DNA:

Replication

VANESSA V. NAVA

•OBJECTIVES
➢ To develop an understanding of the structure and functions of
DNA.
➢ To examine the relationship of structure and functions of DNA.
➢ To compare DNA and RNA
➢ To use models to construct nucleotides and a molecular DNA.
➢ To identify the sequences of DNA, mRNA, and tRNA.
➢ To use any of the sequences of DNA and mRNA or mRNA and
tRNA to demonstrate the concept of complementary base
pairing.
➢ To describe Protein Synthesis.

• Review:

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CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR

GENETICS

• Review:

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What are the three Major

players?

• Review:

DNA

RNA Protein

Then, what are the major processes that

involves these three major players?

• Review: SELF REPLICATION

DNA
T
R
A
N Lab condition
S
C
R
I
P
RNA T Protein
I
TRANSLATION
O
N

DNA stands for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Steps in DNA Replication

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1. The first step in DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the

double helix structure of the
DNA molecule. This is carried out by an enzyme
called helicase (Helix Unwinding
Protein) which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding
the complementary bases of
DNA together (A with T, C with G). Meanwhile, as
the helicase separates the
strands, another enzyme called primase briefly
attaches to each strand and
assembles a foundation at which replication can
begin. This foundation is a short
stretch of nucleotides called a primer.

2. The separation of the

two single strands of
DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape
called a
replication ‘fork’. The
two separated strands
will act as templates for
making
the new strands of DNA.

3. Single-strand-binding proteins
(Helix-destabilizing proteins) then
bind to each
of the single stranded DNA at the
replication fork and is responsible for
preventing
the separated strands from re-
annealing.

4. DNA gyrase (Helix-relaxing protein)

functions to relax the tension of
supercoiled twists created in
unwinding the parental double helix
without rotation.

5.The strand that terminates

in a free 3’ -end or the
direction is 5’ to 3’, is
synthesized continuously
and this is referred to as
the leading strand. This is
because the DNA
polymerase can only make
new DNA in 5’ to 3’
direction.,

6. The other strand, which is antiparallel and terminates in a free-

5’-end, is synthesized discontinuously and is referred to as the
lagging strand. Short strands of nucleotides are formed in the
lagging strand due to discontinuous replication. These short
strands of nucleotides or small precursor fragments are
called Okazaki fragments, named after its discoverer, Reiji
Okazaki. The Okazaki fragments ultimately joined to a continuous
strand of DNA. Then the DNA ligase closes the nick by creating a
phosphodiester bond between a 3’-OH end and a 5’-P end so the
nucleotides are linearly attached.

7. Another enzyme EXONUCLEASE, removes all

the RNA primer and another DNA polymerase fills
in the gap in the DNA fragment.

8. After the synthesis of the two

new DNA molecules, they recoil
or rewind again into
new double helices. Then DNA
polymerase also proofreads the
newly synthesized
DNA molecules to remove the
undesirable nucleotides.

https://youtu.be/TNKWgcFPHqw

2. What are the important functions of DNA?

➢ Transmission of traits
➢ Protein Synthesis
➢ Storage of genetic information
➢ Self replication that provides
means by which genetic info can
be transmitted.

3. Give the composition of DNA nucleotide.

SUGAR,
PHOSPHATE
AND A BASE

If this is a sequence of one DNA strand

ATTCAGCGA, what is the complementary
sequence of the other DNA strand?

TAA GTC GCT

If transcribed into an mRNA, the resulting strand is

_____________?

UAA GUC GCU

During translation, the tRNA sequence of

nucleotides arranges linearly is
___________________________

AUU CAG CGA

5. The protein synthesized from the nucleotide

sequence in No.4 will have an amino acid sequence
of __________________

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Leu Val Ala

USING THIS TABLE:

If we are going to write the step by step process of

the central dogma what would it be?
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

If we are going to write the step by step process of

the central dogma what would it be?
Step 1: Old DNA strand will undergo self
replication.
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

If we are going to write the step by step process of

the central dogma what would it be?
Step 1: Old DNA strand will undergo self
replication.
Step 2: The original strand will transcribe into
mRNA.
Step 3:
Step 4:

If we are going to write the step by step process of

the central dogma what would it be?
Step 1: Old DNA strand will undergo self
replication.
Step 2: The original strand will transcribe into
mRNA.
Step 3:mRNA will read in order by a molecule of
tRNA. Each tRNA is an anticodon.
Step 4: An mRNA with instructions for the protein
we'll build.

DNA is a double-stranded molecule that contains

our unique genetic code.
DNA is found in the nucleus of each of our body's
cells. In fact, every cell of our body
contains our entire DNA code. This explains how
cops find bad guys. If an offender
leaves behind a drop of blood or a single strand of
hair, cells in the blood and hair
contain the offender's complete, one-of-a-kind DNA
code.