Nature of solids
Crystallization- the
process by which a solid
forms, where the atoms or
molecules are highly
organized into a structure
known as a crystal.
Metallic crystals-
simplest type of structure
since single metallic atoms
are the constituent units.
- Cubic packing
- Hexagonal close-
packing
Metallic solids- can be
thought of as three-
dimensional arrays of
metal cations embedded
into a matrix of negative
charges.
- Copper
- Zinc
- Aluminum
- Iron
- Silver
Ionic crystals- have ions
as constituent particles.
- Salt crystals
Molecular crystals- are
those which have
molecules as constituent
particles as well as
structure units. Weal
Waals forces of attraction
hold them together.
Covalent network
crystals- are giant
molecules or
macromolecules.
Melting- heating or adding
energy to a solid structure
to break down. (solid to
liquid)
- Melting point- the
temperature at
which the solid
melts to form the
liquid.
Freezing- removing heat
or cooling a liquid, where it
becomes unable to move.
(liquid to solid)
- Freezing point-
the temperature at
which the liquid
freezes into liquid.
Vaporization/
evaporation- in which
liquid particles escape the
surface of the liquid
turning into vapors. (liquid
to gas)
- Boiling point- the
temperature at
which the liquid
boils.
Condensation- as where
particles in the vapor are
cooled. (gas to liquid)
Sublimation- where a
solid state goes to
gaseous state WITHOUT
going to a liquid state.
(solid to gas)
- They occur bear
volcanic vents
Deposition- where a
gaseous state goes to a
solid state WITHOUT
going through a liquid
state.
Phase diagram- a
convenient way to
represent graphical
conditions at which stat is
stable
Triple point- refers to the
temperature and pressure
at which all three phases
(solid, liquid, and gas)
coexist.
Critical point- refers to
the critical temperature
and pressure together.
(in which, above these,
kinetic energies are too
high, only gas phase can
exist.
~ crystal lattice: highly
ordered unit cells that form
a repeated pattern
~endothermic process
(absorb energy): melting,
evaporation, and
sublimation
~exothermic process
(release energy): freezing,
condensation, and
deposition.
~heating curve: plot of
temperature versus heat