Topic Summary Outline

Carl Gustav Jung

Levels of the Psyche

● Conscious
- Conscious images are ego-sensed.
- The ego is the center of consciousness, not the whole personality.
- A more comprehensive self is needed to complete the ego.
- In a psychologically healthy person, the ego comes second to the
unconscious self.
- Healthy individuals allow themselves to experience their unconscious
selves and achieve individuation.
● Personal Unconscious
- One's personal unconscious contains all repressed, forgotten, or
subliminal experiences.
- We each have a unique unconscious shaped by our experiences.
- Some images in the personal unconscious are easily recalled, others are
difficult, and others are beyond consciousness.
- Personal unconscious contents are called complexes.
- Emotionally charged ideas form a complex.
- Complexes can be conscious and come from the personal and
collective unconscious.
● Collective Unconscious
- The collective unconscious is rooted in the species' ancestral past, unlike
the personal unconscious.
- Jung's most controversial/distinctive idea.
- The collective unconscious's physical contents are inherited as psychic
potential.
- The collective unconscious influences people's thoughts, emotions, and
actions.
- The collective unconscious creates myths, legends, and religion.
 - It also creates "big dreams" that are meaningful to everyone, regardless of
time or place.
- Humans' innate tendency to react in a certain way when their experiences
trigger a biologically inherited response tendency is the collective
unconscious.
- “forms without content, representing only the possibility of a certain
perception and action.”
- With repetition, these forms develop content and become relatively
autonomous archetypes.
● Archetypes
Archetypes are ancient images from the collective unconscious.
They're emotionally charged image collections like complexes. Archetypes come
from the collective unconscious, while complexes are personal. Archetypes differ
from instincts too. Jung saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an
instinct, which he defined as an unconscious physical impulse toward action.

○ Persona
- Personas are people's public selves.
- The term is relevant because it refers to early theater masks worn
by the actors.
- Jung believed that society assigns each of us a role that we project.
- Self-realization is prevented by overidentifying with our persona.
- Jung believed we must balance society's demands with our true
selves to be psychologically healthy.
○ Shadow
- The shadow—the archetype of darkness and
repression—represents those traits we try to hide from ourselves
and others.
- We're afraid to face the shadow's morally objectionable tendencies
and creative and constructive qualities.
- Jung believed that knowing our shadow is the first test of courage.
 - "Realization of the shadow" means accepting our darkness.
○ Anima
- Jung believed, like Freud, that all humans are psychologically
bisexual with masculine and feminine sides.
- Few men get to know their anima because it takes courage and is
harder than knowing their shadow.
- Men must overcome intellectual barriers, explore their unconscious,
and embrace their feminine side to master anima projections.
- Jung's second test of courage was meeting his anima.
○ Animus
- Female animus is masculine.
- The animus symbolizes rationality, while the anima represents
irrational emotions.
- Though not hers, it can influence a woman's thoughts.
- The collective unconscious arose from prehistoric women's
encounters with men.
- Jung claims that many women's opinions are valid, but close
analysis shows that they were preconceived.
- No logic or emotion can change a woman's animus-dominated
beliefs.
- Dreams, visions, and fantasies personify the animus like the anima.
○ Great Mother
- The great mother and wise old man are also anima and animus
derivatives.
- All people have great mother archetypes.
- Mother is always associated with positive and negative feelings.
- The great mother represents power and destruction and fertility and
nourishment.
- She can produce and nourish life, but she may devour or neglect
her offspring (destruction).
 - Rebirth, a separate archetype, is linked to the great mother
through fertility and power. Reincarnation, baptism, resurrection,
and self-realization symbolize rebirth.
○ Wise Old Man
- Wisdom and meaning are symbolized by the wise old man.
- This unconscious archetypal meaning cannot be directly
experienced by one person.
- Politicians and others who speak authoritatively, but not
authentically, often appear sensible and wise to those who are
eager to be misled by their own wise old man archetypes.
- Dreams depict wise old men as fathers, grandfathers, teachers,
philosophers, gurus, doctors, and priests.
- In fairy tales, he is the king, sage, or magician who saves the
protagonist from many misadventures with his wisdom.
- Life represents the wise old man.
○ Hero
- In mythology and legends, the hero is a powerful person,
sometimes part god, who overcomes evil like dragons, monsters,
serpents, or demons.
- The hero usually loses to a seemingly insignificant character or
event.
- The heroes of movies, novels, plays, and TV shows appeal to an
archetype in us.
- The hero defeating the villain frees us from impotence and misery
while modeling the ideal personality.
- Heroism began with human consciousness.
- The hero defeats the villain, symbolizing pre-human
unconsciousness.
- The archetypal conquering hero symbolizes our ancestors' victory
over darkness and consciousness.
○ Self
 - Jung called this innate tendency to move toward growth, perfection,
and completion, the self.
- The self, the most comprehensive archetype, unites all others in
self-realization.
- Like other archetypes, it has conscious and personal unconscious
elements, but collective unconscious images dominate.
- The mandala, a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or
any other concentric figure, symbolizes the self as an archetype.
The collective unconscious seeks unity, balance, and wholeness.
○ The mandala sometimes signifies divinity.
- The collective unconscious depicts the self as a deified figure like
Jesus Christ, Buddha, Krishna, or others.
- The self unites male and female, good and evil, light and dark
forces, and the conscious and unconscious minds.
- Yang and yin represent these opposing elements, while the
mandala represents the self.
- Unity, totality, and order—self-realization—are symbolized by this
motif.
- Self-realization is rare, but it's an ideal in everyone's unconscious.
To fully experience the self, people must overcome their fear of the unconscious,
prevent their persona from dominating their personality, recognize their shadow, and
then muster even more courage to face their anima or animus.
Dynamics of Personality
● Causality and Teleology
○ According to Jung motivation comes from both Causality and Teleology.
Past experience and present events may stimulate a person’s decision in
achieving their goals. Contrary to Freud, who believed Causality, and
Adler, who believed Teleology, Jung believed that both are applied in
shaping one’s personality.
● Progression and Regression
○ It is the way of adapting to the inner and outer environment/world. Both
Progression and Regression should be balanced in order to be
psychologically healthy.
○ Progression - adapting to the outside world, one has a consistent reaction
to situations; Forward flow of psychic energy
○ Regression - backward flow of psychic energy; necessary backward step
to fulfill a goal; it helps make solution to a problem.
Psychological Types
● Attitude - predisposition to or react in a certain manner.
○ Introversion - inward psychic energy; more into their inner world;
individualized perception; more subjective rather than objective
○ Extraversion - outward psychic energy; towards objective and away from
subjective; more influenced by their surroundings; Jung’s No. 1
personality.
○ According to Jung, Freud’s theory is more extroverted even though he is
introverted, and Adler is extroverted while his theory is introverted.
● Functions
○ Thinking - logical intellectual activities that produce ideas.
■ Extraverted Thinking - concrete thoughts; there should be an
individual interpretation; ideas are only facts without own
interpretations, originality, and creativity.
■ Introverted Thinking - the individual’s interpretation of events is
colorful and has other meanings for them.
○ Feeling - process of evaluating an idea; valuing; evaluation of every
conscious idea.
■ Extraverted Feelings - ease in social situations; knows what to do
at moments notice; sociable.
■ Introverted Feelings - individualized conscience; unfathomable
psyche; ignores the traditional opinions/norms; may cause others
discomfort.
○ Sensing - individual’s perception of sensory impulse.
■ Extraverted Sensing - perceive external stimuli objectively; their
jobs require sensory discriminations similar to the majority of the
people.
■ Introverted Sensing - influenced by their subjective sensations,
such as sight, sound, taste, and touch; subjective interpretation of
phenomena.
 ○ Intuiting - beyond workings of the consciousness; adding/subtracting
elements from conscious sensations.
■ Extraverted Intuitive People - facts coming from the external
world but only sensing a portion of them; suppress many of their
senses; guided by hunches and guesses.
■ Introverted Intuitive People - perception of facts are subjective;
they make choices og monumental magnitude; they may appear
odd or peculiar; they may also have trouble understanding
themselves.

Development of Personality
- Jung believed that by the time we reach our middle and old age, we become
capable of self-realization.
● Stages of Development
- There are four stages of life according to Jung.
○ Childhood - anarchic, monarchic, and dualistic are the three substages of
childhood.
1. Anarchic phase - an infant is not able to understand or remember
his/her own thoughts or feelings.
 2. Monarchic phase - a child starts to become self-aware and starts to
communicate verbally.
3. Dualistic phase - children start to feel like they are separate
individuals.
○ Youth - the time from puberty until middle age, people are more outgoing
and interested in the real world. This includes learning, working, dating,
and family life.
○ Middle Life - if individuals overcome their problems in childhood and
youth, there is a great chance that they will be successful in their middle
life.
○ Old Age - Jung thought that old age is a time to be grateful for all the life
you have experienced, and to look forward to the new opportunities that
come with it.
● Self-Realization - you become aware of who you really are as a whole person. It
can happen in different parts of your personality to start working together in a
way that is satisfying and fulfilling.

Jung’s Method of Investigation

● World Association Test
○ The original purpose of this for Jung is to validate that unconsciousness
works autonomously, which is Freud’s hypothesis.
○ However, the basic purpose is to uncover feeling-toned complexes.
○ It is based on his idea that complexes, emotion-accompanied collections
of images, results in measurable emotional responses.
○ It is done by making a person respond to “stimulus words” with a word that
first comes into their mind, the reactions of the person is then recorded; a
particular or combined of such responses might mean that a complex is
reached.
● Dream Analysis
 Jung had similar beliefs with Freud that dreams have meanings and can be
traced back to the unconscious, but he disapproved that dreams are wish fulfillments
and represent sexual urges
○ The main purpose of Dream Analysis for Jung is to reveal our personal
and collective unconscious, then unify and apply them into our
consciousness in order to begin the individuation process.
○ The unconscious self of a person will use dreams to try to fulfill any
conditions that exist in their conscious existence that are incomplete.
○ Jung believed that some of our dreams prove that the collective
unconscious exists. He had three classifications of dreams:
■ Big dreams - have special meaning for everyone
■ Typical dreams - common dream to most people
■ Earliest dreams remembered - can be from the age 3 or 4 that have
symbolic and mythological images and motifs that the specific child
could not have possibly experienced.
● Active Imagination
Jung used Active Imagination on his own self-analysis and also with many of his
patients. It is a method where one thinks of anything freely through some form of
self-expression to bring out the unconscious. It can also be done through nonverbal
means such as drawing, and painting.
○ The purpose of this method is to bring out the sides of one’s personality
which are the archetypes.
○ It is helpful in becoming better when it comes to understanding the
personal and collective unconscious, and to resist the barriers that prevent
someone from having access to their unconsciousness.
○ Active imagination, according to Jung, has an advantage over dream
analysis in that its images are created when the mind is in a conscious
state, making them more distinct and repeatable.
● Psychotherapy
 Jung pointed out four basic approaches to therapy that represent the four
developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy. He added beyond the first three
stages/approaches.
1) Confession of a pathogenic secret. (Josef Breuer)
2) Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation. (Freud)
3) Education of patients as social beings. (Adler)
4) Transformation. (Jung)
a) The therapist must first be transformed into a healthy human being.
b) After transformation, only then the therapist can help a patient into
their self-realization.
c) Transformation is especially beneficial for patients who are in their
second half of life and are interested in self-realization, ethical and
religious concerns, and having a unified philosophy in life.
○ The main goal of Jung’s therapy is to help neurotic patients and other
people in becoming healthy and motivate them into independence on
achieving their self-realization.
○ Jung noted the importance of transference, the projection of patients’
feelings and emotions towards the therapist.
○ He also noted the process of countertransference, the feelings of the
therapist directed towards the patient.
○ Transference and countertransference can both negatively and positively
affect the outcome of the therapy, depending if it will lead to a stronger
bond with doctor-patient relationship.
○ For Jung, it is necessary for the success of psychotherapy.
Topic Outline Summary and Concept Map:
Carl Jung

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