(ii) The limit does not exist. 2
1 +2
= 2
1 −1
2 2
3 x + 4 x + 1 3(1) + 4(1) + 1 2
2. lim =
x →1 x 2 + 3 x − 2 (1) 2 + 3(1) − 2 = −5
=4 x 3 − 125 ( x − 5)( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
8. lim = lim
x →5 x 2 − 25 x →5 ( x − 5)( x + 5)
(6 x + 5)( x + 1) 6x + 5 x 2 + 5 x + 25
3. lim = lim = lim
x → −1 ( x + 1)(3 x + 4) x → −1 3 x + 4 x →5 x+5
6( −1) + 5 52 + 5(5) + 25
= =
3(−1) + 4 5+5
= −1 15
=
2

x+2 x+2 5 x 2 + 13x + 6 ( x + 2)(5 x + 3)

4. lim = lim 9. lim = lim
2 3
x → −2 x + 7 x + 10 x → −2 ( x + 2)( x + 5) x → −2 x +8 x → −2 ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
1 5x + 3
= lim = lim
x → −2 x + 5 x → −2 x2 − 2x + 4
1 5(−2) + 3
= =
−2 + 5 (−2) 2 − 2(−2) + 4
1
= 7
3 =−
12

60

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 x−3 ( x − 3)( x + 6 + 3) 5 − x2 + 9
10. lim = lim 13. lim
x →3 x + 6 − 3 x →3 ( x + 6 − 3)( x + 6 + 3) x→4 2 x2 − 9 x + 4

( x − 3)( x + 6 + 3) (5 − x 2 + 9 )(5 + x 2 + 9 )
= lim = lim
x →3 x+6−9 x→4
(2 x 2 − 9 x + 4)(5 + x 2 + 9 )
( x − 3)( x + 6 + 3)
= lim 25 − x 2 − 9
x →3 x−3 = lim
= lim ( x + 6 + 3)
x→4
(2 x 2 − 9 x + 4)(5 + x 2 + 9 )
x →3
−( x − 4)( x + 4)
= lim
= 3+6 +3 x→4
( x − 4)(2 x − 1)(5 + x 2 + 9 )
=6
− ( x + 4)
= lim
x→4
(2 x − 1)(5 + x 2 + 9 )
− ( 4 + 4)
3x + 7 − 5 ( 3 x + 7 − 5)( 3 x + 7 + 5) =
11. lim = lim
x →6 2 x − 12 x → 6 ( 2 x − 12)( 3 x + 7 + 5) [2(4) − 1](5 + 4 2 + 9 )
3 x + 7 − 25 4
= lim =−
x → 6 ( 2 x − 12)( 3 x + 7 + 5) 35
3( x − 6)
= lim
x → 6 2( x − 6)( 3 x + 7 + 5)
1 2 x−2+2
14. lim[ + ] = lim
3 x →0 x x( x − 2) x → 0 x ( x − 2)
= lim
x → 6 2( 3 x + 7 + 5)
x
= lim
3 x →0x( x − 2)
=
2[ 3(6) + 7 + 5] 1
= lim
3 x →0 x − 2
=
20 1
=
0−2
1
=−
2
x2 + 5 − 3 ( x 2 + 5 − 3)( x 2 + 5 + 3)
12. lim = lim
x→2 x2 − 4 x→2
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 5 + 3)
x2 + 5 − 9 1 1 2x + 3 − 3
= lim 15. lim[ − ] = lim
x →0 3 x x(2 x + 3) x → 0 3 x ( 2 x + 3)
x→2
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 5 + 3)
2x
1 = lim
= lim x → 0 3 x ( 2 x + 3)
x→2
x2 + 5 + 3 2
1 = lim
= x → 0 3( 2 x + 3)
22 + 5 + 3 2
1 =
= 3[2(0) + 3]
6 2
=
9

61

© 2009 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.

16. (a) y x +1 − 7 − x
19. lim
x →3 2x + 3 − x + 6
y = f (x)
5 ( x + 1 − 7 − x )( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
= lim
x →3 ( 2 x + 3 − x + 6 )( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
( x + 1 − 7 − x )( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
2 = lim
1
x →3 2x + 3 − x − 6
x ( x + 1 − 7 − x )( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
−1 O 1 2 = lim
x →3 x−3
( x + 1 − 7 − x )( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )( x + 1 + 7 − x )
(b) f (x) is not continuous at x = 0 . = lim
x →3 ( x − 3)( x + 1 + 7 − x )
(c) lim f ( x) = 1 ( x + 1 − 7 + x)( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
x →0 = lim
x →3 ( x − 3)( x + 1 + 7 − x )
2( x − 3)( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
= lim
x →3 ( x − 3)( x + 1 + 7 − x )
3 x 2 − 14 x − 5
17. lim 2( 2 x + 3 + x + 6 )
x →5 x + 11 − 3 x + 1 = lim
x →3 x +1 + 7 − x
(3 x 2 − 14 x − 5)( x + 11 + 3 x + 1) 2[ 2(3) + 3 + 3 + 6 ]
= lim =
x → 5 ( x + 11 − 3 x + 1)( x + 11 + 3 x + 1)
3 +1 + 7 − 3
2 =3
(3 x − 14 x − 5)( x + 11 + 3 x + 1)
= lim
x →5 x + 11 − 3 x − 1
20. See p.73 for the answer.
( x − 5)(3 x + 1)( x + 11 + 3 x + 1)
= lim
x →5 −2( x − 5) (1 + nx) n − (1 + mx) m
21. lim
(3 x + 1)( x + 11 + 3 x + 1) x →0 x2 − x
= lim n m
x →5 −2 Crn (nx) r −
∑ ∑ Crm (mx) r
[3(5) + 1][ 5 + 11 + 3(5) + 1] = lim r =0 r =0
= x →0 x2 − x
−2
n m
= −64 C1n (nx) − C1m (mx) + ∑ Crn (nx) r − ∑ Crm (mx) r
r =2 r =2
= lim
x →0 x( x − 1)
n m
5x2 + 4 x − 1 Crn (nx) r −1 −
18. lim
x → −1 2 2 C n (n) − C1m (m)
∑ ∑ Crm (mx) r −1
4x + 1 − x + 4 = lim[ 1 + r =2 r =2
]
x →0 x −1 x −1
2 2 2
(5 x + 4 x − 1)( 4 x + 1 + x + 4 ) = m2 − n2
= lim
x → −1 2 2 2 2
( 4 x + 1 − x + 4 )( 4 x + 1 + x + 4 ) ∴ m2 − n 2 = 9
(5 x 2 + 4 x − 1)( 4 x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 4 ) We know that 52 − 42 = 9 ,
= lim therefore m = 5, n = 4 .
x → −1 4x2 + 1 − x2 − 4
( x + 1)(5 x − 1)( 4 x 2 + 1 + x 2 + 4 ) 22. (a) f (x) is not continuous at x = 1.
= lim
x → −1 3( x + 1)( x − 1)
(b) For x < 1,
2 2
(5 x − 1)( 4 x + 1 + x + 4 ) x − 1 = −( x − 1)
= lim
x → −1 3( x − 1) − ( x − 1)
f ( x) = ( x + 1)
[5(−1) − 1][ 4(−1) 2 + 1 + (−1) 2 + 4 ] x −1
= = − ( x + 1)
3(−1 − 1)
=2 5

62

© 2009 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.

 lim f ( x) = −(1 + 1) 24 − 13 9
x →1− 24 x 2 − 13x + 9 x
+
x2
26. lim 3 = lim 3
= −2 x →∞ 3x 2 + 2 x →∞ 3 + 22
x
For x > 1,
24 − 0 + 0
x −1 = x −1 =3
3+0
x −1
f ( x) = ( x + 1) =2
x −1
= x +1 x2 + 6 x2 + 6
27. lim = lim
lim f ( x) = 1 + 1 x →∞ x+6 x → ∞ ( x + 6) 2
x →1+
=2 x2 + 6
= lim
f (x) does not approach a fixed value when x →∞ x 2 + 12 x + 36
x → 1. 1+ 6
x2
∴ The limit does not exist. = lim 36
x →∞ 1 + 12
x
+
x2

1+ 0
=
1+ 0 + 0
E xercise 6B (page 6.3) =1
2x 3x 2 3
23. lim ( − ) = lim ( 1 − )
x →∞ x − 1 x + 1 x →∞ 1 − x 1 + 1x
3x3 − 5 x + 1 3x3 − 5 x + 1
28. lim = lim
2 3 x →∞ 2x + 1 x →∞ (2 x + 1) 2
= −
1− 0 1+ 0
= −1 3x3 − 5 x + 1
= lim
x →∞ 4x2 + 4x + 1
5 1
−3 4 − 5 3− +
2 + x2 x3
−3 x + 4 x − 5 x x2 x3 = lim
24. lim = lim x →∞ 4 + 4 + 1
x → −∞ x3 − 2 x + 1 x → −∞ 1 − 2
+ 13 x x2 x3
x2 x
0+0−0 Consider that when x → ∞ ,
= 5 1
1− 0 + 0 3− + 3 → 3,
2
=0 x x
4 4 1 4 4 1
+ 2 + 3 > 0 and + 2 + 3 → 0,
x x x x x x
9 x 2 + 3x − 2 9 + 3x − 2
x2 5 1
25. lim = lim 3− +
x →∞ x 2 − 5 x + 6 x → ∞ 1 − 5x + 6
i.e. the value of x2 x3 increases indefinitely.
x2 4
+ 4
+ 1
x x2 x3
9+0−0
= ∴ The limit does not exist.
1− 0 + 0
= 9
=3 ( x + 4)(2 x + 5) (1 + 4x )(2 + 5x )
29. lim = lim
x →∞ x( x + 1) x →∞ 1 + 1x
(1 + 0)(2 + 0)
=
1+ 0
=2

63

© 2009 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.

 3 3
8 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 8 x3 − 3x 2 + 2
34. lim = lim
( x + 1)( x + 2)(3 − x) x +1 x + 2 3 − x −3 x 3
30. lim 3
= lim ( )( )( ) x → −∞ x → −∞
−27 x 3
x → −∞ x x → −∞ x x x
1 2 3 8 x3 − 3x 2 + 2
= lim (1 + )(1 + )( − 1) = lim 3
x → −∞ x x x x → −∞ −27 x 3
= (1 + 0)(1 + 0)(0 − 1) 8 − 3x + 2
3 x2
= −1 = lim
x → −∞ −27
( x + 2)( x + 5)(2 x − 1)
31. lim 8−0+0
x → ∞ ( x − 1)( x + 3)(3 x + 2) =3
−27
( x +x 2 )( x +x 5 )( 2 xx−1 ) 2
= lim =−
x →∞ ( x x−1 )( x +x 3 )( 3 xx+ 2 ) 3
(1 + 2x )(1 + 5x )(2 − 1x ) ( x 2 + 2 − x)( x 2 + 2 + x)
= lim 35. lim ( x 2 + 2 − x) = lim
x →∞ (1 − 1x )(1 + 3x )(3 + 2x ) x →∞ x →∞
x2 + 2 + x
(1 + 0)(1 + 0)(2 − 0) x2 + 2 − x2
= = lim
(1 − 0)(1 + 0)(3 + 0) x →∞
x2 + 2 + x
2 2
= = lim
3 x →∞
x2 + 2 + x
=0

(2 x − 1)(3 x + 4)(9 x − 1)
32. lim ( 4 x 2 + 3 + 2 x)( 4 x 2 + 3 − 2 x)
x → −∞ ( x − 3)(2 x + 4)(3x − 2) 36. lim ( 4 x 2 + 3 + 2 x) = lim
x → −∞ x → −∞
4x2 + 3 − 2x
(2 − 1x )(3 + 4x )(9 − 1x ) 4x2 + 3 − 4x2
= lim = lim
x → −∞ (1 − 3x )(2 + 4x )(3 − 2x ) x → −∞
4x2 + 3 − 2x
3
= lim
(2 − 0)(3 + 0)(9 − 0) x → −∞
4x2 + 3 − 2x
=
(1 − 0)(2 + 0)(3 − 0) =0

=3
37. lim x + 1( x + 2 − x )
x →∞

2 2 = lim [ ( x + 1)( x + 2) − x( x + 1) ]
4 x − 3x + 2 4 x − 3x + 2 x →∞
33. lim = lim
2x [ ( x + 1)( x + 2) − x( x + 1) ][ ( x + 1)( x + 2) + x( x + 1) ]
x → −∞ x → −∞
− 4x2 = lim
x →∞ ( x + 1)( x + 2) + x( x + 1)
4 x 2 − 3x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2) − x( x + 1)
= −lim = lim
x → −∞ 4x2 x →∞ ( x + 1)( x + 2) + x( x + 1)
2x + 2
4 − 3x + 2 = lim
( x + 1)( x + 2) + x( x + 1)
x2 x →∞
= −lim
x → −∞ 4 2 + 2x
= lim
4−0+0 x →∞ (1 + 1x )(1 + 2x ) + (1)(1 + 1x )
=−
4 =
2+0
= −1 (1 + 0)(1 + 0) + (1)(1 + 0)
=1

38. See p.73 for the answer.

64

© 2009 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.

 1 2
39. lim 42. lim
2 2 x → −∞ 2
x →∞
x +5 − x + x 4 x − 3x + 2 x + 1
2
x2 + 5 + x2 + x = lim
= lim x → −∞
4 x 2 − 3 x + (2 x + 1)
x →∞ 2 2 2 2
( x + 5 − x + x )( x + 5 + x + x )
2[ 4 x 2 − 3 x − ( 2 x + 1)]
2 2 = lim
x +5 + x + x x → −∞
[ 4 x 2 − 3 x + (2 x + 1)][ 4 x 2 − 3 x − (2 x + 1)]
= lim 2 2
x →∞ x +5− x − x 2[ 4 x 2 − 3 x − ( 2 x + 1)]
2 2 = lim
x +5 + x + x x → −∞ 4 x 2 − 3 x − ( 2 x + 1) 2
= lim
x →∞ 5− x 2[ 4 x 2 − 3 x − ( 2 x + 1)]
= lim
5 1 −7 x − 1
1+ + 1+ x
x → −∞
x2
= lim 5 2[ − 4 − 3x − ( 2 + 1x )]
x →∞
x
−1 = lim
x → −∞ −7 − 1x
1+ 0 + 1+ 0
= 2[− 4 − 0 − ( 2 + 0)]
0 −1 =
−7 − 0
= −2 8
=
7
3 3( x 2 − 2 x − 1 + x)
40. lim = lim
x→∞
x2 − 2x −1 − x x→∞
( x 2 − 2 x − 1 − x)( x 2 − 2 x − 1 + x) x+ x+ x x+ x+ x
43. lim = lim
3( x 2 − 2 x − 1 + x) x →∞ x +1 x →∞ x +1
= lim
x→∞ x2 − 2x −1 − x2
1 1
3( x 2 − 2 x − 1 + x) 1+ x
+
= lim x3
x→∞ − 2x −1 = lim 1
2 1
x →∞ 1+ x
3( 1 − −
x
+ 1)
x2
= lim 1
x→∞ −2− x 1+ 0 + 0
=
3( 1 − 0 − 0 + 1) 1+ 0
= lim
x→∞ −2−0
=1
= −3

3 3x + x 2 − x3 + x 7 3x + x 2 − x3 + x 7
41. lim 44. lim = lim
x →∞ 2
x + 3x + 2 − x + 1 x →∞ 1 + 9x x →∞ 1 + 9x
3
= lim 3 + 1− 1 + 1
x →∞
x 2 + 3 x + 2 − ( x − 1) = lim
x x
1
x →∞ +9
3[ x 2 + 3 x + 2 + ( x − 1)] x
= lim
x →∞
[ x 2 + 3 x + 2 − ( x − 1)][ x 2 + 3 x + 2 + ( x − 1)] 3 + 1− 0 + 0
=
2 0+9
3[ x + 3 x + 2 + ( x − 1)]
= lim 4
x →∞ x 2 + 3 x + 2 − ( x − 1) 2 =
9
3[ x 2 + 3 x + 2 + ( x − 1)] 2
= lim =
x →∞ 5x + 1 3
3 2
3[ 1 + x
+ + (1 − 1x )]
x2
= lim 1 45. Let y = x − 1, then x = y + 1.
x →∞ 5+ x
When x → ∞ , y → ∞ .
3[ 1 + 0 + 0 + (1 − 0)]
=
5+0
6
=
5

65

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 lim [
x →∞
( x − 1)3
x +1
− x + 1] E xercise 6C (page 6.5)

y3 1
= lim ( − y) 47. lim sin 2 x tan 3x
y →∞ y+2 x →0 x 2
sin 2 x sin 3x 1
y3 − y y + 2 = lim 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= lim x →0 2x 3x cos 3x
y →∞ y+2 sin 2 x sin 3x 1
= 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
( y 3 − y y + 2 )( y 3 + y y + 2 ) 2 x →0 2 x 3 x →0 3x x → 0 cos 3 x
= lim
= 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1
y →∞
y + 2 ( y3 + y y + 2 )
=6
y 3 − y 2 ( y + 2)
= lim
y →∞
y 4 + 2 y3 + y 2 + 2 y
−2 y 2 sin 5 x 5 sin 5 x 7 x
= lim 48. lim = lim ⋅ ⋅
x → 0 sin 7 x x →0 7 5 x sin 7 x
y →∞
y 4 + 2 y3 + y 2 + 2 y
5 sin 5 x 7x
−2 = ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
= lim 7 5 x → 0 5 x 7 x → 0 sin 7 x
y →∞ 2 2
1+ y
+1+ y 5
= ⋅1 ⋅1
−2 7
=
1+ 0 +1+ 0 5
=
= −1 7
46. lim ( x 2 + x − 2 x 2 + 2 x + x) x tan 5 x
x →∞ 49. lim
x →0tan 3 x tan x
= lim [( x 2 + x + x) − 2 x 2 + 2 x ] 5 sin 5 x 3x x cos 3 x cos x
x →∞ = lim ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
x→0 3 5 x sin 3 x sin x cos 5 x
[( x 2 + x + x) − 2 x 2 + 2 x ][( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x ]
= lim 5 sin 5 x 3x x cos 3x cos x
x →∞
( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x = ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
3 5 x →0 5x 3 x → 0 sin 3x x →0 sin x x → 0 cos 5 x
( x 2 + x + x ) 2 − 4( x 2 + 2 x ) 5
= lim = ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1
x →∞
( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x 3
− 2x 2 − 7x + 2x x 2 + x 5
= lim =
3
x →∞
( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x
[( −2 x 2 − 7 x) + 2 x x 2 + x ][( −2 x 2 − 7 x) − 2 x x 2 + x ]
= lim
x →∞
[( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x ][( −2 x 2 − 7 x) − 2 x x 2 + x ] sin 2 4 x
50. lim
x→0 sin 3 x tan 6 x
(−2 x 2 − 7 x) 2 − 4 x 2 ( x 2 + x)
= lim 1 1 sin 4 x 2 3x 6x
x →∞
[( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x ][( −2 x 2 − 7 x) − 2 x x 2 + x ] = lim 4 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ cos 6 x
x →0 3 6 4x sin 3 x sin 6 x
24 x 3 + 49 x 2 1 1 sin 4 x 2 3x 6x
= lim = 4 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( lim ) ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim cos 6 x
x →∞
[( x 2 + x + x) + 2 x 2 + 2 x ][( −2 x 2 − 7 x) − 2 x x 2 + x ] 3 6 4 x →0 4 x 3 x→0 sin 3 x 6 x→0 sin 6 x x→0

49 1 1
24 + x = 4 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 12 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1
= lim 3 6
x →∞ [( 1 + 1x + 1) + 2 1 + 2x ][( −2 − 7x ) − 2 1 + 1x ] 8
=
24 + 0 9
=
[( 1 + 0 + 1) + 2 1 + 0 ][( −2 − 0) − 2 1 + 0 ]
3
=−
2

66

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 2 − 2 cos 2 x 2(1 − cos 2 x) 5 x − sin 3 x 5 − sinx3 x
51. lim = lim 55. lim = lim
x →0 3x 2 x →0 3x 2 x → 0 3 x + sin 2 x x → 0 3 + sin 2 x
x
2 sin 2 x 5 − 3 ⋅ sin3 x3 x
= lim = lim
x →0 3x 2
x → 0 3 + 2 ⋅ sin 2 x
2x
2 sin x 2
= lim ⋅ ( ) 5 − 3 ⋅ lim 3 x sin 3 x
x →0 3 x 3 x →0
=
2 sin x 2 3 + 2 ⋅ lim sin 2 x
= ⋅ ( lim ) 2 x →0 2 x
3 x →0 x
2 5 − 3 ⋅1
= ⋅12 =
3 3 + 2 ⋅1
2 2
= =
3 5

5x2 5x2 1 − cos 4 x 2 sin 2 2 x

52. lim = lim 56. lim = lim
x → 0 1 − cos 2 x x → 0 2 sin 2 x x →0 2 x 2 + x3 x →0 2 x 2 + x3
2
5 x 2 2 ⋅ sin 2x
= lim ( ) x2
x → 0 2 sin x = lim
x →0 2+ x
5 x 2
= ⋅ ( lim ) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ( sin2 x2 x ) 2
2 x →0 sin x = lim
5 x →0 2+ x
= ⋅12 sin 2 x 2
2 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ( lim )
2 x →0 2 x
5 =
= lim (2 + x)
2 x →0
2
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅1
=
2+0
cos 6 x − cos 4 x −2 sin( 6 x +2 4 x ) sin( 6 x −2 4 x )
53. lim = lim =4
x →0 x2 x →0 x2
−2 sin 5 x sin x x 2 − sin 2 2 x x 2 − sin 2 2 x
= lim 57. lim = lim
x →0 x2 x → 0 cos 2 4 x − 1 x → 0 − sin 2 4 x
sin 5 x sin x
= lim (−2) ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ 1 − 4( sin2 x2 x ) 2
x →0 5x x = lim
sin 5 x sin x
x →0 − 16( sin4 x4 x ) 2
= (−2) ⋅ 5 ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
5 x →0 5 x x →0 x sin 2 x 2
1 − 4 ⋅ ( lim )
2 x →0 2 x
= (−2) ⋅ 5 ⋅1 ⋅1 =
− 16 ⋅ ( lim sin4 x4 x ) 2
= −10 4 x →0

1 − 4 ⋅ 12
=
− 16 ⋅ 12
54. See p.74 for the answer.
3
=
16

67

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 1 − cos 2 5 x
58. lim
x → 0 cos 4 x − cos 2 x 1 − 2 sin(2 x + π4 ) 1 − 2 (sin 2 x cos π4 + cos 2 x sin π4 )
61. lim = lim
sin 2 5 x x→0 x x→0 x
= lim 1 − sin 2 x − cos 2 x
x → 0 − 2 sin 3 x sin x = lim
x→0 x
1 1 sin 5 x 2 3 x x
= lim (− ) ⋅ 25 ⋅ ⋅ ( ) ⋅ ⋅ (1 − cos 2 x) − sin 2 x
x→0 2 3 5x sin 3 x sin x = lim
x→0 x
1 1 sin 5 x 2 3x x
= (− ) ⋅ 25 ⋅ ⋅ ( lim ) ⋅ lim ⋅ lim 2 sin 2 x − sin 2 x
2 3 5x →0 5x 3 x → 0 sin 3 x x → 0 sin x = lim
x→0 x
1 1 2 sin x 2 sin 2 x
= (− ) ⋅ 25 ⋅ ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 2 ⋅ ( lim ) ⋅ lim x − 2 ⋅ lim
2 3 x→0 x x→0 2 x→0 2 x
25 = 2 ⋅1 ⋅ 0 − 2 ⋅1
=−
6 = −2

1 + sin 2 4 x − cos 2 4 x 3 + 2 sin(2 x − π3 )

59. lim 62. lim
x → 0 cos 2 2 x + 2 x 2 − 1 x →0 3x
2 2 3 + 2(sin 2 x cos π3 − cos 2 x sin π3 )
sin 4 x + (1 − cos 4 x)
= lim = lim
x → 0 2 x 2 − (1 − cos 2 2 x ) x →0 3x
sin 2 4 x + sin 2 4 x 3 + sin 2 x − 3 cos 2 x
= lim = lim
x → 0 2 x 2 − sin 2 2 x x →0 3x
2 ⋅16 ⋅ ( sin4 x4 x ) 2 3 (1 − cos 2 x) + sin 2 x
= lim
= lim x →0 3x
x →0 2 − 4 ⋅ ( sin2 x2 x ) 2
2 3 sin 2 x + sin 2 x
2 ⋅16 ⋅ ( lim sin4 x4 x ) 2 = lim
4 x →0
x →0 3x
= sin 2 x 2
2 − 4 ⋅ ( lim ) 2 3 sin x 2 2 sin 2 x
2 x →0 2 x = ⋅ ( lim ) ⋅ lim x + ⋅ lim
3 x →0 x x →0 3 2 x →0 2 x
2
2 ⋅16 ⋅1
= 2 3 2 2
2 − 4 ⋅12 = ⋅1 ⋅ 0 + ⋅1
3 3
= −16 2
=
3
1 + sin 2 x − cos 6 x 63. Let t = π − x , then x = π − t .
60. lim
x →0 4 sin 4 x + 2 x
1 − cos 6 x + sin 2 x When x → π , t → 0 .
= lim
x →0 4 sin 4 x + 2 x sin 2 x
lim
x→π π − x
2 sin 2 3 x + sin 2 x
= lim
x →0 4 sin 4 x + 2 x sin 2(π − t )
= lim
2 ⋅ 9 x ⋅ ( sin3 x3 x ) 2 + 2 ⋅ sin2 x2 x t →0 t
= lim − sin 2t
x →0 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ sin4 x4 x + 2 = lim
t →0 t
sin 3 x 2 sin 2 x
2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ lim x ⋅ ( lim ) + 2 ⋅ lim
x →0 3 x →0 3 x 2 x →0 2 x sin 2t
= = lim(−2) ⋅
4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ lim sin4 x4 x +2 t →0 2t
4 x →0
2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 0 ⋅1 + 2 ⋅1 sin 2t
= = (−2) ⋅ lim
4 ⋅ 4 ⋅1 + 2 2t → 0 2t
1 = (−2) ⋅ 1
=
9 = −2

68

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 x −1
lim
−t x →1 cos πx
π
π 3 2
64. Let t = − 2 x, then x = .
3 2 t
π = lim
When x → , t → 0 . π
t → 0 cos (1 + t )
2
6
π t
lim ( − 2 x) tan 3 x = lim
t → 0 sin[ π − π2 (1 + t )]
x → π6 3 2
π
−t t
= lim t ⋅ tan 3( 3 ) = lim
t →0 2 t → 0 sin(− πt )
2
π 3t πt
= lim t ⋅ tan( − ) 2
t →0 2 2 = lim(− ) ⋅ 2 πt
t →0 π sin 2
t
= lim πt
t →0 tan 32t 2
= (− ) ⋅ lim 2 πt
3t π π2t → 0 sin 2
2 3t
= lim ⋅ 2 3t ⋅ cos
t → 0 3 sin 2 2
2 = (− ) ⋅1
3t
π
2 3t
= ⋅ lim 2 3t ⋅ lim cos 2
3 2 → 0 sin 2 t → 0
3 t 2 =−
π
2
= ⋅1⋅1
3
2 π π
= 66. Let t = x − , then x = t + .
3 4 4
π
When x → , t → 0.
4
cos 6 x
lim
x → π4 x − π4
65. Let t = x − 1, then x = 1 + t .
cos 6(t + π4 )
When x → 1, t → 0 . = lim
t →0 t
cos( 6t + 32π )
= lim
t →0 t
sin 6t
= lim
t →0 t
sin 6t
= lim 6 ⋅
t →0 6t
sin 6t
= 6 ⋅ lim
6t → 0 6t

= 6 ⋅1
=6

69

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 E xercise 6D
1 − cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
67. lim
x →0 1 − cos x (page 6.6)
1 − 12 (cos 3x + cos x) cos 3 x
= lim 3 −3 x
x →0 2 sin 2 2x 69. lim (1 − ) x = lim (1 + )
x →∞ x x →∞ x
1 − 12 cos 2 3x − 12 cos x cos 3 x = e −3
= lim
x →0 2 sin 2 x
2

1 − 12 cos 2 3x − 12 cos x cos 3 x

= lim 2 2 2
x →0 2 sin 2 x 70. lim (1 + ) x +1 = lim (1 + ) x ⋅ (1 + )
2 x →∞ x x →∞ x x
1 − 12 (1 − sin 2 3 x) − 14 (cos 4 x + cos 2 x) = e 2 ⋅ (1 + 0)
= lim
x →0 2 sin 2 x
2 = e2
1 2
1 − (1 − sin
2
3 x) − 14 cos 4 x 1
− cos 2 x
4
= lim
x →0 2 sin 2 2x
x+5 x 1+ 5
1 − 12 (1 − sin 2 3 x) − 14 (1 − 2 sin 2 2 x) − 14 (1 − 2 sin 2 x) 71. lim ( ) = lim ( 3x ) x
= lim x →∞ x+3 x →∞ 1 +
x →0 2 sin 2 x
2
x

(1 + 5x ) x
1
2
sin 2 3x + 12 sin 2 2 x + 12 sin x 2
= lim
= lim x →∞ (1 + 3x ) x
x →0 2 sin 2 x
2
9 sin 3 x 2
( 3x ) + 2( sin2 x2 x ) 2 + 12 ( sinx x ) 2 lim (1 + 5x ) x
2 x →∞
= lim x =
x →0 1 sin 2 2
( ) lim (1 + 3x ) x
2 x
x →∞
2
5
9
2
⋅ 12 + 2 ⋅ 12 + 12 ⋅ 12 e
= =
1
2
⋅ 12 e3
= 14 = e2

x2 e3 x − 1 e3 x − 1 3
68. lim 72. lim = lim ⋅
x →0 1 + x sin x − cos x x →0 2 x x →0 3x 2
x 2 ( 1 + x sin x + cos x ) 3 e3 x − 1
= lim = ⋅ lim
x → 0 ( 1 + x sin x − cos x )( 1 + x sin x + cos x ) 2 3 x →0 3x
x 2 ( 1 + x sin x + cos x ) 3
= lim = ⋅1
x →0 1 − cos x + x sin x 2
3
x 2 ( 1 + x sin x + cos x ) =
= lim 2
x →0 2 sin 2 2x + x sin x
1 + x sin x + cos x
= lim
x →0 1
⋅(
sin 2x 2
) + sinx x e −4 x − e 2 x − e −4 x (−1 + e 6 x )
2 x 73. lim = lim
2 x →0 x x →0 x
1+ 0 + 1 e6 x − 1
=
1 2
= lim − 6e 4 x ⋅
2
⋅1 + 1 x →0 6x
4 e6 x − 1
= = lim − 6e 4 x ⋅ lim
3 x →0 6 x →0 6 x
= ( − 6) ⋅ 1
= −6

70

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 e 3x 1
−2 ln( x + a) − ln a ln( x +a a )
e3 x + e − 3 x − 2 +
e3x 78. lim = lim
74. lim = lim x →0 x x →0 x
x →0 x x →0 x
6x 1
e + 1 − 2e3 x x
= lim = lim ln(1 + ) x
x →0 xe3 x x →0 a
3x a 1
(e − 1) 2 x
= lim 3x = ln[ lim (1 + ) x ] a
x →0 xe x →0 a
e3 x − 1 2 1 1
= lim 9 xe3 x ⋅ ( ) x
x →0 3x = ln[ lim (1 + y) y ] a [ Take y = ]
y →0 a
e3 x − 1 2
= lim 9 xe3 x ⋅ ( lim ) 1
x →0 3 x → 0 3x
= ln e a
= 0 ⋅1
1
=0 =
a
2
x2 + 2 x2 1+ 2 4 3 4 3
75. lim ( ) = lim ( x2 x
) ex − ex ex −1 ex −1
x →∞ x2 + 1 x →∞ 1 + 1 79. lim = lim ( − )
x2 x →0 5x3 x →0 5x3 5x3
2 4 3
2 x
(1 + 2
) x ex −1 1 ex −1
= lim x = lim ( ⋅ − ⋅ )
x →0 5 x4 5 x3
2
x →∞ 1 x
(1 + 2
)
x 4 3

2 x
2 x ex −1 1 ex −1
lim (1 + ) = lim ⋅ lim − ⋅ lim
x 2 →∞ x2 x →0 5 x 4 →0 x 4 5 x 3 →0 x3
= 2
1 x 1
lim (1 + )
2
x →∞ x2 = 0 ⋅1 − ⋅1
5
e2 1
= =−
e 5
=e

tan 4 x 4 ⋅ sin4 x4 x ⋅ cos14 x

x2 − x − 6 ( x + 2)( x − 3) x 80. lim = lim
76. lim ( 2 ) x = lim [ ] x → 0 e3 x − e 2 x
3x
x → 0 3 ⋅ e −1 − 2 ⋅ e −1
2x
x →∞ x + 2 x − 8 x → ∞ ( x + 4)( x − 2) 3x 2x
sin 4 x
(1 + 2x ) x (1 + −x3 ) x 4 ⋅ lim 4 x ⋅ lim cos14 x
= lim 4 x →0 x →0
=
x → ∞ (1 + 4 ) x (1 + − 2 ) x 3x 2x
x x 3 ⋅ lim e 3 x−1 − 2 ⋅ lim e 2 x−1
3 x →0 2 x →0
lim (1 + x ) ⋅ lim (1 + −x3 ) x
2 x
4 ⋅1 ⋅1
x →∞ x →∞
=
4 x
=
lim (1 + x
) ⋅ lim (1 + −x2 ) x 3 ⋅1 − 2 ⋅1
x →∞ x →∞
2 −3
=4
e ⋅e
=
e4 ⋅ e−2 1 − 4x − 5
x2 x
(1 + 1x )(1 − 5x )
= e −3 81. lim ( 15
) = lim [ ]x
x →∞ 1 + 2x − 2
x →∞ (1 + 5x )(1 − 3x )
x
1
ln(1 + 2 x) (1 + 1x ) x (1 − 5x ) x
77. lim = lim ln(1 + 2 x) x = lim
x →0 x x →0 x →∞ (1 + 5x ) x (1 − 3x ) x
1
= ln[ lim (1 + 2 x) x ]2
2 lim (1 + 1x ) x ⋅ lim (1 + −x5 ) x
x →0 x →∞ x →∞
=
1 lim (1 + 5x ) x ⋅ lim (1 + −x3 ) x
y 2 x →∞ x →∞
= ln[ lim (1 + y ) ] [ Take y = 2 x]
y →0 −5
e⋅e
2 =
= ln e e5 ⋅ e − 3
=2 = e−6

71

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 1 − 2x − 24 1 − 2x − 242 From the result of (a),
82. lim x ln x2 x x
= lim ln( 5 14 ) ax −1
x →∞ 1 + 5x − 14 x →∞ 1+ x − 2 lim = ln a
x2 x x
x →0 +
(1 + 4x )(1 − 6x )
= lim ln[ 7 2
]x ∴ lim n( n a − 1) = ln a
x →∞ (1 + x )(1 − x ) n→∞

(1 + 4x ) x (1 − 6x ) x
= lim ln 84. Let t = x − a , then t → 0 when x → a .
x →∞ (1 + 7x ) x (1 − 2x ) x
lim (1 + 4x ) x ⋅ lim (1 + −x6 ) x a x − aa a a +t − a a
lim = lim
= ln x →∞ x →∞ x→a x − a t →0 t
lim (1 + 7x ) x ⋅ lim (1 + −x2 ) x a a (a t − 1)
x →∞ x →∞
= lim
e ⋅e4 −6 t →0 t
= ln
e7 ⋅ e − 2 at − 1
= a a ⋅ lim( )
= ln e − 7 t →0 t
= −7 = a a ln a [ From the result of 83(a) ]
1
log a (1 + x)
83. (a) lim = lim log a (1 + x) x
x →0 x x →0
1
= log a [ lim (1 + x) x ]
x →0
= log a e
Let t = a x − 1, then t → 0 when x → 0 .
Besides, a x = 1 + t , i.e. x = log a (1 + t ).
a x −1 t
∴ lim = lim
x →0 x t →0 log a (1 + t )

1
= lim log (1+t )
t →0 a
t
1
= loga (1+t )
lim t
t →0
1
=
log a e
log a
=
log e
= ln a
ax −1
(b) Consider lim .
x →0 x
1
Let x = .
n
When x → 0+, n → ∞ .
1
a x −1 a n −1
lim = lim 1
x →0 x n →∞
n
= lim n(n a − 1)
n →∞

72

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E xercise 6A

73

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 2x2 − 7 − x2 + 9 ( 2 x 2 − 7 − x 2 + 9 )( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
20. lim = lim
x → −4 5 − x − 1 − 2x x → −4 ( 5 − x − 1 − 2 x )( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )

( 2 x 2 − 7 − x 2 + 9 )( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
= lim
x → −4 5 − x −1 + 2x
( 2 x 2 − 7 − x 2 + 9 )( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
= lim
x → −4 x+4
( 2 x 2 − 7 − x 2 + 9 )( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )( 2 x 2 − 7 + x 2 + 9 )
= lim
x → −4
( x + 4)( 2 x 2 − 7 + x 2 + 9 )
(2 x 2 − 7 − x 2 − 9)( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
= lim
x → −4
( x + 4)( 2 x 2 − 7 + x 2 + 9 )
( x + 4)( x − 4)( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
= lim
x → −4
( x + 4)( 2 x 2 − 7 + x 2 + 9 )
( x − 4)( 5 − x + 1 − 2 x )
= lim
x → −4
2x2 − 7 + x2 + 9
(−4 − 4)[ 5 − (−4) + 1 − 2(−4) ]
=
2(−4) 2 − 7 + (−4) 2 + 9
24
=−
5

E xercise 6B
( 4 x 2 − 4 x − 1 − 4 x 2 − 6 x + 5 )( 4 x 2 − 4 x − 1 + 4 x 2 − 6 x + 5 )
38. lim ( 4 x 2 − 4 x − 1 − 4 x 2 − 6 x + 5 ) = lim
x →∞ x →∞
4x2 − 4x −1 + 4x2 − 6x + 5
4x2 − 4x −1 − 4x2 + 6x − 5
= lim
x →∞
4x2 − 4x −1 + 4x2 − 6x + 5
2x − 6
= lim
x →∞
4x2 − 4x −1 + 4x2 − 6x + 5
2 − 6x
= lim
x →∞ 4 − 4x − 1
+ 4 − 6x + 5
x2 x2
2−0
=
4−0−0 + 4−0+0
1
=
2

E xercise 6C

74

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 sin 3x tan 4 x sin 3x tan 4 x
54. lim = lim
x → 0 cos 7 x − cos 5 x x → 0 −2 sin( 7 x + 5 x ) sin( 7 x − 5 x )
2 2
sin 3x tan 4 x
= lim
x → 0 −2 sin 6 x sin x
1 1 sin 3x sin 4 x 6 x x 1
= lim (− ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
x →0 2 6 3x 4 x sin 6 x sin x cos 4 x
1 1 sin 3x sin 4 x 6x x 1
= (− ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
2 6 3 x →0 3x 4 x →0 4 x 6 x →0 sin 6 x x →0 sin x x →0 cos 4 x
1 1
= (− ) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1
2 6
= −1

75

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