Unit 10

Ideas

10A
Getting ideas across

VOCABULARY

2
Answers
1 jargon
2 back up
3 lose my train of thought / mind goes blank
4 precise
5 rephrase
6 gestures
7 concisely
8 elaborate on
9 analogies
10 convey
Definitions for unused words and expressions:
make eye contact – what happens when two people look directly into each other’s eyes. When
someone avoids  eye contact, it may mean they don't want something about them to be seen. They
could be lying, masking their emotions or insecure in some way.
facial expressions – the thoughts or feelings showing on someone’s face; certain facial expressions
are signals of specific emotions like happiness, surprise and anger that are universally recognized.
engage attention – make somebody interested enough to keep listening
misinterprets – misunderstands something
stick to the point – focus or concentrate on the important part of the problem or story and keep
talking about a particular topic
mind goes blank – can’t remember a particular thing or unable to think of something to say; when
giving a talk, it’s much more likely if you’ve tried to memorize your speech.

4
ANSWERS
1e 2b 3c 4a 5d 6f

5
Suggested answers
Confidence — look someone in the eye, stand up straight, speak clearly — neither too quietly or too
loudly, nor too fast or too slow — smile naturally, don’t make too many nervous gestures, emphasize
points with your hands
Lack of confidence — look down, don’t stand up straight, mumble, speak too fast or with too many
hesitations, perhaps a nervous laugh, some nervous gestures
6
Answers
1 circuit 2 battery 3 current 4 electrons

7
Answers
1 Avoid jargon; use (concrete) examples; use metaphors and analogies
2 horses racing around a race track
3 No, they are all equally effective.

8
Answers
1f 2d 3a 4c 5g 6e 7b

9
Answers
cartoon (of a horse) – to make people smile or giggle; diagram (of a race track and electrical circuit) –
so that people can see how to bring the analogy together with the real life situation

GRAMMAR
Advanced question types

11
ANSWERS
a Well, I think there are three main points to consider. Firstly, avoiding jargon where at all possible.
Secondly, using concrete examples that are relatable and relevant to your audience. And thirdly,
where possible, illustrating your point by using a metaphor or an analogy.
b Sure. So one of my favourite examples is when I’m teaching electricity and I ask students to
imagine a racetrack.
c Yeah, so I say what’s your favourite type of racetrack, would it be horse racing or motor racing?
d Absolutely, so not all situations will be sort of able to be explained by an analogy.
e No, absolutely not.

12
Answers
1e 2c 3d 4b 5a
13
Answers
1 The tag is the same polarity (affirmative/affirmative) as in the statement. Most tag questions have
the opposite polarity in the tag from in the statement. This tends to expect a positive answer.
2 We use statement word order rather than inverting the verb and the subject, i.e. you use. When
the introductory phrase isn’t a question there is no question mark, e.g. I’d like to know (how you use
analogy).
3 We add not to the verb. This is more likely to expect a yes answer.
4 Usually an answer repeating or expanding on what has just been said. Echo questions tend to ask
for clarification or express surprise.
5 It could be placed at the end, i.e. How can people get their ideas across most effectively, do you
think? This position means that the question reverts to normal question word order. Putting do you
think after the question word, or before the question, forces the actual question into statement
word order (as in indirect questions).

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Answers to Grammar reference exercises

1 1 Don’t you know what this facial expression means?
2 Could you tell me what this facial expression means? (also possible: Can you tell me … / Do you
know … / I’d like to know … / Don’t you know … .)
3 You understand what this facial expression means, do you?
4 What do you think this facial expression means?
5 (I’m sorry) it means what?
2 1 You understand tip and tongue, don’t you?
2 Isn’t it fascinating how languages differ?
3 Sorry, on the what?
4 When do you think I’ll speak English like you?
5 Can you tell me what kind of expressions you mean?
6 Doesn’t Greek have the same expression then?
3 a5 b3 c1 d6 e2 f4

14

ANSWERS
1 Don’t you (Do you possible but not one of the target forms; could be 3 rd person singular & plural)
(negative question)
2 Could you tell (polite indirect question)
3 would you (tag question)
4 it’s, what (echo question)
5 are we (tag question)
6 do you think (indirect opinion question)
PRONUNCIATION
Question intonation
15
a
Answers and audioscript
1 Don’t you think that gesture is international? [fall]
2 Could you tell me something about differences in the meaning of gestures? [rise]
3 So you’d say using the wrong gesture is all about confusion, would you? [rise]
4 I’m sorry, it’s considered what? [rise]
5 We aren’t necessarily conscious of our gestures, though, are we? [fall]
6 What do you think is the answer? [fall]

b
Answers
a 3, 4 — echo questions (Q4) indicate surprise and usually rise; Q3 here could suggest surprise
b 2, 3 – both questions are genuinely asking for information, when the voice often rises; falling (Q6) –
when we ask for information using wh-questions, the voice more naturally falls
c 1 – the use of the negative don’t you think suggests a request for confirmation
d 5 – the question tag here suggests that the speaker is expecting the listener to agree

16
Suggested answers
1 No. Common mistake that people make, then don’t understand when gesture not understood;
huge differences in the meaning of gestures around the world.
2 the head nod = yes in most places – western Europe, the Americas, south-east Asia; in some -
Greece, Turkey and Lebanon - a single head nod = no
3 No, can lead to offence rather than just confusion. The thumbs-up gesture, generally understood =
‘Everything’s OK’, is offensive gesture in Greece and Sardinia.
Making eye contact – OK in some countries but e.g. some African countries, eye contact can be seen
as aggressive.
Touching = a real issue, e.g. in Thailand and Laos it’s taboo to touch someone on the head.
4 taboo = something we don’t do or don’t talk about
5 no, so it can be a problem
6 teach non-verbal as well as verbal communication when teach languages; include in travel guides
18
Suggested answers
1 Can you tell me if you use many gestures when you speak?
2 Sorry, you do/did what? / What did you say you did? / You said you did what?
3 Why do you think these gestures help people to understand?
4 Isn’t it easier just to rely on speech when we explain something?
5 So, you would use fewer gestures when you talk to someone from another country, would you?
10B
Iconic images

VOCABULARY BUILDING
Adjectives ending in -ful and -less
1
Answers
Both
doubtful / doubtless; fearful / fearless; fruitful / fruitless; meaningful / meaningless; tactful / tactless;
tasteful / tasteless; thoughtful / thoughtless
Only …ful
Eventful, forgetful, regretful, wasteful
Only …less
Heartless, pointless, worthless

4
Answers
1 ‘the Earth as a blue planet, partially covered by white swirling clouds, and contrasting starkly with
the empty backdrop of space and the dead grey lunar surface’ (lines 42–46)
2 It was the first ‘view of the planet from outer space’ (line 68). Seeing the Earth like this for the first
time ‘transformed people’s attitudes’ to Earth.
3 It shows the Earth rising above the surface of the moon (in the same way that we normally see the
sun rising above the surface of the Earth). The South Pole is in the white area on the left of the
Earth (not explicitly mentioned in the text, but can be deduced from the picture).

5
Answers
1a (b line 15; c lines 17-18)
2b (a lines 26-27; c lines 32–33)
3a (b lines 37-39; c lines 50-51)
4a (b lines 52-54; c line 54)
5b (a lines 57-59; c line 61)

6
Answers
1 It 'transformed people’s attitudes to a world they had hitherto taken for granted'. (lines 22–23)
2 That the divisions between countries (national interests, wars) and its problems (famines,
pestilences) are less important that the unity of the Earth: 'From out there it really is ‘one world’.
(line 65)
3 Many people think it led to the birth of the environmental movement and the first Earth Day
celebration in 1970. (lines 66–68)
4 People became aware of 'its smallness, fragility and vulnerability' (line 69) and that 'there was no
other sanctuary in the solar system, and so they needed to conserve Earth’s resources' (lines 70–71).
5 Students’ own answers.
CRITICAL THINKING
Understanding quotations
7
Answers
1 ‘As X says’ implies that the writer agrees with the person quoted. ‘According to’ means it’s just the
opinion of the person quoted.
2
a explains - ‘explains’ refers to a fact. ‘suggests’ refers to a personal idea of the writer
b demonstrates - ‘argues’ refers to a personal opinion. ‘demonstrates’ means ‘show clearly that
something is true or that it exists’
c points out - ‘says’ is just a statement. ‘points out’ refers to indicating a fact or situation
3 Lines 35–40 are dialogue, not quotations. Students’ opinions on the effectiveness of the quotations
may vary. It is likely that the writer chose all the quotations to illustrate the writer’s viewpoint; this is
most explicit in the quotation in line 63.
lines 45–47: the dead grey lunar surface, which Borman described as ‘a vast, lonely, forbidding
expanse of nothing.’ His personal opinion, based on observation.
lines 48–51: Anders observed, ‘I was immediately almost overcome by the thought that here we
came all this way to the moon and yet the most significant thing we’re seeing is our own home
planet.’ His personal opinion, based on memory. Note that ‘observed’ here means ‘commented’.
lines 52–55: Borman also said that glimpsing Earth was ‘the most beautiful, heart-catching sight of
my life, one that sent a torrent of nostalgia, of sheer homesickness, surging through me’. Personal
opinion.
lines 62–65: as Borman remarked, ‘Raging nationalistic interests, famines, wars, pestilences don’t
show from that distance. From out there it really is “one world”’.’ The use of ‘as’ shows that the
writer is using the quotation to back up the writer’s point.
lines 72–75: Lovell concluded, ‘It was the most beautiful thing there was to see in all the heavens.
People down here don’t realize what they have’. Lovell’s opinion, quoted to reflect the point made by
the writer in the previous sentence: People realized there was no other sanctuary in the solar
system, and so they needed to conserve Earth’s resources and protect it from pollution and
destruction.
10C
Ideas worth spreading

GRAMMAR
Subordinate clauses
1
Answers
Students’ own answers, but here are some ideas:
Pythagoras declared the Earth was round in about 500 BC; world remained unconvinced until
Aristotle stated it again in 350 BC; not universally believed until Columbus sailed round the Earth in
1492 and it was proved to be round.
Aristotle claimed the Earth was the centre of the universe; this was believed until 1600s when the
theory was put forward that the Earth revolves around the sun.
Steve Wozniak’s ‘personal computer’ wasn’t well received by the company he worked for (not
Apple). They thought it was useless and that nobody would use one. They rejected it five times. So he
teamed up with Steve Jobs …
In 1903 an MP in the UK said that he didn’t believe the introduction of motor cars would ever affect
the riding of horses.

2
Answers
His idea was that doctors should wash their hands before they delivered babies. He got it because he
noticed that fewer mothers died when giving birth in hospital wards run by midwives. He could have
published his results and the statistical analysis sooner; he could have conducted trials in other areas
to try to show the link.

3
Answers
1 participle clauses: a, b, d, f, g, h; the difference between these and the other subordinate clauses (c
and e) are that participle clauses use -ing or -ed forms (and don’t show tense or person), whereas the
other clauses start with a conjunction and use normal (finite) verb forms.
2 active participle clauses: a, b, d (giving), g, h; passive participle clauses: d (run), f. The -ing form
(present participle) expresses an active meaning; the -ed form (past participle) expresses a passive
meaning.
3 h We put not before the participle.
4 having worked – having + past participle
5 b mothers (who were) dying at the hospital; d hospital wards (which were) run by midwives
6 c expresses reason and e expresses time. They can express time, i.e. that the action in the participle
clause happened before the action in the main clause, as in clauses a and f, or other notions such as
reason, as in clause h. It is quite difficult to be sure of the notion expressed sometimes, though.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

Answers to Grammar reference exercises

4 2 Because they weren’t fit enough to go home, the patients had to remain in hospital.
3 When (he was) left to his own thoughts, the researcher realized where he was going wrong.
 4 After she had taken her final exams, she started working in the local hospital.
5 Antibiotics are being overused today, which results in more resistant bacteria.
6 As he had spent his early training in geriatrics, he understood his elderly patients.
5 1 breaking 2 Not having 3 Initially discovered 4 having realized 5 Viewed
6 being taken up 7 depending on 8 not using
6 1 Having had a brilliant idea, I wanted to tell the world!
2 But not being well-known in my field, I knew I’d have to find someone to champion me.
3 Having identified the leading scientist in the field, I decided to write to her.
4 But once expressed in words, my idea didn’t seem so brilliant after all.
5 So, having reconsidered my decision, I went back to the drawing board!

4
Answers
1 Worked is incorrect because it expresses passive, and this is an active sentence. The other two
options mean the same but Having worked could express time as well as reason.
2 Having offended is incorrect because it is active; the other two mean the same.
3 realized is incorrect because it is passive; not realizing suggests the same time as the main clause,
i.e. because they didn’t realize, whereas not having realized suggests an earlier time, i.e. because
they hadn’t realized.
4 Discouraging is incorrect because it is active; the other two mean the same, expressing reason, but
are grammatically different.
5 once discovering is incorrect because it is active; the other two mean the same but the first
includes a time conjunction.
6 Being proved is incorrect as it suggests present, where past is needed, i.e. having been proved; the
other two are both correct, but the third option includes a time conjunction.

5
Answers
(possibilities in brackets need a conjunction, which isn’t provided, but students may add these in)
1 raised / having been raised 2 Having studied (After studying / After having studied/ After she had
studied) 3 led 4 enjoying 5 Promoting (As she promotes) 6 featured 7 known

6
Suggested answers
How is she innovative? She’s a female business leader, she’s the president of an IT company, she
promotes women in business, she’s one of CNN’s Leading Women, she’s extremely influential.
What obstacles faces females in business? The glass ceiling, prejudice from men, unequal pay
compared to men.

7
ANSWERS
Students’ own answers, but here are some ideas:
A On returning from his holiday, Alexander Fleming discovered that he had accidentally left a dish
containing bacteria open. There was a green mould growing, which, the bacteria not having spread,
wasn’t poisonous. This mould was penicillin and it went on to save many lives.
B Dr John Kellogg worked in a US hospital with patients on strict diets and allowed only bland food.
He was cooking wheat (for them) one day, which, having been left for too long, went stale. Not
having much money for the meals, Dr Kellogg flattened the wheat and toasted it. When he served it
to the patients, it proved to be very popular.
10D
TED’s secret to great public speaking

Answers to About the speaker

1 components = b (separate parts)
2 formula = c (fixed plan or method to achieve a specific result)
3 go about = a (begin)
4 contention = a (argument)
5 stir = b (wake up)
6 provocative = c (challenging and making people think)
7 manipulative = b (trying to influence people in a dishonest or controlling way)
8 aesthetic = b (connected with beauty)
9 analytical = a (based on a detailed thoughtful examination)

3
Answers
TED Talk: Give a talk on a round, red rug. / Share a childhood story. / Divulge a personal secret. / End
with an inspiring call to action. / If you overuse those devices, you’re just going to come across as
clichéd or emotionally manipulative.
Chris’s experience: over the past twelve years / listened to many amazing TED speakers. / He’s
helped them prepare their talks for prime time, and learned directly from them their secrets of what
makes for a great talk.

Answers to gist questions on DVD

Part 1
b The most important element of a talk is having a good idea.
Part 2
c how talks can change a person’s worldview
Part 3
a to give practical advice on how to plan and deliver a talk

5
Answers
1 come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.
2 an idea
3 the same brain-wave patterns.
4 interconnected neurons
5 by listening to a voice and watching a face
6 a pattern of information
6
Answers
1e 2a 3c

7
Answers
1 carefully linked together.
2 worldview
3 components
4 reliable
5 change forever
6 shape

8
Answers
1 Limit your talk to just one major idea.
2 Give listeners a reason to care.
3 Build your idea piece by piece out of concepts listeners already understand.
4 Make your idea worth sharing.

9
Answers
1 a single idea
2 elaborate on
3 help listeners realize what they don’t know
4 build on the audience’s current understanding
5 be very helpful
6 rehearse your talk
7 relevant to
8 inspires large or small changes

10
Answers
Degree to which he includes the four ingredients: Students’ own answers.
Examples of the advice in Exercise 9:
1 You should focus on a single idea. He focuses on building an idea.
2 It’s helpful to elaborate on your main idea. He gives examples of other TED speakers.
3 You should help listeners realize what they don’t know. He sparks curiosity with his examples.
4 You should build on the audiences’ current understanding. He assumes they know about TED Talks.
5 Metaphors can be very helpful. He uses the metaphor used by another TED speaker.
6 It’s a good idea to rehearse your talk. We don’t know if he did this.
7 An idea worth sharing is relevant to your audience. He wants to get across the point that ideas are
crucial, which is relevant with a TED audience.
8 A good idea is one that inspires large or small changes. His suggestion on how to speak in public
will inspire everyone.

11
Answers
1 sync with = c (work in the same way as)
2 startling = a (astonishing)
3 tangle = a (state of disorganization)
4 make up = b (combine to form)
5 see right through you = b (understand thoughts or feelings you are trying to hide)
6 weave together = b (link into a complex pattern)
10E
Changing perspectives

SPEAKING
1
Answers
Students’ own answers. Some ideas:
Rewards: Provides a record and helps you remember important events; helps you get your thoughts
in order; you can write down ideas; if you’ve no one else to talk to, you can pour out your feelings to
your diary.
Challenges: You may be too tired to write it on some days. It can be time-consuming. It can be a
challenge to find the right words to express your ideas clearly

2
ANSWERS
1 She involves the audience with a question: ‘Hands up if you’ve ever kept a diary.’ She also shows
them a real object (her diary).
2 1c 2b 3a

3
ANSWERS
1: the writer’s first diary
keeping a diary changed her life / when she was twelve she got a diary for her birthday and in it
wrote every night for couple of months – funny or exciting things – then lost interest
2 a life-changing experience
When she was fourteen she had a big argument with her best friend / she was angry and upset and
confused / she read a blog about how putting things into words can help, so she wrote everything
down. Two things started happening: 1 started feeling a lot less stressed, 2 cleared her mind, started
to realize that maybe she was wrong / misinterpreted what friend had said and not taken her
situation into account / apologized for the misunderstanding, they’re best friends again.
3: research about the benefits of keeping a diary
it relieves stress, boosts your mood, improves creativity, and develops your empathy / writing uses
left brain - analytical and rational so right brain is free to create and to feel / writing in a diary
removes mental blocks, so you can use all of your brainpower and understand yourself and other
people better / writing in English might improve your language skills

4
Answers
1b 2f 3f 4e 5c 6d 7a
5
Answers
1, 4,5,6  Weak form / tə / before a consonant sound
2,3, 7     / tu: / + linking / w / before a vowel sound

9
Answers
The writer came away feeling uplifted and optimistic about the power of music to bring people
together - because Guerra conveys the message that life is good (and because of the 9,000 fans of all
ages who were loving every moment).

WRITING SKILL
Reference
10
Answers
1 Such stage presence
2 This encore
3 These solos
4 such energy
5 This concert
6 These classic songs