MOM-II Manual PDF

LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS II LAB
PROCEDURE
RESULTS & GRAPHS
DISCUSSION
REPORT PRESENTATION
PREPARED BY: ENGR. HAFIZ MUHAMMAD AHMAD

LECTURER: DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
Contents
1. Experiment No. 1 .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope .................................................................... 7
1.1.2 Effect of width and thickness on deflection & slope ............................................................ 7
1.1.3 Effect of material on deflection & slope ............................................................................... 7
1.1.4 Locating the point of maximum deflection........................................................................... 7
1.2 Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Observations: ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4 Specimen Calculation: ................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Derivation:..................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Table and Datasheet ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Parametric Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.7.1 Effect of span length on deflection (Considering all parameters constant except width) . 10
1.7.2 Effect of beam width and height on deflection (Considering all parameters constant
except height) ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.7.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection (Considering all parameters constant
except material of the beam) ............................................................................................................. 10
1.7.4 Plot the deflection curve ..................................................................................................... 10
1.8 Result and Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 10
2 Experiment No. 2: ............................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope .................................................................. 11
2.1.2 Effect of width and thickness on deflection & slope .......................................................... 11
2.1.3 Effect of material on deflection & slope ............................................................................. 11
2.1.4 Locating the point of maximum deflection......................................................................... 11
2.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Observations ............................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Specimen Calculation .................................................................................................................. 12
2.6 Derivation:................................................................................................................................... 12
2.7 Table and Observations .............................................................................................................. 13
2.8.1 Effect of span length on deflection (Considering all parameters constant except width) . 14
except height) ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.8.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection (Considering all parameters constant
except material of the beam) ............................................................................................................. 14
2.8.4 Plot the deflection curve ..................................................................................................... 14
2.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 14
3 Experiment No. 3 ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Specimen Calculation: ................................................................................................................. 15
3.5 Table and Observations .............................................................................................................. 16
3.6 Comments ................................................................................................................................... 16
3.7.1 Effect of span length on deflection ..................................................................................... 17
3.7.2 Effect of beam width and height on deflection .................................................................. 17
3.7.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection ............................................................... 17
3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 17
3.9 Carry out Comparative study of simply supported, fixed end and cantilever beam .................. 17
3.10 Compare your results with the published results in the literature. ........................................... 17
4. Experiment No. 4: ............................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Apparatus: ......................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4 Observations: .................................................................................................................................... 18
4.5 Table and Datasheet ......................................................................................................................... 19
4.6 Parametric Analysis: .................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.1 Effect of Load on Deflection: .................................................................................................. 19
4.6.2 Effect of Inertia and Material on Deflection: .......................................................................... 19
4.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 19
5 Experiment No. 5: ............................................................................................................................... 20
5.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 20
5.1.1 Behavior of thin semi-circular rings under different orientations. ..................................... 20
5.1.2 Comparing deflection components (horizontal and Vertical) under same operating ............ 20
5.2 Apparatus: ......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 20
5.4.1 Zero Errors: ......................................................................................................................... 20
5.4.2 Least counts: ....................................................................................................................... 20
5.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Rings: ......................................................................................... 21
5.4.4 Material Properties of Rings: .............................................................................................. 21
5.4.5 Experimental Value of Deflection: ...................................................................................... 21
5.5.1 Behavior of Thin Circular Rings Under Different Orientations: ..................................................... 22
5.5.2 Comparison of Deflection components under same operating Conditions: .......................... 22
5.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 22
6 Experiment No. 6: ............................................................................................................................... 23
6.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 23
6.1.1 To analyze the effect of loading in quarter circular ring with different geometrical
parameters. ......................................................................................................................................... 23
6.1.2 To compare deflection components in rings experimentally. ............................................ 23
6.2 Apparatus: ......................................................................................................................................... 23
6.3 Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 23
6.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 23
6.4.1 Zero Errors: ......................................................................................................................... 23
6.4.2 Least counts: ....................................................................................................................... 23
6.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Rings: ......................................................................................... 23
6.4.4 Material Properties of Rings: .............................................................................................. 24
6.4.5 Experimental Values of Deflection:..................................................................................... 24
6.5.1 Effect of Load on Deflection: .................................................................................................. 24
6.5.2 Comparison of Experimental Deflection Components: .......................................................... 25
6.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 25
7 Experiment No. 7: .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
To Determine Deflection Components in Extended Ring Subjected to Vertical Loading . Error! Bookmark
not defined.
7.1 Objective ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1.1 To analyze the effect of loading in divet. ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1.2 To analyze effect of extended portion in base of ring ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3 Procedure ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4 Observations: ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4.1 Zero Errors: ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4.2 Least counts: .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Extended Ring: ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4.4 Material Properties of Rings: ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4.5 Experimental Values of Deflection................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5 Parametric Analysis ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5.1 Effect of Load on Deflection: ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5.2 Effect of Extended Portion on Deflection Components:............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 Experiment No. 8: ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 26
8.1.1 Finding out Impact Energy Absorbed in the V-Notched Specimen, measuring impact
strength and modulus of toughness. .................................................................................................. 26
8.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 26
8.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 26
8.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 27
8.4.1 Zero Errors: ......................................................................................................................... 27
8.4.2 Least counts: ....................................................................................................................... 27
8.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Specimen without notch: .......................................................... 27
8.4.4 Geometric Parameters of Notch: ........................................................................................ 27
8.4.5 Properties of Pendulum: ..................................................................................................... 27
8.5 Discussion.................................................................................................................................... 28
8.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 28
9 Experiment No. 9: .................................................................................................................................... 29
9.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 29
9.1.1 Investigation about material of the given specimen by determining yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength, fracture stress, modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation and
percentage area reduction. ................................................................................................................ 29
9.2 Apparatus: ......................................................................................................................................... 29
9.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 29
9.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 30
9.4.1 Zero Errors: ......................................................................................................................... 30
9.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen: .................................................................................. 30
9.5 Result and Discussion.................................................................................................................. 30
10 Experiment No. 10: ......................................................................................................................... 31
10.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 31
10.1.1 Find out Rockwell hardness number of different specimens. ............................................ 31
10.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 31
10.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 31
10.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 32
10.4.1 Least counts: ....................................................................................................................... 32
10.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Indenter: .................................................................................... 32
10.6 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................. 32
11 Experiment No. 11: ......................................................................................................................... 33
11.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 33
11.1.1 Determine HB (Brinell Hardness number) of various Specimens ....................................... 33
11.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 33
11.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 33
11.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 34
11.4.1 Least counts: ....................................................................................................................... 34
11.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen: .................................................................................. 34
11.6 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................. 34
12 Experiment No. 12: ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.1 Objectives: ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.1.1 Plot Creep Strength Curve of Given Work-piece ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.1.2 Plot Strain Rate Curve of Given Specimen ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.2 Apparatus: ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.3 Procedure:...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.4 Derivation:...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.5 Observations: ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.5.1 Least Counts: .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.5.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen before Creep: ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.5.3 Geometric Parameters of Specimen after Creep: .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.6 Parametric Analysis: ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.6.1 Effect of Stress: ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.6.2 Effect of Time: ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.7 Conclusion: ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
13.1 Objective: ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.1 Objective: ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.2 Design Equation for a Simple Case Study: ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.3 Conclusion: ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
15 Experiment No. 15: ......................................................................................................................... 35
15.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 35
15.1.1 Plot τs-Ԑ Diagram and calculate modulus of rigidity(G) ...................................................... 35
15.1.2 Plot τ-θ diagram and calculate modulus of resilience ........................................................ 35
15.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................... 35
15.3 Procedure:................................................................................................................................... 35
15.4 Observations: .............................................................................................................................. 36
15.4.1 Least Counts: ....................................................................................................................... 36
15.4.2 Geometric dimensions of shaft: .......................................................................................... 36
15.5.1 Determination of Modulus of Rigidity: ............................................................................... 36
15.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 36
1. Experiment No. 1
Parametric analysis of simply supported beam subjected to point load
1.1 Objective
To analyze the parametric effect on deflection and slope of the simply supported beam subjected to point
load at mid of span length.
1.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope

1.1.2 Effect of width and thickness on deflection & slope
1.1.3 Effect of material on deflection & slope
1.1.4 Locating the point of maximum deflection
1.2 Apparatus:
Beam apparatus, Vernier caliper, dial indicator, weights and hanger, balance, meter rod,
rectangular beam of different cross-section and materials, level indicator
1.3 Procedure
1. Check the zero error and least count of the measuring devices.
2. Measure the width and height of beam cross section with the Vernier caliper.
3. Position and fix the two supports on the beam apparatus to get the desired length of the beam.
4. Position the beam over the two supports and verify that the length of the beam between two
supports is as desired.
5. Level the whole apparatus using the levelling screws at the bottom and level indicator.
6. Mark the center of the beam and place a hanger at this location.
7. Mount a dial gauge, above the beam at this location, such as the knob of the dial gauge is in
contact with the beam.
8. Mount another dial gauge at a point on the beam at a distance (say X) from one of the supports
of the beam.
9. Measure this distance X.
10. Apply a small load by adding a weight on the hanger.
11. Note the deflections in both the gauges.
12. Keep adding weights with regular increments and note the dial gauge reading for each
successive addition.
13. Note the dial gauge readings while unloading the weights one by one.
14. Calculate the mean deflection, and slope at both locations from this experimental data and
compare with the theoretical results.
15. Change the beams to incorporate the effect of material.
1.4 Observations:
Least Count of Vernier Calipers =
Least Count of dial gauge =
Length of the beam = L =
Width of the beam cross section = b =
Height of the beam cross section = h =
Let X =
Modulus of elasticity=E=29 x 106 psi for steel & 17 x106 for red brass(85Cu15Zn) and 10.4 x
106 psi for Al.
1.4 Specimen Calculation:
Moment of Inertia:
Moment of inertia of rectangular cross section = 𝐼=𝑏ℎ 3 /12
Experimental Value of Deflection:
At center:
Deflection at center =
At distance ‘X’:
Deflection at ‘X’ = y(x)exp = [y(x)1 + y(x)2]/2
Experimental Value of Slope at X:

( )
1.5 Derivation:
Figure 1.1 Simply Supported Beam subjected to point load
Let’s consider a simply supported beam of span length L subjected to concentrated load at mid-point. The
beam is symmetrical so equal reactions will be transferred at the support ends.
As flexural formula or equation of elastic curve is
𝐼
Moment at any point upto middle of the beam is
𝐼
Integration twice yields
𝐼
Boundary Conditions :
1- At x=0, y=0 (Support)
2- At x=L/2 , y=ymax. So dy/dx=0
Substituting boundary conditions yields
So, Deflection equation becomes;
Theoretical deflection (Equation of elastic curve) produced in the beam can be given as[Beer Johnston];
( )
𝐼
At x=L/2
And theoretical slope

( )
𝐼 𝐼
( )
𝐼
1.6 Table and Datasheet

Table 1. 1 Deflection and slope of SSB (Different Beam)
Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Mean Absolute Percentage

Deflection(yexp.)
No. (θexp.) (ytheo.) (θtheo.) Difference
Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx MAPE=(Actual-

Theoretical)*100/Actual
)
1.7 Parametric Analysis
Make plots representing the effect of operating and geometric parameters on deflection on the beam,
experimentally and theoretically. Discuss the plots with justifications and validations.
1.7.1 Effect of span length on deflection (Considering all parameters constant except
width)
except height)
1.7.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection (Considering all parameters
constant except material of the beam)
1.7.4 Plot the deflection curve
1.8 Result and Conclusion

2 Experiment No. 2:
Parametric analysis of Fixed end beam subjected to point load
2.1 Objective
To analyze the parametric effect on deflection and slope of the simply supported beam subjected to point
load at mid of span length.
2.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope

2.1.2 Effect of width and thickness on deflection & slope
2.1.3 Effect of material on deflection & slope
2.1.4 Locating the point of maximum deflection
2.2 Apparatus:
rectangular beam of different cross-section and materials, clamps
2.3 Procedure:
2. Position and fix the two supports on the beam apparatus to get the desired length of the beam.
3. Position the beam over the two supports, Clamp it at both ends and verify that the length of the
beam between the two clamps is as desired.
4. Level the whole apparatus using the levelling screws at the bottom.
5. Mark the center of the beam and place a hanger at this location.
6. Mount a dial gauge, above the beam at this location, such as the knob of the dial gauge is in
contact with the beam.
7. Mount another dial gauge at a point on the beam at a distance (say X) from one of the supports of
the beam.
8. Measure this distance X.
11. Keep adding weights with regular increments and note the dial gauge reading for each successive
addition.
2.4 Observations
Least Count of Vernier Calliper=
Modulus of elasticity=E=29 x 106 psi for steel & 17 x106 for red brass(85Cu15Zn)
2.5 Specimen Calculation
Moment of inertia of rectangular cross section = 𝐼
At center:
Deflection at center = yexp = (y1 + y2)/2
Slope = θ = y(x)exp/X (radians)
Results and Discussion:
2.6 Derivation:
Figure 2.1 Fixed Beam Subjected to Point Load at Centre
Let’s consider a simply supported beam of span length L subjected to concentrated load at mid-point. The
beam is symmetrical so equal reactions will be transferred at the support ends.
As flexural formula or equation of elastic curve is
𝐼
Moment at any point upto middle of the beam is
𝐼
Integration twice yields
𝐼
Boundary Conditions :
1- At x=0, y=0 (Support)
2- At x=L/2 , y=ymax. So dy/dx=0
3- At x=L, y=0
Substituting boundary conditions yields
So, Deflection equation becomes;
Theoretical deflection (Equation of elastic curve) produced in the beam can be given as[Beer Johnston];
( )
𝐼
( )
𝐼
At x=L/2,
( )
𝐼
Slope:
( )
𝐼
( )
𝐼

( )
𝐼 𝐼
( )
𝐼
Experimental slope (radians) of the fixed end beam can be calculated as;
( )
Theoretical deflection produced in the beam can be given as;
𝐼
( )
𝐼 𝐼
2.7 Table and Observations

Table 2. 1 Deflection and slope of fixed beam
Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Absolute %

Deflection(yexp.)
No. (θexp.) (ytheo.) (θtheo.) difference Difference
Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx

)

experimentally and theoretically. Discuss the plots with justifications and validations.
2.8.1 Effect of span length on deflection (Considering all parameters constant except
width)
except height)
2.8.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection (Considering all parameters
constant except material of the beam)
2.8.4 Plot the deflection curve
2.9 Conclusion
3 Experiment No. 3
Parametric analysis of Cantilever beam subjected to point load
3.1 Apparatus:
rectangular beam of different cross-section and materials, clamps
3.2 Procedure:
2. Position and fix the support on the beam apparatus to get the cantilever action on its fixed end.
3. Measure this distance L, length of the beam.
4. Level the whole apparatus using the levelling screws at the bottom.
5. Mount a dial gauge, above the beam at this location (Free end), such as the knob of the dial gauge
is in contact with the beam.
addition.
3.3 Observations:
Modulus of elasticity=E=29 x 106 psi for steel & 17 x106 for red brass(85Cu15Zn)
3.4 Specimen Calculation:

Moment of inertia of rectangular cross section = 𝐼=𝑏ℎ 3 /12
Deflection at center =

( )
Theoretical deflection (Equation of elastic curve) produced in the beam can be given as;
( )
𝐼
At x=L/2

( ) ( )
𝐼
( )
𝐼
3.5 Table and Observations

Steel Beam and Brass Beam:
Table 3. 1 Deflection and slope of cantilever beam
Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Absolute %

Deflection(yexp.)
No. (θexp.) (ytheo.) (θtheo.) difference Difference
Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx

)
3.6 Comments

experimentally and theoretically.
3.7.1 Effect of span length on deflection
3.7.2 Effect of beam width and height on deflection
3.7.3 Effect of material of the beam on the deflection
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 Carry out Comparative study of simply supported, fixed end and
cantilever beam
3.10 Compare your results with the published results in the literature.
4. Experiment No. 4:
To determine diametrical deflection of a circular bar subjected to diametrical
loading
4.1 Objective
To analyze the effect of radial loading on deflection
4.2 Apparatus:
1. Curved bar apparatus
2. Ring
3. Vernier Calipers
4. Meter rod
5. Dial Indicator Gauge
6. Weight and weight pans
4.3 Procedure
2. Measure the width and height of circular bars with the Vernier caliper. Also measure the
diameter of the circular ring with the meter rod.
3. Position and fix the dial indicator gauge on the ring to get the desired the deflection.
6. Note the deflections in the central gauge.
7. Keep adding weights with regular increments and note the dial gauge reading for each
successive addition.
9. Calculate the mean deflection
4.4 Observations:
width of the circular ring = b =
Thickness of the circular ring = h =
Radius of the circular ring = R =
Modulus of elasticity=E=29 x 106 psi for steel
Specimen Calculation:
Moment of inertia of the circular ring with rectangular cross-section= 𝐼=𝑏ℎ 3 /12

At center:
Deflection at center = 𝑏 ℎ
( )
4.5 Table and Datasheet

Steel circular bar:
Table 4. 1 Deflection of circular ring
Sr.
Load Deflection ( .) Deflection ( .) % Difference
No.
Loading Unloading Mean =( )
4.6 Parametric Analysis:

4.6.1 Effect of Load on Deflection:
Place spread sheet and make plots, then discus the trends and find %age difference in results obtained.
4.6.2 Effect of Inertia and Material on Deflection:

Place spread sheet for brass and steel rings of difference geometrical parameters then make plots, and
discus the trends and find %age difference in results obtained.
4.7 Conclusion
5 Experiment No. 5:
To determine deflection components of a semi-circular bar subjected to
diametrical loading
5.1 Objective
5.1.1 Behavior of thin semi-circular rings under different orientations.
5.1.2 Comparing deflection components (horizontal and Vertical) under same operating
Conditions
5.2 Apparatus:
2. Semi Circular Rings
3. Vernier Calipers
4. Meter rod
5.3 Procedure
2. Measure the width and height of circular bars with the Vernier caliper. Also measure the diameter
of the circular ring with the meter rod.
6. Note the deflections in the two gauges.
addition.
9. Calculate the mean deflection
5.4 Observations:
5.4.1 Zero Errors:
Zero error of Vernier calipers: Nil
Zero error of Dial gage indicator: Nil
5.4.2 Least counts:

Least count of Vernier calipers:
Least count of Dial gage indicator:
Least count of meter rod: in
5.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Rings:

Geometric parameters for structural steel ring:
Thickness = t =
Width = b =
Outer Diameter = Do =
Mean Diameter = Dm=Do-t =
Mean Radius = Rm = =
Inertia = I= =
Geometrical parameters for HSLA ring:
Thickness = t =
Width = b =
Outer Diameter = Do =
Mean Diameter = Dm=Do-t =
Mean Radius = Rm = =
Inertia = I= =
5.4.4 Material Properties of Rings:

Modulus of Elasticity of structural steel = E =
Modulus of Elasticity of HSLA = E =
5.4.5 Experimental Value of Deflection:

Measured from gauges (Horizontal and vertical gauges)
At center:
Deflection at center = ℎ
5.5.1 Behavior of Thin Circular Rings Under Different Orientations:
Table 5.1. Deflection components of HSLA ring against loads applied
Configuration of ring: Horizontal
Sr Loa Deflection Deflection Mean Absolute
no d (Experimental) (Theoretical) Percentage
-3
. W ( )exp (× 10 in) Error(%)
-3
(lb.) (× 10 in)
Horizontal Vertical Horizonta Vertica Horizonta Vertical

Loading Un Mea Loadin Un Mea l l l
loadin n g loadin n ( ) ( )
g g = =
5.5.2 Comparison of Deflection components under same operating

Conditions:
Sr Load Deflection
no. W (Experimental)
(lb.) δexp
(× 10-3 in)
HSLA Structural Steel
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5.7 Conclusion
6 Experiment No. 6:
To determine diametrical deflection of a quarter circular bar subjected to
vertical loading
6.1 Objective
6.1.1 To analyze the effect of loading in quarter circular ring with different geometrical
parameters.
6.1.2 To compare deflection components in rings experimentally.
6.2 Apparatus:
2. Quarter circular ring
3. Vernier caliper
4. Meter rod
6.3 Procedure
2. Measure the width and thickness of Quarter circular bars with the Vernier caliper. Also measure
the diameter (inside and outside) of the circular ring with the meter rod.
6. Note the deflections in the dial indicator gauges. (Horizontal and vertical)
addition.
9. Calculate the mean deflection in horizontal and vertical directions.
6.4 Observations:
6.4.1 Zero Errors:
Zero error of Dial gage indicator: Nil
6.4.2 Least counts:

Least count of Dial gage indicator: Least count of metre rod:
6.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Rings:
Geometric parameters for HSLA ring:
Thickness = t =
Width = b =
Outer Radius = Ro =
Mean Radius = Rm=Ro- t/2 =
Inertia = I= =
Geometrical parameters for Structural Steel ring:
Thickness = t =
Width = b =
Outer Radius = Ro =
Mean Radius = Rm=Ro-t/2 =
Inertia = I= =
6.4.4 Material Properties of Rings:

Modulus of Elasticity of Structural Steel = E =
Modulus of Elasticity of HSLA = E =
6.4.5 Experimental Values of Deflection:

Deflection at gauges = 𝑏 ℎ
Deflection at gauges 𝑏 ℎ
Theoretical deflections can be calculated by using the following relation
6.5.1 Effect of Load on Deflection:

Table 6. 1 Deflection of Structural Steel ring against loads applied
Sr Loa Deflection Deflection Mean Absolute
no d (Experimental) (Theoretical) Percentage
. W ( )exp (× 10-3 in) Error(%)
(lb.) (× 10-3 in)
Horizontal Vertical Horizonta Vertica Horizonta Vertica

Loadin Un Mea Loadin Un Mea l l l l
g loadin n g loadin n ( ) ( )
g g
= =
6.5.2 Comparison of Experimental Deflection Components:
Table 6. 2 Deflection of Structural Steel ring against loads applied
Sr Load Deflection
no. W (Experimental)
(lb.) δexp
(× 10-3 in)
HSLA Structural Steel
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6.7 Conclusion
Experiment No. 7:
To Perform Charpy Impact Test and Determine CIV of Given Specimen
7.1 Objectives:
7.1.1 Finding out Impact Energy Absorbed in the V-Notched Specimen, measuring impact
strength and modulus of toughness.
7.2 Apparatus:
1. Charpy Impact Tester
2. Vernier caliper
3. Centering Device
4. V-Notched Specimen
Locking Pin
Dial Indicator
Scale
Brake Lever Safeguard

Panels
Pendulum
Supports
Brake Belt
Figure 8. 1 Charpy Impact Testing Machine
7.3 Procedure:
1. Measure the cross-sectional area and height of the specimen.
2. Measure the length, width and depth of the V- shaped notch.
3. Place the specimen on the supports of Charpy impact tester with the help of centering
device.
4. Raise the metal pendulum up to 138ο angle of attack from the vertical position.
5. Unlock the pendulum by lifting the locking pin so the pendulum falls freely and strike the
specimen.
6. After striking the specimen, the pendulum continues its motion and forms angle β on the
opposite side. This angle is measured with help of dial indicator scale mounted on the
tester installed.
7.4 Observations:
7.4.1 Zero Errors:
Zero error of Dial Indicator Scale: Nil
7.4.2 Least counts:

Least count of Dial indicator Scale:
7.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Specimen without notch:

Length = L =
Width = b =
Height = h =
7.4.4 Geometric Parameters of Notch:

Length = L =
Width = b =
Height = h =
7.4.5 Properties of Pendulum:

Length of Pendulum = L =
Mass of pendulum = m =
Initial Energy of Pendulum = E1 = mgH
Final Energy of Pendulum = E2 = mgh
By the energy conservation principle:
Initial energy of pendulum = Impact energy absorbed by specimen + Final energy of pendulum
Impact Energy absorbed in Specimen = ∆E = mg(H-h) = mgL ( )
Impact Strength =
Modulus of Toughess or Charpy Impact Value =
Cross Sectional Area of the specimen = width × (height – notch heigh) = 0.7426 cm2
Effective Volume of Specimen = (Volume of specimen without notch – volume of notch)
=
7.5 Discussion
Discuss about the impact strength of specimen, and compare this MOT/CIV with some reference value
quoted in literature.
Table 8. 1 Charpy Impact value of the V-notch specimen
No. Α β Impact energy Impact Strength Modulus of

of Degrees Degrees (J) (KJ/m2) Toughness/Charpy
Obs. Impact Value
(MJ/m3)
7.6 Conclusion
Experiment No. 8:
To Investigate Mechanical Properties of Given Specimen by Using Hounsfield
Tensometer
8.1 Objectives:
8.1.1 Investigation about material of the given specimen by determining yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength, fracture stress, modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation and
percentage area reduction.
8.2 Apparatus:
1. Hounsfield Tensometer
2. Elongation Gauges
3. Area Reduction Gauge
4. Vernier caliper
Handle Autographic
Drum
Worm Spindle
Magnifying
Worm Wheel Glass
Quick
Pointer
Return
Mechanism
Lead screws
Operating Screw Cross over
Figure 9. 1 Hounsfield Tensometer
8.3 Procedure:
1. Measure the cross-sectional area and height of the specimen.
2. Calibrate the area reduction and elongation gauges with the initial dimensions of
specimen.
3. Wrap the graph on the autographic drum.
4. Place the specimen in the split chuck.
5. Apply continuous load by rotating the handle and observe deformation.
6. Continue applying load until the specimen breaks.
7. Measure the area reduction and length elongation and observe the fracture surface.
8.4 Observations:
8.4.1 Zero Errors:
Zero error of Length Elongation Gauge: Nil
Zero error of Area Reduction Gauge: Nil
8.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen:

Length = L =
Diameter = d =
8.5 Result and Discussion
Place the graph obtained from Tensometer and perform all the calculations of stresses on the graph.
Also predict the material of the specimen based on fracture stress, modulus of elasticity and stress-
strain graph.
Experiment No. 9:
To Perform Rockwell hardness Test and Determine Hardness Number of given
Specimen
9.1 Objectives:
10.1.1 Find out Rockwell hardness number of different specimens.
9.2 Apparatus:
1. Rockwell Hardness Tester
2. Specimen
Gauge
Hydraulic Ram
Anvil Table Weight and Weight

pans
Skirt
Release un-release
Valve
Fig.1 Rockwell Hardness Tester
9.3 Procedure:
1. Clean the surface of anvil table to remove dust particles and oil to avoid slippage.
2. Clean the surface of specimen whose hardness number is to be determined.
3. Insert the steel ball type indenter in the split chuck.
4. In order to remove the effect of surface roughness, apply a minor load of 10kg. To apply
it, first adjust the anvil table to make indenter touch the surface of specimen then apply
load of 10kg.
5. Now apply major load of 100kg through the release un-release valve in accordance with
the selected scale B.
6. After passing through a dwell time of 15 seconds remove the major load.
7. Remove the specimen and observe the reading on the dial scale.
8. The final reading shown on the dial scale is the hardness no. of the tested specimen.
9.4 Observations:
9.4.1 Least counts:
Least count of microscope scale: 0.05mm
9.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Indenter:

Diameter of indenter made of steel= 1/16 in, 1/8 in

Table 10. 1 Rockwell hardness no. of given specimen
No. Major Load Diameter of Material Rockwell Hardness

of applied Ball Indenter tested Number
Obs. (kg) (in)
9.6 Conclusion:
Experiment No. 10:
To Perform Brinell Hardness Test and Determine Hardness Number of given
Specimen
10.1 Objectives:
10.1.1 Determine HB (Brinell Hardness number) of various Specimens
10.2 Apparatus:
1. Brinell Hardness Tester
2. Microscope
3. Ball Indenter
Release Un-release
valve
Hydraulic Unit
Split Chuck
Anvil Table
Weight and
weight pans
Skirt
Hydraulic
Handle Pump
Figure 11. 1 Brinell Hardness Tester
10.3 Procedure:
1. Clean the surface of anvil table from dust particles and oil/grease to remove slippage.
2. Clean the surface of indenter from dust particles.
3. Insert the indenter of 10mm diameter in the split chuck.
4. Apply load of kg on the specimen through indenter.
5. Selection of load depends on the scale that we choose to perform.
6. Keep the load applied for dwell time of 10 seconds and then remove the load.
7. Measure the diameter of the indentation produced by microscope.
10.4 Observations:
10.4.1 Least counts:
Least count of microscope scale: 0.05mm
10.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen:
Diameter of indenter = 10mm
Table 11. 1 Brinell Hardness No. of the given specimen
No. Load applied Indentation Indentation Depth B.H.N =

of P Diameter √
t=
Obs. (kg) d
(mm)
(mm)
10.6 Conclusion:
Experiment No. 11:
To Perform Torsion Test and Determine Modulus of Resilience of Given Specimen
11.1 Objectives:
11.1.1 Plot τs-Ԑ Diagram and calculate modulus of rigidity(G)
11.1.2 Plot τ-θ diagram and calculate modulus of resilience
11.2 Apparatus:
1. Torsion Apparatus
2. Vernier caliper
Torque
Indicator
360 degree
Level Indicator protractor scale
Carriage Box
Hexagonal Socket
Grooved Slide
Inputs handle 6
Base
degree protactor
scale
Figure 15. 1 Torsion apparatus
11.3 Procedure:
1. Measure the geometric dimensions of the specimen by using Vernier caliper.
2. Clamp the specimen in the hexagonal socket.
3. Set the level Indicator at zero.
4. Rotate the input hand wheel by one degree and check the torque.
5. Increase span of number of rotations and check the corresponding torque produced until
the plastic region is reached and deflection is constant for next increment of rotation.
11.4 Observations:
11.4.1 Least Counts:
Least Count of Vernier caliper =
Least Count of Torque Indicator Gauge =
11.4.2 Geometric dimensions of shaft:

Length =
Diameter =
Polar moment of Inertia of shaft =
T=
=

11.5.1 Determination of Modulus of Rigidity:
In order to find modulus of rigidity Graph is plotted between shear stress and strain and area
under the curve is approximated by a shape and found. This area divide by the volume of
shaft gives the modulus of rigidity.
Table 15. 1 Shear stress and shear strain of shaft under torsion
Angle of Angle of Shear stress

Torque
Sr. Twist Twist φ=
T τ=
No. (θ) (θ) (Degrees)
(lb.in) (lb.in-2)
(Degrees) (Radians)
11.6 Conclusion

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LAB MANUAL

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS II LAB

RESULTS & GRAPHS

PREPARED BY: ENGR. HAFIZ MUHAMMAD AHMAD

1.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope

Experimental Value of Slope at X:

Figure 1.1 Simply Supported Beam subjected to point load

As flexural formula or equation of elastic curve is

Substituting boundary conditions yields

So, Deflection equation becomes;

And theoretical slope

1.6 Table and Datasheet

Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Mean Absolute Percentage

Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx MAPE=(Actual-

1.8 Result and Conclusion

2.1.1 Influence of span length on deflection & slope

Figure 2.1 Fixed Beam Subjected to Point Load at Centre

As flexural formula or equation of elastic curve is

So, Deflection equation becomes;

And theoretical slope

2.7 Table and Observations

Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Absolute %

Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx

2.8 Parametric Analysis

3.4 Specimen Calculation:

Experimental Value of Slope at X:

And theoretical slope

3.5 Table and Observations

Sr. Load Slope Deflection Slope Absolute %

Loading Unloading Mean yexp./X = ( =dy/dx

3.7 Parametric Analysis

Experimental Value of Deflection:

4.5 Table and Datasheet

Loading Unloading Mean =( )

4.6 Parametric Analysis:

4.6.2 Effect of Inertia and Material on Deflection:

5.4.2 Least counts:

5.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Rings:

5.4.4 Material Properties of Rings:

5.4.5 Experimental Value of Deflection:

Horizontal Vertical Horizonta Vertica Horizonta Vertical

5.5.2 Comparison of Deflection components under same operating

6.4.2 Least counts:

6.4.4 Material Properties of Rings:

6.4.5 Experimental Values of Deflection:

6.5 Parametric Analysis:

6.5.1 Effect of Load on Deflection:

Horizontal Vertical Horizonta Vertica Horizonta Vertica

6.5.2 Comparison of Experimental Deflection Components:

Table 6. 2 Deflection of Structural Steel ring against loads applied

Brake Lever Safeguard

Figure 8. 1 Charpy Impact Testing Machine

7.4.2 Least counts:

7.4.3 Geometric Parameters of Specimen without notch:

7.4.4 Geometric Parameters of Notch:

7.4.5 Properties of Pendulum:

Table 8. 1 Charpy Impact value of the V-notch specimen

No. Α β Impact energy Impact Strength Modulus of

Figure 9. 1 Hounsfield Tensometer

8.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Specimen:

Anvil Table Weight and Weight

Fig.1 Rockwell Hardness Tester

9.4.2 Geometric Parameters of Indenter: