LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

QUARTER: 4th/ SEMESTER: 2nd / WEEK: 5

Name: ________________________________________________ Score: _______

Grade & Section: _______________________ Subject: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Name of Teacher: EDWARD HENRY M. CAOILE Date: _____________
I. Title: Acids and Bases
II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work Performance Task)

III. MELC: Define Bronsted acids and bases, STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-153. Discuss the
acid-base property of water, STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-154. Calculate pH from the
concentration of hydrogen ion or hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions,
STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-156.

IV. Learning Objective/s:

• Describe how Bronsted acids and bases act in a chemical reaction.
• Discuss the acid-base property of water.
• Calculate pH and pOH from the concentration of hydrogen ion or hydroxide
ions in aqueous solutions.
V. Reference/s:

Print Material/s:
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry Tenth Edition, pp: 660-680.

Patalinghug, W. C., et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
General Chemistry 2, pp: 499-505.

Online Resource/s:
Chemistry LibreTexts (2020). Overview of Acids and Bases. Retrieved
from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_andTheoritical
_Chemistry_Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Overview_of_Acids_and_B
ases on May 21, 2021.
VI. Concept Notes
ACIDS AND BASES

Brønsted Acids and Bases

Brønsted acid as a substance capable of donating a proton, and a Brønsted

base as a substance that can accept a proton. Brønsted definition of acids and bases
is the concept of the conjugate acid-base pair, which can be defined as an acid and
its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. The conjugate base of a Brønsted
acid is the species that remains when one proton has been removed from the acid.
Conversely, a conjugate acid results from the addition of a proton to a Brønsted base.

To illustrate Brønsted Acid and Base, examine the equation:

HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-

Question: Which reactant loses a proton? Which reactant gains a proton?

Answer: Nitric acid is the Brønsted acid because it loses one proton. Water is the
Brønsted base because it gains one proton.

Examine the resulting species in the equation. After an acid has lost its proton,
the resulting species can act as a base. The same applies to Brønsted base. Acids
and bases in the Brønsted model exist as conjugate pairs whose formulas are related
by the gain or loss of a hydrogen ion. NO3- is the conjugate base formed from the acid
HNO3, and H3O+ (hydronium ion) is the conjugate acid of the base H2O.

Every Brønsted acid has a conjugate base, and every Brønsted base has a
conjugate acid. Another example, the chloride ion (Cl-) is the conjugate base formed
from the acid HCl, and H3O+ (hydronium ion) is the conjugate acid of the base H2O.

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

Similarly, the ionization of acetic acid can be represented as

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

The Acetate ion (CH3COO-) is the conjugate base of CH 3COOH. Both the
ionization of HCl and the ionization of CH 3COOH are examples of Brønsted acid-base
reactions.

Remember: Conjugate base always has one fewer H atom and one more negative
charge (or one fewer positive charge) than the formula of the corresponding acid.
The Acid-Base Properties of Water

Water, as we know, is a unique solvent. One of its special properties is its ability
to act either as an acid or as a base. Water functions as a base in reactions with acids
such as HCl and CH3COOH, and it functions as an acid in reactions with bases such
as NH3. Water is a very weak electrolyte and therefore a poor conductor of electricity,
but it does undergo ionization to a small extent:

H2O(l) ↔ H+(aq) + OH-(aq)

This reaction is sometimes called the autoionization of water. To describe the acid-
base properties of water in the Brønsted framework, we express its autoionization as
follows:
H2O + H2O(l) ↔ H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Power of Hydrogen, pH: A Measure of Acidity

Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solutions are

frequently very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren
Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a solution
is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L):

pH = - log [H3O+] or pH = - log [H+]

Experimentally, the hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion (H3O+ or H+) is present
at almost exactly 0.0000001 (1.0 x 107) molar at 25oC.

pH is a way to express hydrogen ion concentration for us to know whether a

solution is acidic and basic.

Table 1. pH Values for Acidic and Basic Solutions

Acidic solutions [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M pH < 7.00

Basic solutions [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M pH > 7.00

Neutral solutions [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M pH = 7.00

Notice that pH increases as [H+] decreases.

In your tasks, you will be given the pH value of a solution and asked to calculate
the H+ ion concentration. In that case, you need to take the antilog of the equation

pH = - log [H3O+] or pH = - log [H+]

as
[H3O+] = 10 -pH or [H+] = 10 -pH

A pOH scale analogous to the pH scale can be devised using the negative
logarithm of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration of a solution. Thus, we define pOH
as pOH = - log [OH-].
 If we are given the pOH value of a solution and asked to calculate the OH2 ion
concentration, we can take the antilog of the equation

pOH = -log [OH-]

as
[OH-] = 10 -pOH

Example 1: Calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of

0.0003 M.

Step 1. Press the (-) button on your calculator.

Step 2. Find and press the Log button.
Step 3. Enter 0.0003.

The answer is 3.52.

The pH of the solution is less than 7, 3.52. Therefore, the solution

is acidic.

Example 2: What is the hydronium ion concentration of a solution which has a pH of

4?

Step 1. Look for the 10x function in your calculator. Normally, 10 x

is the second function in the log key. Press shift + log.
Step 2. Find and press the (-) button.
Step 3. Enter 4.

The answer is 0.0001 M.

 YOU CAN DO THIS!
Task 1. Vocabulary. Define the following terms in your own words.

1. Power of Hydrogen (pH)

2. Power of Hydroxide (pOH)
3. Bronsted acid
4. Bronsted base
5. Conjugate pair

Task 2. Bronsted Acids and Bases. Label the Bronsted acids and bases in the
following reactions and show the direction of proton transfer.

Example: H2O + Cl- ↔ OH- + HCl

Acid Base Base Acid

1. H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-

2. H2SO4 + OH- ↔ HSO4- + H2O
3. HSO4- + H2O ↔ SO4-2 + H3O+
4. OH- + H3O+ ↔ H2O + H2O
5. NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-

Task 3. Acidic or Basic. Identify the following values as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral.

1. pH = 1.5
2. pH = 8
3. pOH = 10
4. 0.0000001 M
5. 0.0035 M

YOU CAN DO MORE!

Task 4. Check Point. Box the conjugate base and circle the conjugate acid in the
following equations:

1. HClO2 + H2O → ClO2- + H3O+

2. OCl- + H2O → HOCl + OH-
3. HCl- + H2PO4- → Cl- + H3PO4
4. NH3 + HF ↔ NH4+ + F-
5. H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-

Task 5. Check your Concept. Which of the following does not constitute a conjugate
acid-base pair? Explain.

(a) HNO2 – NO2– (b) H2CO3 – CO32– (c) CH3NH3+ – CH3NH2

Task 6. Check your pH.

A. Determine the pH of the following solutions.

1. 0.0000001 M
2. 0.001 M
3. 0.0035 M
4. 0.00000000020 M
5. 0.5 M

B. Determine the concentration of the solutions with the following pH.

1. pH = 1
2. pH = 3.9
3. pH = 14
4. pH = 7
5. pH = 10

CHALLENGE YOURSELF!
Task 7. Know My Conjugate. Make a table like the one below and fill in the blanks.

Acid Base Equation

1. H2SO4 HSO4- H2SO4 ↔ H+ + HSO4-
2. H3PO4
3. F-
4. NO3-
5. HPO4-2

Task 8. pH vs pOH. Make a table like the one below and complete it.

Acidic,
[H+] pH [OH-] pOH Basic, or
Neutral
1. 10-7 M 7 10-7 M 7 Neutral
2. 12
3. 10-2 M
4. 9
5. 10-4 M

Task 9. Check your Understanding. Analyze each item carefully and do what is
asked.
1. The pH of a certain orange juice is 3.33. Calculate the H+ ion concentration.
2. The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of
the blood?
3. An apple juice was tested to have a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.0003. Is
the juice acidic or basic?
4. If the pH is 4.5, what is the pOH?
5. What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 1.36?
 LEVEL UP!

Task 10. Let’s Analyze. Solve the problem following Polya’s principle.
0.00026 mole of hydrochloric acid is added to 2.5 L of water. What is the pH of the
solution?

Principle 1 (1pt) Principle 2 (2pts) Principle 3 (4pts) Principle 4 (3pts)

What is asked: What will you use Carry out your Do you think you
to solve the plan did it correctly?
What are the problem?
given: Why do you think
so?

Task 11. pH Talk. Hair stylists recommend slightly acidic and near neutral shampoo
for smoother hair. You find 5 brands that you like. The first has a pH of 3.6, the second
of 13, the third of 8.2, the fourth of 6.8 and the fifth of 9.7. Which one should you buy?
Explain why it is better.

Task 12. Give It Some Thought. 5.00 g NaOH and 5.00 g Ba(OH)2 were used to
prepare 1L solution each. Which solution will be more basic? Explain your answer and
show your solution.