Beams Curved in Plan

1.1. INTRODUCTION:TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN

BEAMS
Beams curved in plan are used to support circular water tanks
(reservoirs), curved balconies, curved ramps or other similar structures
having curved boundary. Such curved beams may be circular, elliptical
or
polygonal in plan, and the line joining the supports lies away
from the curved longitudinal axis of the beam. Since the C.G. of
loads and reactions to one side of
any section does not lie along
the axis of the beam, it is subjected to torsional moment, in addition
to bending moment (flexural moment) and shear force.

CG.of
Loads

B
R
Mo Mo

(a) Space frame (c Curved beam (plan)

(b Strcignt beam (Dian) d Curved Deam (elevation)

FIG. 1.1. TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS

(3)
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

moments are induced

In order to understand how torsional
frame shown in Fig.1.1(a) having
in beams, let us consider a space
to each other
horizontal beams AB and BC mutually orthogonal on AB,
vertical column BD. When vertical load is applied
and a
to bending moments causing
both AB as well as BD will be subjected at
in the anticlockwise direction. The moment
joint B to rotate
axis of BC, and
B will evidently be about the longitudinal
joint torsional moment
or torsion in it. The
twisting
will therefore, cause
the beam BC.
So induced will be constant all along the length of
shows a beam curved in plan, i.e. the longitudinal
Fig. 1.1 (c) is the centre
curvature R. Point O
axis is curved with a radius of bends.
to vertical loads, it
of curvature. When the beam is subjected to one side
loads (C;) and reaction
At any section P, ths C.G. of moment is
from the axis ; due to this, torsional
of it lies away
axis at that section. Such phenomenon
induced about the longitudinal 1.1 (b)}
of beam straight in plan Fig.
does not happen in the case the
P lies along
one side of section
where the C.G. of loads to
should be noted that in
the case of a straight
longitudinal axis. It P is the moment of all
the
moment at any section
beam, bending the transverse axis of
the section.
one side of it, about
forces to axis
beam curved in plan, the direction of transverse
In the case of
P of the beam
is radial. The bending at any point
at any point
moment of all the
forces to one side of it, abou
is 'therefore the torsional moment at
axis OP. On the other hand, the
the radial
all forces about the longitudinal (or
point is the moment, of
any that section.
tangential) axis of the beam at
SUPPORTED SYMMETRICALLY
BEAM
1.2. CIRCULAR
a complete circular beam, supported sym-
Let us first analyse
The beam is thus continuous,
metrically on columns |Fig. 1.2 (a)|.
Let the beain be subjected to unifornly
clOse loop.
and forms a Due to symnetry, the vertical
w per unit length.
distributed load
each column wiil be
the same. Also, the shear force
reaction at
centre of each span will be
zero,
the
moment al
and the iwisting be zero. Let the angle
moment at the suPports will
and the twisting the
two consecutive
columns A and b be 26, and let
subtended by
beam be R.
mean
adius of the
w. R 29 2 w Ro =

Load W of arC AB
=

26 a
C.G. of an arc, subicnding an angle
The distance of
the centre, is given by
R sin 6 .(1.1)
OE=
 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN
Thus the C.G. of
the load on beam AB lies at a distance
of s i n e
from the cen1re of curvature.
i) SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE SUPPORT
Due to
symmetry, the S.F. and B.M. at each support
be equal. Let F, be the S.F. and Wil
Mo be the B.M. at each support
Evidently, Fo= W.R.
2
29 = w. R6
..(1.2)

C C.G. of arc
E
A

R MSin e Moin e
Mo McOs Mcos eMo

(a) (b)

FIG. 1.2

The bending
moment M, at each end will be
and it will be about the radial axis AO and
hogging in nature,
BO.
Representing the end moments by vectors, the direction of
moments at supports, will be as shown in Fig. 1.2(6), in which the
arrows indicate the moments about that direction. The moment
Mo about, AO can be resolved in two components :
i) Moment Mo sin 6 about chord AD, and
(ii) Moment M, cos 0 about DO.
Similarly, moment M, about BC can be resolved in two com-
ponents about DB and DO as marked.
In order to find the value of end moment
M, let us balance
the moment about the chord AB.
Components of end moments about chord AB
2 Mo sin
Moment of external force about the chord AB
=Wx ED
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
=
w.R.24 [EO DO -

wReKSin e
2=2wRe - R cos 6
INote. The vertical reactions at A and B will not have
moments about AB]. any

Equating () and (ü), we get

2 Mo sin 6 = 2w R>e l| Sin6
C0s

Mo = wR |1 - 6 cot e
(i) S.F. AND B.M. AT ANY POINT .1.3)
After having determined
end reactions and
and bending moment at any point P on the beam moments, the S.F.
can be easily
found. Let PO make an angle o with AO
and B.M. at P be (Fig. 1.3). Let S.F.
designated as and F, M, respectively.
P

FIG. 1.3.
Reaction at A =w.R.6.
Load on AP =W = w.R¢
F wR6 w R¢
= -

or
F =wR (0- ¢).
Let the C.G. of load (1.4)
on AP be at point F, such that
FO =K Sin p/2
p/2 (Refe. Eq. 1.1)
Also from Fig. 1.3, if FG is
perpendicular to PO, we have,
FG= FO. sin d/2 =
Rsin p/2
 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN

GO =FO. cos p/2 = R si c o s p/2

p/2
=Rsin
sin
Draw AH
PG -R
-RSn2 =R(1
perpendicular to PO.
Then, AH =
R sin ¢ p).and PH = R (1 -
cos
Now B.M. at P moment about the radial axis PO.
Component of end moment, about the radial axis PO
M cosp (hogging).
Hence sagging moment at P is given by
M, Fo =
xAH W,x FG M,cos p.
Subsiituting the values of various
quantities,
M,=w. R 6. R sin p -

wR¢. R - wR(1 -
6 cot 0) cosp
p/2
or
M,=WR° [0 sin p -

6 sin' p/2 -

cos p+0 cot 6. cos p|

Or M,=wR° |8 sin o + 2 cot 6. cos p -

1]| .(1.3)
(il) TWISTING MOMENT AT P
Let the twisting moment at P be M. Twisting moment
at any point is equal to the moment of all forces on one side of
it, about the tangential axis at that point. This moment may be
taken as positive if the left portion twists the beam towards
the
centre of curvature.
M=Mosin o -Fox PH +W,x PG
or M= wR (1 -

4 cot ) sin o -

wR 0. R(1 -

cos p)
*wRp.R(1-Sin Ç)
Or M=wR[sing - 8 cot 4 sin o - 0 +0 cos +o - sin p#1

or M= wR|-6 +6 coso 6 cot6.sin -

or M= wR [0 coso-6 cot 6.sin (0 -P)] -

.(1.6)
The above equation gives the distribution of torsional moment
along the beam. In order to get the position of maximum twisting
moment, differentiate the above equation with respect to and
equate it to zero. Thus, we get,
sin
=sin?6 cos 6(®* sin ø)* -

1.66a)]
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
8

also gives the location of section of contra-

The above equation
moment
flexure. For the design purposes, the values of support
moment (Me) and the maximum twisting moment
(Mo), midspan
(Mm)can be represented by the following expression
Mo = C1. wR (26) .(1.7)
Me = C2. w R (20) .(1.8)
and M =C3. wR (20) (1.9)
The values of coefficients C , C and C depend upon
the magnitude of 6 and can be taken from Table 1.1, which also
gives the value of angle pm where maximum twisting moment occurs.
TABLE 1.1
cOEFFICIENTS FOR B.M. AND TWISTING MOMENT IN CIRCULAR
BEAMS
No. of 20 C C2 C3 Pm
Supports
0.137 0.070 0.021
4 90°
19
72 0.108 0.054 0.014
15

60° 0.089 0.045 0.009

12

7 0.077 0.037 0.007

51 10

45° 0.066 0.030 0.005

8
9
9 40° 0.060 0.027 0.004
8
10 36° 0.054 0.023 0.003 1°

12 30° 0.045 0.017 0.002

Example 1.1. A curved beam is in the form of a full continuous

circle in plan with a raduus of 4 m and is supported continuousty
on six supports. The beam camies a uniformly distributed load of2
kNIm length, inclusive ofits own weight. Determine the bending nmoment,
twisting moment and shear force at salient locations and plot B.M.,
T.M. and S.F. diagrams.
Solution Number of supports =6
360°
20= 60°
or 3 0 ° = 0.5236 radians
From Table 1.1. C = 9.089; C2 = 0.045; C, = 0.009
 9
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN

m = 12.75° = 0.223 radians

33.51
wR.29= 2 (4)* x (2 x 0.5236) =

33.51
Mo =C wR (20) = 0.089 x

= 2.982 kN-m (hogging).

M. = C2.wR (26) = 0.045 x 33.51
= 1.508 kN-m

and M =
C3 wR* (20) = 0.009 x 33.51
= 0.302 kN-m
Fo = w.R.0 = 2 x 4 x 0.5236
= 4.19 kN.
i) S.F. diagram. The distribution of S.F. is given by Eq. 1.4.
F = wR ( - p )

F = 2 x 4 (30° p) x where is in degrees

18

B
IO
GL

4.1kN
(a S.F.D

508|
1129 299
kN-m

(a)B.M D

T2
T TTT

O302 (cT.M.D

FIG. 14.
10 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
F, = 0.1396 (30° - p)
or
The above cquaiion shows thatF, varies linearly with o. Values
for F at varying 10 interval is tabulated
below

Fp (kN) Location
0° 4.190 Ends
10 2.792
20°
1.396
30°
0.000 Middle

(i) B.M. diugrum. B.M. M, at any point is given by Eq.1.5:

M, w R [0 sin o + 6 cot 8. cos
=
-

11|
or
M = 2 (4) [0.5236 sin o + 0.2236 cot 30 cos p -

1
or
M = 32 [0.5236 sin p + 0.9069 cos o- 1|
The values of M, at p 10° interval
=
are tabulated below

M Location

0 - 2.982
End of beam
10° - 0.511

12.75 0.00 Point of max. torsion

20 +1.00

30 +1.508 Centre of beam

The distribution of bending moment is shown in Fig. 1.4(b).

T.M. diagram. The twisting moment M, at
is given by Eq. 1.6 any point
M = w R 16 cos p -8 cot 6. sin ¢ -

(0- P))
2(4) 0.526 cos p -0.5236 cot 30° sin p (30-
p) 180 -

= 32[0.5236 cos o 0.069 sin p 0.01745 (30P p)1 ii)

-
-
-

where p is in degrees.
The values of M, at
10 interval are tabulated below:
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 11

P Location
M
0 0.00 End of beam
10
+0.293
12.75 +0.302 Pointo f max. tersion
20 +0.235
30° 0.00 Middle of beamn

The twisting moment diagram is shown in Fig. 1.4(c).

1.3. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED

ON THREE EQUALLY SPACED COLUMNS

D
R

20 T
/2o
D
FIG. 1.5. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM

Let us now take the case of semi-circular beam ABC, simply

supported over end column A and B, and continuous over a central
column at C (Fig. 1.7). End moments at A and B will be evidently
zero. Due to symmetry, reaction at A and B will be equal (say R,)
and reaction at C (say R2) will be different. Let us first find the
reactions.
Total load on the semi-circular beam = W= waR
(where R is the radius of the semi-uirle)
Distance of C.G. of load from centre O = DO = ASn

-R sin z/2_2R
J JT
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTIURES
In order to find the
value of the reaction
about tangent at point C.
R, , take moments
2R,xCO =
Wx DC
or
2R.R =wR R

R="R (7-2)
.(1.10)
and
R: =
W-2R, =wa R- wR(7 -

2)
R = 2w R
) S.F. at any
point .(1.11)
In order to find
the S.F. distribution
at angle ¢ with
OA. The C.G. of the consider any point P
E such that load on AP will be at
point
EO = KSin p/2
Draw p/2
perpendiculars AH and EG on the radial line
AH =
R sin o; OH =
R cos ¢
PO
G =
EOsin p/2 =R Sin' p/2
p/2
GO =
EO cos p/2

- R sin p/2 cos p/2 Rsin p

p/2 =

Load on AP W = w
R¢
F, = Ri - w Ro

=
(T-2) w R
or
F, =wR-1-4 (1.12)
The above expression is valid from
f = 0 to
At C, n/2
p =
1/2
F, F, =
wR =

(ii) B.M. al any point

B.M. at point P is evidently equal to moment, about
of all the forces to the lefi of OP,
point P
 13
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN

M, =
Ri x AH -

W, x EG

Sin pV2
M= R (7 -

2) Rsin p - wRpR: p/2

or M, =wR| sin -2sin'?.(1.13)

0
At = 0 M, =Mi =

- 2x
At p=a/2, M, =Mc =wR
..(1.14)
=wR = - 0.429 wR
(i.e. hogging)
bending moment any
In order to find the maximum sagging and it
1.13 with respect to put
where in AC differentiate Eq.
equal to zero.

=wR| cos - 2 x2sin x cosp/2=0

2 sin o/2 cos p/2 = sin ¢

or cos =

tand = =0.5708

radians.
which gives 29.72° = 29°44' =0.5187
Substituting the value
of o in Eq. 1.13, we get
Mmar=W sin29.72 2 sin
= 0.1514 wR' (sagging). (1.15)
Torsional moment at any point
(ii)
P is the moment, about tangent
Torisonal moment at any point
the left of P
at P of all the forces to
PH W, x PG
M, =R1 x
HO) W, (PO
-

GO)
(PO
-

R,
-

= x

P]
-R cosp) w Rp R- Sin
-

-2) x (R

.(1.16)
M,=wR - coso - p t sin o
tononal moment, ditlerentiate
get the
nmaximuu
In order to zero.
i0 p änd cquate it to
the above cquatiOn vith ICspect
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
14

dM = w R| sin¢ -1 + cosd| = 0.
do
T sino - 1+ cos o = 0
2

or 0.5708 sin o
1 -

= -

cOs p
Squaring both the sides,
0.3258 sin' p - 1.1416 sin p +1 = cos o = 1 - sin?

1.3258 sin ^ =
1.1416 sin
1.1416
or
sin= 1.3258
= 0.8611

= pm= 59.44° = 1.037 radians.

Substituting the value of in Eq. 1.16, we get
M=wR|"4-75*cos 59.44° 1.037 +sin59.44°
or M =
0.1045 wR .(1.17)
If this value of pm is substituted in
Eq. 1.13, we get M, = 0.
Thus the point of maximum torsion coincides with the
point of con
traflexure.
Example 1.2. A semi-circular beam with radius of 4 m is
mply supported at ends, and is continuous Over a column at its middle.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load
the beam, inclusive of its own
of 20 kNIm length of
weight. Determine S.F., B.M. and T.M.
at salient points, and
plot S.F, B.M. and T.M. diagrams.
Solution. (Fig. 1.6).
R 4m; w 20 kN/m =

R ( t -2)6= (T -2) =
45.66 kN
R 2w R 2 x 20 x 4 160 kN
) S.F. Fa = R1 = 45.66 kN

Fc -
wR = -

20 x 4 = -
80 kN
At any other location,

F,=wRI-#
20 x4-1 - 4 IN0
BHAMSCURVEDIN PLAN 15
Fo = 80 [0.5708 - 0.01745 p].
The variation of F, is thus linear with f
At P= , F , = 80 j0.5708-0.01I745 x 90] = - S0 KN
To locate the position where Fo is zero, we have,
0.5708 0.01745 =0
or
.5708
0017452.71°
(ii) Bending momeni
M.= - 0.429 wR= - 0.429 x 20 (4)

= -137.28 kN-m (i.e. hogging)

Mmar +0.1514 wR' = + 0.1514 x 20 (4)*
= 48.46 kN-m (sagging).
The bending momen1 at any other location is given by Eq.1.13.
M,= wR0.5708 sin o -2 sin
= 320 |0.5 708 sin o - 2 sin' p/21

at 30° interval tabulated below:

The values uf M, are

Location
Mo
0.00 End
Max. Sagging B.M.
48.4
29.72
30° 48.45

0.00 Point of torsion

59.44
60° 1.82
- 137.28 Max. hogging B.M.
90°

In order to find the position where B.M. is zero, equate Eq.

1.13 to zero. Thus,
0.5708 sind 2 sin p/2 0
-
=

0.5708 x 2 sin o/2 cos p/2= 2 sin' p/2

or
tan o/2= 0.5708
or

.
p/2 29.72
59.44
or is maximum.
torsional moment
which is evidently the location where
of torsional moment is also the
Thus, we conclude that the poirt
point of contra-flexure.

(iii) Torsional moment

wR* 0.1045 x 20 (4)' = 33.42 kN-m

M = 0.1045 =

at d 59.44
16 REIN.ORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

The distribution of torsional moment is

given by Eq. 1.16.

M cos- +
sino|
or M,= 20 (4)|0.5708 -0.5708 cos p +
sind-? 180
or M, =
320 [0.5708 -

0.5708 cos o + sin o - 0.01745 p]

where p is in degrees.
The values of torsional
moment at 33° interval are labulated
below:

Location
M
00.00 End of beam
30° 16.95

59.44° 33.42 Point of zero B.M.

60 33.41
90° 00.00 Middle of beamn
The S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams are shown in Fig. 1.6.

A --

80kN
37373||BOxN 80kN 14566 N

(a) S.F.D.

48 46
ITP 137 28KN-m
48 46
(b) B.MD.

(c)TMD.

33 N
FIG. L.
 BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 17

1.4. CURVED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT

AND CONTINUOUS OVER TWO EQUALLY
ENDS
SPACED INTERMEDIATE SUPPORTS
Fig. 1.7 shows a verandah beam continuous over four supports
angle of
which are equally spaced.
90° at the
Hence each span subtends an
centre. Due to symmetry,
RA = Rp = R1
and Rs = Rc = Rz
In order to find the
reactions, we have,
2 (R, +R:) =
wR57 =wRz )
N

GH
190

-90

FIG. 1.7.

Consider sector CD. Load on it =

wR2, and its CG. falls
at whose perpendicular distance from BC is equal tolK= CJ
Now
CD- = v2 R
-cD -2R-
18 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURESs

Load on sectorBC =
w.R.
and its C.G. acts point L,
at where
OL =KSIn 7/4
Jt/4
Distanace OM ==
DM OL - OM

R sin

Now taking the moments of all the forces about line BC

2R, x CD =2 w.R - (W.R)(LM)

or 2R,V2R 2 (w.R wRA (R
/sin
4 a/4 R

Ri VV
or Ri =wR = 0.678 wR .(1.18)
Hence from (),
R w R - R , = wRa-wRl a - 1

=wRIT-+
or R: =wRa+l=1.678 wR ..(1.19)
After having determined the reactions, the expression for M,
and M, at any point can be easily wrillen. For example, consider
point P at angle ^, in sector AB.
Load on AP = W, = w R ¢
The C.G. of load acts at point E, Such that

OFRSin g/4; OF R cos p/2

p/2
=

EG = OE. sin d/2 = R sin p/2

p/2
OG = OE. sin d/2 = *Sn p/2cosp/2_ R sin g
p/2
FH OF. sin p/2 = R cos
p/2sin p/2
PG = PO OG =R - S =R(1- sineg
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 19

Draw AQ perpendicular to PO.

AQ = R sin ; 00= R cos p
PQ = R - Rcosp = R (1 - cosp)
Now B.M. at P is the moment, about PO, of all forces to
the left of it. Hence sagging B.M. M, is given by
M =
R1 X AQ -W x GE
R sin'p/2
=0.678 wR.Rsing-wR P| / 2
w R (0.678 sin o - 1+ cos o).(1.20)

The expression is valid for 90.

For > 90°, we have
M, = wR' (0.678 sin o - 1 + c o s ) + Rz. R sin (¢ - z/2)

or M, =wR' (0.678sin p - 1+ cosp)

+ 1.678 w R sin (p- n/2) (1.21)
The twisting moment M, at any point is the moment, about
tangent at P, of all the forces, to one side of it. Taking twisting
moment to be positive when the left portion twists the beam towards
its centre of curvature,
M= - Ri x PQ + W, x PG
-

0.678 wR xR(1 cos p) + wR ¢R[1-

-

M =
wR°|-0.678 + 0.678cos o +o-sin p]
M = wR Io +0.678cos -sin - 0.678]
(1.22)
The above expression is valid when ^ < 0°,
For o > 90°, we have

M=wR'(9+0.678 cos-sin g 0.6781

1.678 wR R- R cos
-

(-
M = wR'|¢+ 0.678 cos p+ 0.678 sin - 2.356]1.23)
The S.F. at any point P is given by
F, R- W (for < 90°)
or F =0.678 wR - wRp = wR (0.678- p)
..(1.24)
When p> W,
F, =
R- W, +R =
0.678wR wR ¢t 1.678 wR
-

or F = wR (2.356-p)
.(1.25)
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
20
ENDS
1.5. CURVED BEAM FIXED AT
fixed at end A and
Fig. 1.8 shows a curved beam ABC, centre. The beam carries
B, and subtending an angle 20 at the
load w per unit length of the beam. Because
a uniformly distributed at each support
of fixidity, there will be three reaction components
twisting moment
) shear force Fo bending moment Mo and (i)
(ii)
to first degree.
Mo. The beam is therefore, statically indeterminate
solve the problem.
We shall use the method of strain energy to
Because of symmetry, shear force and torsional moment at
the middle point C will be zero. Let the bending moment at this
point be M. If we cut the beam, at C, in two portions Me will
be the reaction component at C. This component is evidently about
the radial axis COO.

/2
/2

FIG. 1.8.
Consider a point P at
section CP is given angular distance with
D such that
by W,= wR p, and its C.G. OC. Load on
will be at point
OD =Ksin p/2
p/2
From D, drop
perpendicular DE on radial axis PO
DE DO .sin
=
/2= Rsin p/2
p/2
EO =
DO.cos /2= SIn p/2 cos p/2R sin o
PE
p/2
PO EO
=R R sin p
=

Now,
F
= R (P sin p )
=
W, =wR.¢ (1.26)
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 21

The
bending moment Me (sagging) can be resolved in
com
ponent M. cos p about PO and M. sind about tangential axis at
P. The moment
M. cos about PO will evidently be the bending
moment component at P, while M. sin d about tangential axis at
P wi!l be the torsional
moment component.
M, = Me cos p - W, ED

or M, = M.cos o -wR¢|KSin'p/2
p/2
tsin e/2
or
M, Me cos p wR'(1-cos p)
=
(1.27)
Similariy, M = Me sin o - W,PE

M = M. sin^ - wR p.R

or M = Me sin o - wR° (¢ - sin p) (1.28)

Let U be the strain energy of half the portion (CA) of the
beam consisting of strain energy due to B.M. and that due to torsional
moment. The strain energy due to S.F. is
extermely small and may
be neglected.

Hence (Mh'ds
2 GJ'
where ds = R dp.
aU
In order to determine Me put equal to zero.

MR.dp+
El 3 Me M R.4
G' =0
àM.dp = 0

E
where G modulus of rigidity 2(1-4 0.43 E for concrete.
J' = torsion factor (rotational constant), depending
upon the shape of the section
In the expression,
M cos ?
MCOs
-

a M
and
a Me
=
sin?
EI
Putting =
T, we get
GJ
M.cos -wR° (1 cos dcos p do
 22 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

+T Msin owR' (p -

sin
4)} sin pdg=0
On integration, we get
M sin2 +T (-S
+wR-sin8+ )+T:(0cos6- sin 0 +sin42
= 0
From the above .1.29)
equation, Me can be found. Table 1.2 gives
the values of factor
" , in terms of factor T¥ for various values
wR
of central angle 2.
TABLE 1.2

20
Me
wR
45°
0.0096 + 0.0004 TF
0.3731 + 0.0195 Tp
60°
0.0217+0.0031 T'F
90°
0.4783 +0.0453 T_
0.0644+0.0090 T
120°
0.6427 + 0.1427 T
0.1259 +0.0353 TF

180
0.7401 + 0.3071 TE
0.2116+0.2146 1F
0.7854 +0.7854 T 0.2732
=

Knowing the value of

Me, moments M,
computed from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28. and M can be
SPECIAL CASE: SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM
FIXED AT THE ENDS
Special case arises when 26 =
180° =
n.
Substituting
i n Eq. 1.29, we get
SIn 20.
Me . -sin
Sin +
+ + 0 cos 0 sin 6 +
-
Sn4 T
wR
(+ +(- T
Me -1+0+ (0-1+-T
R
(+0+(7-o)T
BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 23

or
R-(1-t-1)-o272.(1.30)
Thus,the central moment M. is independent of the properties
of the section and the material.
Again from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28 putting 4 = 0 = 2, we get the
expressions for B.M. (Mo) and T.M. (M6) at support as unaer
Ma =

M.cos7-w* (1 cos= wR -
-
(ie. hogging)
and Mi M. sin
=

-wR-sin
-w-1-wR (-1)
-w*(-1-~+1
-
wR (5-= 0.2976 wR -

(1.31)
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAMM
FIXED AT ENDS
At each end there wil be three reaction components: ()
shear force Fo () bending moment Mo about OD axis
and(i
twisting moment M about tangential axis.
Total load on beam = wRz

Fo-wR
Load on half beam AC = zwR7. Its C.G. lies at E at a

/4
M

F1G. 19
 24 REINFORCED CONCRETE SIRUCTURES

R sin
distance T/4Irom the centre. Perpendicular distance of this

R sin
C.G. from OA
all forces acting
=/4
half
sin.Taking
on beam the
moments about OA, of

AC, we get
R sin
Mo=wR /4 wR (hogging)
The twisting moment Mo'
found from equation of
cannot be
statics alone. We shalluse strain
R be otherwise, energy method. Let the Mo' at
twising the beam toward the centre O.
Consider any point P, as angle p with OA
Load on AP (Fig. 1.9).
W, wR.¢ = =

Distance of its CG. = OD = Rsin

Draw DE perpendicular to OP
OP

R sin?
Then 2
DE =
DO sin-
OB =
DO cos
R
sin.cos . Rsin 2

PE=R1 siné
If AF is drawn
perpendicular to PO, we have AF = R sin p
OF R cos p and PF
=
=
R (1 cos p).
-

Now the sagging B.M..

M, at P is
given by
M, =
Fox AF- Mocos +M sin o W, x DE
-

or
M,=wRa.R sin p- R w +
R sin
cos
p Mi sin o -wR 9

or M=wR| sin -cos p- (1-cos p)+M,' sin o ..(

REAMS CURVED IN PLAN 25

or
Similarly, the twisting moment M at P is the moment
a!l forces, to its left side, about tangential axis at P.
M,= - Fo x PF + M,sin o + M cos + Ws.PE

or M = - zw Ra.R(1 - cos p) t w R sin o + Mo' cos

+wR.pR(1-
or
M=w R-(1 cosp) + sin + sin^|+ Mi cos5#
- -

Now total strain energy U is given byy

U-d + fM2 GJ ds, where ds =

R.do
Putting aU 0 , we have
M
a/2 a/2

M, aMRde =
EI a M
M8ME Rd^ =0
M GJ 8M16
0

Me sin Ma
where and
MCOS .
=

aM
Substituting the values, we get
E sin w ( s i n o - cos - 1 + cos p

a/2

+M6sin R COs

+
cOs +)++ Micos Ra4
or -1+M r-1)
+M=0
GJ'
El=
M = 1-wR .(4.31)
which is the same as found carlier.

Substituting the value of M% in Eqs. (i) and (ü), wç can find M,

M
 26
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
and M, at any point. For
example, at
point C, p=5
Hence
M, =wRsinco1 - os
-wR(- sin
=wR-2-wR
wR 1
=0.2732 wR. .(1.30)
This is also the
same as found earlier.
Similarly M=wR-(1-cos+ sin
+-sinwR(-c
zero, as expected.
1.6. SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM WITH SLAB

Rdo

P
R
A E F
O
B

FIG. 1.10
Fig. 1.10 shows semi-circular beam ABC fixed at
a
and B, and ends A
supporting a semi-circular
slab is much greater than the
slab. Since the
length of the
Let w be the
width, it will behave as
one
uniformly distributed load per unit area of way slab.
Due to symmetry, the reaction slab.
be equal. At each components A at
end, there will be three reaction and B will
(i) shear force Fo, (i) Bending
moment components:
Mg and (ii) Twisting moment
Let consider a small element DG, at an
us To
and
subtending an angle at the angle with AO,
this element DG of the do centre. The load
beam will evidently be transferred to
equal to half the