Rx

REASOURES

HINLIPINE

NEOTONGL

ERATURES
ORLANDO M.VIAR,M.A
AUTHOR

MARIA GLARA V.RAVINA, PH:Ds

GONSULTANT
Name Date

Course and Section Professor

WORKSHEET NO. 2
Highlights of Literature and Philippine Events

Objectives
historical reference
1. Explain the
2. Discuss how literature and history are closely interrelated

3. Note the value of identifying cultural points that are shared

by people and time.

Background
Aliterary work isa product of its time.
It isas old as its country's

context of backgróund such as the social con-

history. It providesa
ditions, politicaldevelopments, religious ideas, and practices
neces-
work reflects ideas and
sary for a reader to understand how literary
attitudes of the time in which the work was written.
definable periods. Phil-
Philippine literaturehas gone through
ippines was colonized by the Spaniards (1565-1898) for about 333
for 48 years. Later, world War
years, by the Americans(1899-1902)
II broke out and the Japanese (1942-1945) occupied
the Philippines
for three years.

A'few basic facts about the literary and historical events that

have influenced the writers within the various periods will be help-
fulto you as you begin your study of the literaturesof the Philippines.

BEFORE THE CONQUEST

22,000 BC 15th Century
22,000 B.C. Man inhabits Tabon caves for almost 40,000years

thePhil-
25,000 Negritosfrom the Asian mainland people
ippines

1 B.C. Ancient Filipinos build rice terraces

960 Chinese trades flow in the Philippines

C. of Islam in Southern Philippines

15th Spread

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 Literatures
Essential Features
of Pre-Colonial
heritage
literaturerepresents ethnic groups
Early Filipino
toexpress traditio
is created byordinaryItfolks
is handed down fro
Early literature om
belief, and custom of those times.
to generation.
generation The ancient
or sacred character.
Folk literaturehas a religious
like supplication, invocations
used ritualistic verses
ns,

Filipinos
and incantation.
is classified as oral
and written.
Early literature
wrote on fragile
The ancient folks used native syllabary and
like sticks,daggers,
materials. They also used pointed objects
and irons as pens.
their religious and social rituals,
Songs and dances were part of
for the rituals.
Musical bells and gongs were used
and rituals
Mimetic dances often accompanied the songs and

were the precursors of drama form.

ballads, folklyrics,myths,
Riddles, proverbs, aphorism, maxims,
and epics were some of the literary types
legends, fables,tales,
during the period.
SPANISH PERIOD
Spanish Colonial Tradition (1565-1863)
Nationalistic Period (1864-1896)

1521 Rediscovery ofthe Philippines. Ferdinand Magellan

reaches the Philippines.

1543 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos names Philippines after the

King of Spain, S.M. Philippe II.

1571 Adalantado Miguel LopezdeLegaspi proclaims Manila

as the capital of the Philippines.

1593 Dominicans put out Doctrina Cristina, the first printed

book.

1602 Fr. Francisco de SanJoseph, popularly knownas Blancas

de San Jose, introduces printing by typography.

1610 Tomas Pinpin, ladino orbilingual, publishes his

Span
ish grammar for the use of the
Tagalogs.
1861 Birth of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines.

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 1872 Cavite Mutiny; martyrdom of the threepriests:Gomez,
Burgos, Zamora.
1887 Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) ispublished. Itexposes
Spain's abuse of the Philippines as well as its people.

1888 El Filibusterismo (Subversion) is published. Itis dedi-

cated to the memory of Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and
Zamora.

1892 Andres Bonifacio founds the KATIPUNAN,the secret

from
society which aimed to separate the Philippines
Spain.
1893 Zarzuela is introduced.

1896 The Cry of Pugadlawin.The Philippine revolution breaks

out.
Pact of Biak na
1897 Emilio Aguinaldo signs an agreement,
Bato, with Spanish governor general.

Antonio Luna La Independencia, a Spanish

1899 publishes
literature.
revolutionary

Essential Features of Spanish Literatures

Literature was used as tool for religious conquest.

Alibata, the first Filipino alphabet

was replaced by Romanscript.

Spanish language became the literary language.

The friars produced a variety of religious manuals, grammar

vernacular intended for friars'
books, and dictionaries in the
mission.
utilized the stage to propagate the Chris-
Spanish missionaries
tian religion.

was predominantly religious

and moral in character
Literature
and tone.

Nationalistic Period (1864-1896)

saw the growth of reformist
and literatures.
revolutionary
issues
used literature as a means to protest
Reform movement
abuses and provoke the
to expose and to condemn Spanish
the
into action. New themes of literature particularly
people
tradition of was introduced.
protest

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 arts in Europe. Tho
The rich young Filipinos studied
liberal ey
introduced the reformist literature.
here wa
for reforms. There was
The oppressed lower classes agitated to Tagalog.
a shift in the use of language from Spanish

Realism emerged in Philippine writing

through Noli Tangere
ere Me
and El Filibusterismo.

karagatan, comedia, moro

Lyric, narrative, corrido, pasyon, duplo,
saints,and doctrinec
moro, cenaculo,zarzuela,carillo, biographies, the period,
were some of the famous literary types during

UNITED STATES COLONIAL RULE

Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
Period of Emergence (1920-1945)
1898 declares a state of war
(April)The American Congress
between the U.S. and Spain.
and destroys
1898 (May)Commodore George Dewey attacks
the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.

1898 June12) Philippine independence is declared.

1898 (December 10) Treaty of Paris.

1898-1899-Jose Palma writes "Filipinas,"a poem which became

the text of the Philippine national anthem.

1898 January 21) first Philippine Republic by Emilio Agui-

naldo.

1899 The Filipino-American Warbreaks out.

1900 President William McKinley issues a directive to the

Philippine Commission making English the official

medium of instruction in public schools.

1901 General Emilio Aguinaldo, Philippine Revolution

leader, is
captured.
1901 American passes the anti-nationalist laws such as the
which imposes the death penalty onany-
Sedition Law
one who advocates independence or separation from
the U.S. even by peaceful means.

1901 Training of teachers. Philippine Normal School ises

tablished.

1902 Filipinos' armed resistance againstthe Americansends.

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 1903 Zarzuela, a musical comedy, dominates thestage.
1907 Philippine Free Press, early periodical, is published.
1908 University of the Philippines is founded.

1916 Vaudeville (vod-a-vil or bodabil) is introduced on stage

1921 The birth of Philippine novel in English with
Zoilo

Galang's A Child of Sorrow.

1925 Dead Stars,first short story in English by Paz Marquez

Benitez, is published.

1932 The Commonwealth Literary Contest awardsfirstprize

to How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel

Arguilla.

1935 (November 15) Manuel L. Quezon as president and

vice president of the Commonwealth.
Sergio Osmeña,

1937 President M. L. Quezon proclaims Pilipino based on

theTagalog dialect as the national language of the Phil-
ippines.

Essential Features of American Literatures

and thevernaculars flourished during theperiod.

English, Spanish,
Public school was introduced and English became the official

medium of instruction.
introduced
Period of Orientation (1898-1910): American rule
to the democratic
significantchanges such as the orientation
way of life and new literary standards.
imitated
Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930): Filipino writers
English and American writers.

were influenced
Period of Emergence (1920-1945):(a)WNritings
trends such as romanticism and realism;
by Western literary
and quantity;(c) "Clash"
(b)Short storyflourished both inquality
over the social
between Salvador P. Lopez and Jose Garcia Villa
the begin-
function of art and art for art's sake, respectively; (d)
ning of journalistic and critical writing
(a) Writers en-
Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960):
(b) The writers have mastered
joyed political independence;
of surrealism and existentialism
were
English; (c)The influence
evident in some of the English fiction.

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 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942-1945)

1941 (December7)Japan leads an attack on Pearl Harbor.

1941 Japanese authorities push theuse of Tagalog as national

language.
1942 (April) The fall of Bataan: Death March.

1943 (October 14)Proclamation ofaJapanese-sponsored Phil-

ippine Republic with Jose P. Laurel as president.
1944 from Japan.
(August 15) Liberation of the Philippines

Essential Features of Japanese Literatures

Japanese authorities pushed for the use of Tagalog.

Tagalog short story became popular.

Theliterary activityas publication weresuspended orrestricted.

The Japanese promoted a cultural reorientation away from
American influence.

There was a strict prohibition of the Japanese regarding any

writing in English.
The local theater became popular forentertainment and it was
used by Filipino to expose the political, social,and economic
conditions of the times.

Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period

because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in
writing and publishing of work in English.

Light slapstick comedies were staged to attack the

integrity of
the Japanese authorities

A great period for the Tagalog theater.

LIBERATION OR POSTWAR PERIOD

1941 Americans returrn.
1942 Inauguration of the Republic of the
Philippines after
48 years ofAmerican Colonial rule
with ManuelA. Roxas
as president.

1943 Without Seeing the Dawn, first

postwar novel by Stevan
Javellana, is published.

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1946 its freedom.
July 4)Philippines regains

1948 Elpidio Quirino is elected as president.

1950 Modern poetry is in full swing.

1953 Ramon F. Magsaysay is elected president.

1954 Carlos Palanca Memorial Award forliteratureincludes
one-act play in English.

1957 Carlos P. Garcia becomes president.

is
1960 PETA (Philippine Educational Theatre Association)
founded by Cecille Guidote.

1961 is elected president.

Diosdado Macapagal
elected president ofthe
Senator Ferdinand E. Marcos is
1965
Philippines.
The coming
1969 Marcosisre-elected foranother four years.
in universities, plays
of the vocal playwrights based
march.
in streets, strikes, and protest
activism. Marcos
1972 Rise of radical and militant studentmartial law results
of
declares martial law. Imposition
in New Society.
martial rule.
1981 The third republicis freed from
leader, isgunned
down
1983 Benigno S.Aquino, opposition
in Manila.
upon arrival
A election is held with
1986 (February 7) snap presidential in contention.
Marcos and Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
a revolution manifests the
1986 February 22-25) four-day
desire for change.
people's massive popular
is deposed by massive
show of
25) Marcos
1986 (February her oath of
Corazon C. Aquino takes
people power. restores demo-
of the Republic. She
office as President the
the country. Marcos leaves
cratic institutions in

country,
Com-
appoints Constitutional
1986- Aquino administrationconstitution which replaces the
a new
mission to draft
"Freedom Constitution."

1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

1987 Ratification ofthe

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 1990 The collection and study literatures
of regional has
in times.
gained impetus contemporary
1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
1992 Fidel V. Ramos is elected President ofthe Republic of

the Philippines.

1992 (May11) The NationalCommission forCulture and the

Arts (NCAA)is created by law, superseding the Presi-
dential Commission on Culture and theArts which Was
established in 1987.

1998 Philippines celebrates the Centennial of Philippine In-

dependence.
1998 June 30) Joseph EjercitoEstrada
takes his oath of office
as President of the Republic in Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan.

2001 Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo takes her oath of officeafter
the second people power.

Essential Features of Contemporary/Modern Period Literatures

Before the Declaration of Martial Law

Literature was used as an expression of defiant emotion to urge
for social reforms.

Philippine writing in the vernacular became popular.

Through literary criticism,the writers had the opportunity to

publish their studies and literary forms.

1946-1960

English had been mastered by the Filipino writers through their

academic training.

The writers had a better knowledgeof their craft and

enjoyed
political independence
.Thewriting and staging of Philippine plays written in English
became active especially in 1954 when the Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature included the one-act
play
category in prizes.
The Literature in was
Tagalog rejuvenated.

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 The politicalcondition of the country in the 60's led to the rise
of student activism.

1970-1972 (Rise of Nationalism and Student Activism)

Nationalism was emphasized by young and aspiring writers
the society.
Revolutionary form of literatureattacked the ills of
the
Campus newpapers played an important role in attacking
ills of the society and politics.

It was an age of Realism for Philippine theater.

1970-1972 (Period of New Society)

was
.Theperiod of Martial Law begun in 1972 and officially

lifted in 1981.

The imposition of martial law resulted in New Society: a con-

cept in Social Transformation.

New critical theories such asFormalism and Post-Structuralism
became popular.
traditionaldrama
and in creating
Provided a venue in reviving
original plays.
of
Martial Law years marked the repressional and curtailment
freedom of the press.
human rights including
was initiated by the Board of National
Bilingual Education
Education.

1981-1985 (3rd Republic)

the assassination of Senator Ninoy
Recurrence of activism with
Aquino.
Power."
The legendary EDSA Revolution or "People
Creative writing is part
of the curricular writings offered by
academic institutions.
(English
and Filipino).
Interest in writing bibliography
continued
New Criticism; post-structuralism, post-modernism
of other lite-
to literature. Emergence
to surfacein the approach
and lesbian writing emerged.
rary criticisms like feminism, gay,
realities.
Continues to reflect on social, political

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