Horace Walpole

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Horace Walpole
Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (/ˈwɔːlpoʊl/; 24
The Right Honourable
September 1717 – 2 March 1797), better known as Horace
Walpole, was an English writer, art historian, man of letters, The Earl of Orford
antiquarian, and Whig politician.[1]
He had Strawberry Hill House built in Twickenham,

southwest London, reviving the Gothic style some decades
before his Victorian successors. His literary reputation rests
on the first Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto (1764), and
his Letters, which are of significant social and political
interest.[2] They have been published by Yale University Press
in 48 volumes.[3] In 2017, a volume of Walpole's selected
letters was published.[4]
The youngest son of the first British Prime Minister, Sir

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, he became the 4th and last
Earl of Orford of the second creation on his nephew's death in
1791.
Walpole by Sir Joshua Reynolds
1756
Early life: 1717–1739 Member of Parliament
for King's Lynn
Walpole was born in London, the In office
youngest son of British Prime 25 February 1757 – 16 March 1769
Minister Sir Robert Walpole and
Serving with Sir John Turner, 3rd
his wife, Catherine. Like his Baronet
father, he received early
[5] Preceded by Horatio Walpole the
education in Bexley; in part
Elder
under Edward Weston. He was
also educated at Eton College and Succeeded by Thomas Walpole
King's College, Cambridge.[6] Member of Parliament
for Castle Rising
Walpole's first friends were In office
Walpole by Jonathan probably his cousins Francis and
21 May 1754 – 25 February 1757
Richardson, 1735. Henry Conway, to whom he
became strongly attached, Serving with Thomas Howard
especially Henry. [7] At Eton he Preceded by Robert Knight

formed a schoolboy confederacy, the "Triumvirate", with Succeeded by Charles Boone
Charles Lyttelton (later an antiquary and bishop) and George
Member of Parliament
Montagu (later a member of parliament and Private Secretary for Callington
to Lord North). More important were another group of
In office
friends dubbed the "Quadruple Alliance": Walpole, Thomas
12 June 1741 – 18 April 1754
Gray, Richard West, and Thomas Ashton.[8]
Serving with Thomas Coplestone
(1741–1748), Edward Bacon (1748–
1754)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole 1/13
At Cambridge, Walpole came under the influence of Conyers Preceded by Isaac le Heup
Middleton, an unorthodox theologian. Walpole came to
Succeeded by John Sharpe
accept the sceptical nature of Middleton's attitude to some
essential Christian doctrines for the rest of his life, including a Personal details
hatred of superstition and bigotry even though he was a Born Horatio Walpole
nominal Anglican. Ceasing to reside at Cambridge at the end 24 September 1717
of 1738, Walpole left without taking a degree.[9] London, England,
Great Britain
In 1737, Walpole's mother died. According to one biographer,
his love for his mother "was the most powerful emotion of his Died 2 March 1797
entire life ... the whole of his psychological history was (aged 79)
dominated by it".[10] Walpole did not have any serious Berkeley Square,
relationships with women; he has been called "a natural London, Great
celibate".[11] Britain
His sexual orientation has been the subject of speculation. He Resting place St Martin's Church,
never married, engaging in a succession of unconsummated Houghton, Norfolk
flirtations with unmarriageable women, and counted among Political party Whig
his close friends a number of women such as Anne Seymour
Parent(s) Robert Walpole
Damer and Mary Berry named by a number of sources as
Catherine Shorter
lesbian.[12]
Residence(s) Strawberry Hill,
Many contemporaries described him as effeminate (one London
political opponent called him "a hermaphrodite horse").[1]
Alma mater Eton College
Biographers, such as Lewis, Fothergill, and Robert Wyndham
King's College,
Ketton-Cremer, interpreted Walpole as asexual.[13]
Cambridge
Walpole's father secured for him three sinecures which Occupation Writer · Art Historian
afforded him an income: in 1737 he was appointed Inspector · Man of Letters ·
of the Imports and Exports in the Custom House, which he Antiquarian ·
resigned to become Usher of the Exchequer, which gave him
Politician
at first £3900 per annum but this increased over the years.
Upon coming of age he became Comptroller of the Pipe and Signature
Clerk of the Estreats which gave him an income of £300 per
annum. Walpole decided to go travelling with Thomas Gray
and wrote a will in which he left Gray all his belongings.[14]
In 1744, he wrote in a letter to Conway that these offices gave him nearly £2,000 per annum; after
1745 when he was appointed Collectorship of Customs, his total income from these offices was
around £3,400 per annum.[15]
Grand Tour: 1739–1741

Walpole went on the Grand Tour with Gray, but as Walpole recalled in later life: "We had not got
to Calais before Gray was dissatisfied, for I was a boy, and he, though infinitely more a man, was
not enough to make allowances".[16]
They left Dover on 29 March and arrived at Calais later that day. They then travelled through
Boulogne, Amiens and Saint-Denis, arriving at Paris on 4 April. Here they met many aristocratic
Englishmen.[17] In early June they left Paris for Reims, then in September going to Dijon, Lyon,
Dauphiné, Savoy, Aix-les-Bains, Geneva, and then back to Lyons.
In October they left for Italy, arriving in Turin in November, then

going to Genoa, Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Modena, Bologna, and in
December arriving at Florence. Here he struck up a friendship with
Horace Mann, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of
Tuscany.[18] In Florence he also wrote Epistle from Florence to
Thomas Ashton, Esq., Tutor to the Earl of Plymouth, a mixture of
Whig history and Middleton's teachings.[19] In February 1740,
Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the
papal conclave upon the death of Pope Clement XII but never saw
it.[20] Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted
to visit antiquities. At social occasions in Rome, he saw the Old
Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, and his two sons, Charles
Edward Stuart and Henry Stuart, although there is no record of them
Walpole by Rosalba conversing.[21]
Carriera, c. 1741.
Walpole and Gray returned to Florence in July. However, Gray
disliked the idleness of Florence as compared to the educational
pursuits in Rome, and animosity grew between them, eventually leading to an end to their
friendship.[22] On their way back to England they had a furious argument, although it is unknown
what it was about. Gray went to Venice, leaving Walpole at Reggio.[23] In later life Walpole
admitted that the fault lay primarily with himself:
I was too young, too fond of my own diversions, nay, I do not doubt, too much
intoxicated by indulgence, vanity, and the insolence of my situation, as a Prime
Minister's son, not to have been inattentive and insensible to the feelings of one I
thought below me; of one, I blush to say it, that I knew was obliged to me; of one whom
presumption and folly perhaps made me deem not my superior then in parts, though I
have since felt my infinite inferiority to him.
— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 71
Walpole then visited Venice, Genoa, Antibes, Toulon, Marseille, Aix, Montpellier, Toulouse,
Orléans and Paris. He returned to England on 12 September 1741, reaching London on the
14th.[24]
Early parliamentary career: 1741–1754

At the 1741 general election Walpole was elected Whig Member of Parliament for the rotten
borough of Callington, Cornwall. He held this seat for thirteen years although he never visited
Callington.[25] Walpole entered Parliament shortly before his father's fall from power. In
December 1741 the Opposition won its first majority vote in the Commons for twenty years. In
January 1742 Walpole's government was still struggling in Parliament although by the end of the
month Horace and other family members had successfully urged the Prime Minister to resign after
a parliamentary defeat.[26] Walpole's philosophy mirrored that of Edmund Burke, who was his
contemporary. He was a classical liberal on issues such as abolitionism and the agitations of the
American colonists.[27]
Walpole delivered his maiden speech on 19 March against the successful motion that a Secret
Committee be set up to enquire into Sir Robert Walpole's last ten years as Prime Minister. For the
next three years, Walpole spent most of his time with his father at his country house Houghton
Hall in Norfolk.[28] His father died in 1745 and left Walpole the remainder of the lease of his house
in Arlington Street, London; £5,000 in cash; and the office of Collector of the Customs (worth
£1,000 per annum). However, he had died in debt, the total of which was in between £40,000 and
£50,000.[29]
In late 1745 Walpole and Gray resumed their friendship.[30] Also that year the Jacobite Rising
began. The position of Walpole was the fruit of his father's support for the Hanoverian dynasty and
he knew that he was in danger:
"Now comes the Pretender's boy, and promises all my comfortable apartments in the
Exchequer and Custom House to some forlorn Irish peer, who chooses to remove his pride
and poverty out of some large old unfurnished gallery at St. Germain's. Why really, Mr.
Montagu, this is not pleasant! I shall wonderfully dislike being a loyal sufferer in a threadbare
coat, and shivering in an antechamber at Hanover, or reduced to teach Latin and English to
the young princes at Copenhagen".[31]
Strawberry Hill
Walpole's lasting architectural creation is Strawberry Hill, the
home he built from 1749 onward in Twickenham, southwest of
London, which at the time overlooked the Thames. Here he
revived the Gothic style many decades before his Victorian
successors. This fanciful neo-Gothic concoction began a new
architectural trend.[32]
Strawberry Hill House

Later parliamentary career: 1754–
1768
In the House of Commons, Walpole represented one of the many
rotten boroughs, Castle Rising, which consisted of underlying
freeholds in four villages near Kings Lynn, Norfolk, from 1754 until
1757. At his home, he hung a copy of the warrant for the execution of
King Charles I with the inscription "Major Charta" and wrote of "the
least bad of all murders, that of a King".[33] In 1756 he wrote:
I am sensible that from the prostitution of patriotism, from

the art of ministers who have had the address to exalt the
semblance while they depressed the reality of royalty, and
from the bent of the education of the young nobility, which
Horace Walpole by John
verges to French maxims and to a military spirit, nay, from
Giles Eccardt, c. 1755.
the ascendant which the nobility itself acquires each day in
this country, from all these reflections, I am sensible, that
prerogative and power have been exceedingly fortified of
late within the circle of the palace; and though fluctuating
ministers by turns exercise the deposit, yet there it is; and
whenever a prince of design and spirit shall sit in the regal
chair, he will find a bank, a hoard of power, which he may
lay off most fatally against this constitution. [I am] a quiet
republican, who does not dislike to see the shadow of
monarchy, like Banquo's ghost, fill the empty chair of
state, that the ambitious, the murderer, the tyrant, may
not aspire to it; in short, who approves the name of a King,
when it excludes the essence.
— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 127
Walpole worried that while his fellow Whigs fought amongst themselves, the Tories were gaining
power, the result of which would be England delivered to an unlimited, absolute monarchy, "that
authority, that torrent which I should in vain extend a feeble arm to stem".[34]
In 1757, he wrote the anonymous pamphlet A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at
London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking, the first of his works to be widely reviewed.[35]
In early 1757, old Horace Walpole of Wolterton died and was succeeded in the peerage by his son,
who was then an MP for King's Lynn, thereby creating a vacancy. The electors of King's Lynn did
not wish to be represented by a stranger and instead wanted someone with a connection to the
Walpole family. The new Lord Walpole, therefore, wrote to his cousin requesting that he stand for
the seat, saying his friends "were all unanimously of opinion that you were the only person who
from your near affinity to my grandfather, whose name is still in the greatest veneration, and your
own known personal abilities and qualifications, could stand in the gap on this occasion and
prevent opposition and expense and perhaps disgrace to the family".[36]
In early 1757, Walpole was out of Parliament after vacating Castle Rising until his election that
year to King's Lynn, a seat he would hold until his retirement from the Commons in 1768.[37]
Walpole became a prominent opponent of the 1757 decision to execute Admiral John Byng.[37]
Later life: 1768–1788

Without a seat in Parliament, Walpole recognised his limitations as to political influence.
He wrote to Mann critical of the activities of the East India Company on 13 July 1773:
What is England now? – A sink of Indian wealth, filled by nabobs and emptied by
Maccaronis! A senate sold and despised! A country overrun by horse-races! A gaming,
robbing, wrangling, railing nation without principles, genius, character or allies.
— Walpole 1844, p. 339, Carson 2012, pp. 18–33
He opposed the recent Catholic accommodative measures, writing to Mann in 1784: "You know I
have ever been averse to toleration of an intolerant religion".[1] He wrote to the same
correspondent in 1785 that "as there are continually allusions to parliamentary speeches and
events, they are often obscure to me till I get them explained; and besides, I do not know several of
the satirized heroes even by sight".[1] His political sympathies were with the Foxite Whigs, the
successors of the Rockingham Whigs, who were themselves the successors of the Whig Party as
revived by Walpole's father. He wrote to William Mason, expounding his political philosophy:
I have for five and forty years acted upon the principles of the constitution as it was
settled at the Revolution, the best form of government that I know of in the world, and
which made us a free people, a rich people, and a victorious people, by diffusing liberty,
protecting property and encouraging commerce; and by the combination of all,
empowering us to resist the ambition of the House of Bourbon, and to place ourselves
on a level with that formidable neighbour. The narrow plan of royalty, which had so
often preferred the aggrandizement of the Crown to the dignity of presiding over a
great and puissant free kingdom, threw away one predominant source of our potency
by aspiring to enslave America—and would now compensate for that blunder and its
consequence by assuming a despotic tone at home. It has found a tool in the light and
juvenile son of the great minister who carried our glory to its highest pitch—but it shall
never have the insignificant approbation of an old and worn out son of another
minister, who though less brilliant, maintained this country in the enjoyment of the
twenty happiest years that England ever enjoyed.
— Langford 2011
Last years: 1788–1797

Walpole was horrified by the French Revolution and
commended Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in
France: "Every page shows how sincerely he is in earnest — a
wondrous merit in a political pamphlet—All other party writers
act zeal for the public, but it never seems to flow from the
heart".[1] He admired the purple passage in the book on Marie
Antoinette: "I know the tirade on the Queen of France is
condemned and yet I must avow I admire it much. It paints her
exactly as she appeared to me the first time I saw her when
Dauphiness. She...shot through the room like an aerial being,
all brightness and grace and without seeming to touch
earth".[38]
After he heard of the execution of King Louis XVI he wrote to

Lady Ossory on 29 January 1793:
Horace Walpole by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, c. 1795
Indeed, Madam, I write unwillingly; there is not a
word left in my Dictionary that can express what I
feel. Savages, barbarians, &c., were terms for poor
ignorant Indians and Blacks and Hyaenas, or, with
some superlative epithets, for Spaniards in Peru
and Mexico, for Inquisitors, or for Enthusiasts of
every breed in religious wars. It remained for the
enlightened eighteenth century to baffle language
and invent horrors that can be found in no
vocabulary. What tongue could be prepared to paint
a Nation that should avow Atheism, profess
Assassination, and practice Massacres on
Massacres for four years together: and who, as if
they had destroyed God as well as their King, and
established Incredulity by law, give no symptoms of
repentance! These Monsters talk of settling a
Constitution—it may be a brief one, and couched in
one Law, "Thou shalt reverse every Precept of
Morality and Justice, and do all the Wrong thou
canst to all Mankind".
— Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 305–306
He was not impressed with Thomas Paine's reply to Burke, Rights of Man, writing that it was "so
coarse, that you would think he means to degrade the language as much as the government".[39]
His father was created Earl of Orford in 1742. Horace's elder brother, the 2nd Earl of Orford
(c. 1701–1751), passed the title on to his son, the 3rd Earl of Orford (1730–1791). When the 3rd
Earl died unmarried, Horace Walpole became, at the age of 74, the 4th Earl of Orford, and the title
died with him in 1797. The massive amount of correspondence he left behind has been published
in many volumes, starting in 1798. Likewise, a large collection of his works, including historical
writings, was published immediately after his death.[40]
Horace Walpole was buried in the same location as his father Sir Robert Walpole, at the Church of
St Martin at Tours on the Houghton Hall estate.[41]
Rumours of paternity
After Walpole's death, Lady Louisa Stuart, in the introduction to the letters of her grandmother,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1837), wrote of rumours that Horace's biological father was not Sir
Robert Walpole but Carr, Lord Hervey (1691–1723), elder half-brother of the more famous John
Hervey. T. H. White writes: "Catherine Shorter, Sir Robert Walpole's first wife, had five children.
Four of them were born in a sequence after the marriage; the fifth, Horace, was born eleven years
later, at a time when she was known to be on bad terms with Sir Robert, and known to be on
romantic terms with Carr, Lord Hervey."[42] The lack of physical resemblance between Horace and
Sir Robert,[43] and his close resemblance to members of the Hervey family, encouraged these
rumours. Peter Cunningham, in his introduction to the letters of Horace Walpole (1857), vol. 1, p.
x, wrote:
"[Lady Louisa Stuart] has related it in print in the Introductory Anecdotes to Lady
Mary's Works ; and there is too much reason to believe that what she tells is true.
Horace was born eleven years after the birth of any other child that Sir Robert had by
his wife; in every respect he was unlike a Walpole, and in every respect, figure and
formation of mind, very like a Hervey. Lady Mary Wortley divided mankind into men,
women, and Herveys, and the division has been generally accepted. Walpole was
certainly of the Hervey class. Lord Hervey's Memoirs and Horace Walpole's Memoires
are most remarkably alike, yet Walpole never saw them. [Yet] we have no evidence
whatever that a suspicion of spurious parentage ever crossed the mind of Horace
Walpole. His writings, from youth to age, breathe the most affectionate love for his
mother, and the most unbounded filial regard for Sir Robert Walpole."
For a portrait of Carr, Lord Hervey, see External links below.
Personal characteristics
The novelist Laetitia Matilda Hawkins, a younger contemporary of Walpole, wrote of him as
follows:[44]
His entrance into a room was in that style of affected delicacy, which fashion had made
almost natural, chapeau bras between his hands as if he wished to compress it, or
under his arm; knees bent, and feet on tip-toe, as if afraid of a wet floor. His summer
dress of ceremony was usually a lavender suit, the waistcoat embroidered with a little
silver, or of white silk worked in the tambour, partridge silk stockings, gold buckles,
ruffles and lace frill. In the winter he wore powder ... His appearance at the breakfast
table was proclaimed, and attended, by a fat and favourite little dog, the legacy of
Madame du Deffand; the dog and favourite squirrel partook of his breakfast. He
generally dined at four ... His dinner when at home was of chicken, pheasant, or any
light food, of which he ate sparingly. Pastry he disliked, as difficult of digestion, though
he would taste a morsel of venison pie. Iced water, then a London dislike, was his
favourite drink. The scent of dinner was removed by a censer or pot of frankincense.
The wine that was drunk during dinner. After his coffee he would take pinch of snuff,
and nothing more that night.
In his old age, according to G. G. Cunningham, he "was afflicted with fits of an hereditary gout
which a rigid temperance failed to remove".[45]
Writings
Strawberry Hill had its own printing press, the Strawberry Hill Press, which supported Horace
Walpole's intensive literary activity.[32]
In 1764, not using his own press, he anonymously published his Gothic novel, The Castle of
Otranto, claiming on its title page that it was a translation "from the Original Italian of Onuphrio
Muralto". The second edition's preface, according to James Watt, "has often been regarded as a
manifesto for the modern Gothic romance, stating that his work, now subtitled 'A Gothic Story',
sought to restore the qualities of imagination and invention to contemporary fiction".[46] However,
there is a playfulness in the prefaces to both editions and in the narration within the text itself. The
novel opens with the son of Manfred (the Prince of Otranto) being crushed under a massive helmet
that appears as a result of supernatural causes. However, that moment, along with the rest of the
unfolding plot, includes a mixture of both ridiculous and sublime supernatural elements. The plot
finally reveals how Manfred's family is tainted in a way that served as a model for successive
Gothic plots.[47]
From 1762 on, Walpole published his Anecdotes of Painting in England, based on George Vertue's
manuscript notes. His memoirs of the Georgian social and political scene, though heavily biased,
are a useful primary source for historians.
Smith, noting that Walpole never did any work for his well-paid
government sinecures, turns to the letters and argues that:
Walpole served his country, not by drudgery in the

Exchequer and Customs, which paid him, but by
transmitting to posterity an incomparable vision of
England as it was in his day – London and Westminster
with all their festivities and riots, the machinations of
politicians and the turmoil of elections.[48]
Walpole's numerous letters are often used as a historical resource. In Portrait of George Montagu
one, dating from 28 January 1754, he coined the word serendipity by John Giles Eccardt after
which he said was derived from a "silly fairy tale" he had read, The Jean-Baptiste van Loo
Three Princes of Serendip.[49] The oft-quoted epigram, "This world is (c. 1713–1780)
a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel", is from a Peterborough Museum and
letter of Walpole's to Anne, Countess of Upper Ossory, on 16 August Art Gallery
1776. The original, fuller version appeared in a letter to Sir Horace A close friend and
Mann on 31 December 1769: "I have often said, and oftener think, that correspondent of Horace
this world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel Walpole
– a solution of why Democritus laughed and Heraclitus wept."
In Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III (1768), Walpole defended Richard
III against the common belief that he murdered the Princes in the Tower. In this he has been
followed by other writers, such as Josephine Tey and Valerie Anand. This work, according to Emile
Legouis, shows that Walpole was "capable of critical initiative".[40] However, Walpole later
changed his views following The Terror and declared that Richard could have committed the
crimes he was accused of.[50][51]
Walpole Society
The Walpole Society was formed in 1911 to promote the study of the history of British art. Its
headquarters is located in the Department of Prints and Drawings at The British Museum and its
director is Simon Swynfen Jervis.
Works
Non-fiction
Letter from Xo Ho to his Friend Lien Chi at Pekin [1757]
Anecdotes of Painting in England (https://books.google.com/books?id=oKFlxhIAKUoC) (1762)
Catalogue of Engravers [1763]
On Modern Gardening (1780)
A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole (1784)
Historic Doubts on the life and Reign of Richard III, edited with an introduction by Philip
Hammond. Gloucester. 1987 [1793].
Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors
Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II
Memoirs of the Reign of George III
Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His ... (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=QoE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339) Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. 1844.
Selected Letters, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library,
Alfred A. Knopf, 2017. Reviewed by (https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/horace-walpole-margaret
-drabble/)Margaret Drabble
Fiction
The Castle of Otranto (1764)
The Mysterious Mother: A Tragedy (1768)
Hieroglyphic Tales (1785)
References
Citations
1. Langford 2011.
2. "The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ne
ws/magazine-30313775). BBC News. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
3. Smith 1983, pp. 17–28.
4. Selected Letters, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library,
Alfred A. Knopf, 2017.
5. "Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill – London Borough of Richmond upon Thames" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20131103000307/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/lo
cal_history_and_heritage/local_studies_collection/local_history_notes/horace_walpole_and_st
rawberry_hill.htm). Government of the United Kingdom. 3 August 2009. Archived from the
original (http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/loc
al_studies_collection/local_history_notes/horace_walpole_and_strawberry_hill.htm) on 3
November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
6. "Walpole, Horace (WLPL734HH)" (http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro
=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLPL734HH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=5
0). A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
7. Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 34.
9. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 48–49.
12. Norton 2003.
13. Haggerty 2006, pp. 543–561.
14. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 49, 98.
18. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 53 ff..
23. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 72–73.
27. Allen 2017.
30. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 100–101.
32. Verberckmoes 2007, p. 77.
33. Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 126–127.
35. Sabor 2013, p. 4.
38. Lock 2000, pp. 34–35.
39. Lock 2000, p. 159.
40. Legouis 1957, p. 906.
41. Historic England. "St Martin's Church (Grade I) (1077787)" (https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listin

g/the-list/list-entry/1077787). National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
42. White 1950, pp. 84–89.
43. White 1950, p. 88: No beings in human shape could resemble each other less than the two
passing for father and son." (Lady Louisa Stuart)
44. White 1950, pp. 89–90.
45. Cunningham 1834, pp. 207–213.
46. Watt 2004, p. 120.
47. Watt 2004, pp. 120–121.
48. Smith 1983, p. 25.
49. Merton & Barber 2011, p. 1.
50. Walpole 1987, p. 223.
51. Pollard 1991, p. 216.
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E53E1C412A57958E36001E2F19#). ublic) required.)
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Brewer. pp. 18–33. ISBN 9781782040279. Literature. Translated by Louis Cazamian.
Retrieved 28 October 2020. New York: Macmillan.
Cunningham, G. G. (1834), "Horace Walpole" Lock, F. P. (2000). "Rhetoric and representation
(http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/BiographyRe in Burke's Reflections". In Whale, John
cord.php?action=GET&bioid=34070), (ed.). Edmund Burke's Reflections on the
Memoirs of Illustrious Englishmen (1834- Revolution in France. New Interdisciplinary
37), vol. 6 Essays. Manchester: University Press.
Haggerty, George E. (2006). "Queering Horace Merton, Robert K.; Barber, Elinor (2011). The
Walpole". SEL: Studies in English Literature Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A
1500–1900. 46 (3): 543–561. Study in Sociological Semantics and the
doi:10.1353/sel.2006.0026 (https://doi.org/1 Sociology of Science (https://books.google.c
0.1353%2Fsel.2006.0026). ISSN 1522-9270 om/books?id=ORJVDALLF0kC&pg=PA1).
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-9270). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-
JSTOR 3844520 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl 4008-4152-3.
e/3844520). S2CID 154410341 (https://api.s Mowl, Timothy (2010) [1996]. Horace Walpole:
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154410341). The Great Outsider (https://archive.org/detai
Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham (1964). ls/horacewalpolegre0000mowl). London:
Horace Walpole: a Biography (https://books. Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5619-7.
google.com/books?id=A1kKAQAAMAAJ).
London: Methuen. ISBN 9787270010670.
Norton, Rictor, ed. (23 February 2003) [1999]. Sabor, Peter (2013). Horace Walpole: The
"A Sapphick Epistle, 1778" (https://web.archi Critical Heritage (https://books.google.com/b
ve.org/web/20070613220104/http://www.inf ooks?id=jXzhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4). Taylor
opt.demon.co.uk/sapphick.htm). & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-17217-5.
Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century Watt, James (2004). "Gothic". In Keymer,
England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the Thomas; Mee, Jon (eds.). The Cambridge
original (http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/sapp Companion to English Literature 1740–
hick.htm) on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1830. Cambridge: University Press.
16 August 2007. Verberckmoes, Johan (2007). Geschiedenis
Pollard, A. J. (1991). Richard III and the Princes van de Britse eilanden [The History of the
in the Tower. Stroud: Alan Sutton. British Isles] (in Dutch). Leuven: Uitgeverij
Smith, W. H. (1983), "Horace Walpole's Acco Leuven. ISBN 978-90-334-6549-9.
Correspondence", The Yale University White, T.H. (1950). The Age of Scandal (https://
Library Gazette, 58 (1/2): 17–28, books.google.com/books?id=b1KV1AqECP
JSTOR 40858823 (https://www.jstor.org/sta cC). New York: Putnam.
ble/40858823)
Further reading
Frank, Frederick, "Introduction" in The Castle of Otranto.
Gwynn, Stephen (1932). The Life of Horace Walpole (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.201
5.176376).
Hiller, Bevis. findarticles.com Who's Horry now? (https://web.archive.org/web/2019091204493
0/https://web.archive.org/web/20050511041837/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_
199609/ai_n8739134) The Spectator, 14 September 1996
(IT) Carlo Stasi, Otranto e l'Inghilterra (episodi bellici in Puglia e nel Salento), in 'Note di Storia
e Cultura Salentina', anno XV, pp. 127–159, (Argo, Lecce, 2003)
(IT) Carlo Stasi, Otranto nel Mondo, in 'Note di Storia e Cultura Salentina', anno XVI, pp. 207–
224, (Argo, Lecce, 2004)
(IT) Carlo Stasi, Otranto nel Mondo, dal 'Castello' di Walpole al 'Barone' di Voltaire (Editrice
Salentina, Galatina 2018) ISBN 9788831964067
External links
Works by Horace Walpole in eBook form (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/horace-walpole)
at Standard Ebooks
Works by Horace Walpole (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Walpole,+Horace) at Project
Gutenberg
The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4609) (1735–
1748)
1759)
1769)
1797)
Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume I (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12073) (1736–
1764)
Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume II (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12074) (1764–
1795)
The Castle of Otranto (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/696)

Works by or about Horace Walpole (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%20
OR%20creator%3A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Horace%20
Walpole%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Walpole%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%2
2Horace%20Walpole%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Walpole%2C%20Horace%22%20O
R%20description%3A%22Horace%20Walpole%22%29%20OR%20%28%221717-1797%22%
20AND%20Walpole%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Horace Walpole (https://librivox.org/author/4690) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Horace Walpole (http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00042.shtml) at the
Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) (http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/)
The Literary Encyclopedia. (http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4587)
Courtney, William Prideaux (1911). "Walpole, Horatio" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_En
cyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Walpole,_Horatio). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.).
pp. 288–290.
The Friends of Strawberry Hill (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012644/http://www.friend
sofstrawberryhill.org/)
The Twickenham Museum – Horace Walpole (http://museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=14
0)
"The Walpole Cabinet" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070701004905/http://www.vam.ac.uk/co
llections/furniture/stories/walpole/index.html). Furniture. Archived from the original (http://www.
vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/stories/walpole/index.html) on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 12 August
2007.
Portraits of Horace Walpole (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp
03378) at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Lord Carr Hervey (1691–1723) as a Youth (https://web.archive.org/web/20191024083930/htt
p://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/851822). (National Trust Collections).
"The Walpole Society" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224147/http://www.walpolesociet
y.org.uk/index.shtml). Archived from the original (http://www.walpolesociety.org.uk/index.shtml)
on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
"The View From Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole and the American Revolution" (https://archiv
e.org/details/HoraceWalpole)
Horace Walpole Correspondence | Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University (https://web.archive.
org/web/20170328022334/http://walpole.library.yale.edu/collections/digital-collections/horace-
walpole-correspondence)
"Archival material relating to Horace Walpole" (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/detail
s/c/F69587). UK National Archives.
Horace Walpole (https://lccn.loc.gov/n80126297) at Library of Congress, with 192 library
catalogue records
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5/21/23, 9:45 AM Horace Walpole - Wikipedia

He had Strawberry Hill House built in Twickenham,

The youngest son of the first British Prime Minister, Sir

especially Henry. [7] At Eton he Preceded by Robert Knight

Grand Tour: 1739–1741

In October they left for Italy, arriving in Turin in November, then

— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 71

Early parliamentary career: 1741–1754

Strawberry Hill House

I am sensible that from the prostitution of patriotism, from

— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 127

Later life: 1768–1788

— Walpole 1844, p. 339, Carson 2012, pp. 18–33

Last years: 1788–1797

After he heard of the execution of King Louis XVI he wrote to

— Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 305–306

For a portrait of Carr, Lord Hervey, see External links below.

Walpole served his country, not by drudgery in the

41. Historic England. "St Martin's Church (Grade I) (1077787)" (https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listin

The Castle of Otranto (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/696)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Walpole&oldid=1154839006"

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