Chapter 39

Plane Areas by Integration

AREA AS THE LIMIT OF $ SUM. If f ( x ) isrtcontinuous and nonnegative on the interval a Ix I6,
the definite integral 1. f ( x ) dx = Jiym
k=t
f(xk) d,x can be given a geometric interpretation.
Let the interval a Ix 5 6 be subdivided and points x k be selected as in the preceding chapter.
Through each of the endpoints to= a, tl, 5;, . . . , & = 6 erect perpendiculars to the x axis,
thus dividing into n strips the portion of the plane bounded above by the curve y = f ( x ) , below
by the x axis, and laterally by the abscissas x = a and x = 6. Approximate each strip as a
rectangle whose base is the lower base of the strip and whose altitude is the ordinate erected at
the point x k of the subintepal. The area of the kth a p ~ r o ~ ~ ~ arectangle,
ting shown in Fig*
39-1, is f ( x , ) A,x. Hence f ( x k ) Akx is simply the sum of the areas of the n approximating
k=l
rectangles.

/I

Fig. 39-1

The limit of this sum, asbthe number of strips is ind~finitelyincreased in the manner
prescribed in Chapter 38, is
1.
f ( x ) dx; it is also, by de~nition,the area of the portion of the
plane described above, or, more briefly, the area under the curve from x = a to x = 6. (See
Problems 1 and 2.)
Similajly, if x = g( y) is continuous and nonnegative on the interval c 5 y Id, the definite
integral g( y ) d y is by definition the area bounded by the curve x = g( y), the y axis, and the
ordinates y = c and y = d . (See Problem 3 . )
If y = f ( x ) is continuous and nonpositive on the interval a s x s 6, then
r
f ( x ) dx is
negative, indicating that the area lies below the x axis. Similarly, if x = g ( y ) is continuous and
nonpositive on the interval c 5 y 5 d, then
to the left of the y axis. (See Prublem 4.)
l
g( y ) dy is negative, indicating that the area lies

If y = f ( x ) changes sign on the interval a s x 5 b, or if x = g( y) changes sign on the interval

c 5 y “: d, then the area “under the curve” is given by the sum of two or more definite
integrals. (See Problem 5 .)
CHAP. 391 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION 26 1

AREAS BY INTEGRATION. The steps in setting up a definite integral that yields a required area
are:
1. Make a sketch showing the area sought, a representative (kth) strip, and the approx-
imating rectangle. We shall generally show the representative subinterval of length Ax
(or A y ) , with the point x k (or y k ) on this subinterval as its midpoint.
2. Write the area of the approximating rectangle and the sum for the n rectangles.
3. Assume the number of rectangles to increase indefinitely, and apply the fundamental
theorem of the preceding chapter.
(See Problems 6 to 14.)

AREAS BETWEEN CURVES. Assume that f ( x ) and g(x) are continuous functions such that
0 5 g(x) 5 f ( x ) for a 5 x 5 6. Then the area A of the region R between the graphs of y = f ( x )

r
and y = g ( x ) and between x = a and x = 6 (see Fig. 39-2) is given by

A =
b
f(x>dx - 1.
b
dx = [f(x) - &)I dx (39.1 )

That is, the area A is the different: between the area

and below y = f ( x ) and the area
1
r f ( x ) dx of the region above the x axis
g ( x ) dx of the region above the x axis and below y = g ( x ) .
Formula (39.1) holds when one or both of the curves y = f ( x ) and y = g(x) lie partially or
completely below the x axis, that is, when we assume only that g(x) ~ f ( x for ) a 5 x Ib, as in
Fig. 39-3.
Y

a b

OI
Fig. 39-2

I Y =&)

Fig. 39-3
262 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION [CHAP. 39

Solved Problems

1. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2, the x axis, and the ordinates x = 1 and x = 3.
Figure 39-4 shows the area KLMN sought, a representative strip RSTU, and its approximating
rectangle RVWU. For this rectangle, the base is A,x, the altitude is yk = f ( x , ) = x i , and the area is
x : A k x . Then
1 26
n-+ 30 k=L 3 3

Fig. 39-4 Fig. 39-5

2. Find the area lying above the x axis and under the parabola y = 4x - x2.
The given curve crosses the x axis at x = 0 and x = 4 . When vertical strips are used, these values
become the limits of integration. For the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 39-5,the width is A k x ,
the height is y , = 4 x k - xz, and the area is (4xk - x i ) A k x . Then

Io4
n

A = lim
n++m
(4x, - x i ) Akx = (4x - x ' ) dx = [ 2 x 2 - fx']," = p square units
With the complete procedure, as given above, always in mind, an abbreviation of the work is
possible. It will be seen that, aside from the limits of integration, the definite integral can be formulated
once the area of the approximating rectangle has been set down.

3. Find the area bounded by the parabola x =8 + 2 y - y2, the y axis, and the lines y = - 1 and
y=3.
Here we slice the area into horizontal strips. For the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 39-6,
the width is A y , the length is x = 8 + 2 y - y 2 , and the area is (8 + 2 y - y 2 ) A y . The required area is

.=(IL (8+2y-yz)dy=
213= -
3
92 square units
-1 3

\I
I 1

1-L
J
I

t
Fig. 39-6 Fig. 39-7
CHAP. 391 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION 263

4. Find the area bounded by the parabola y = x2 - 7 x + 6, the x axis, and the lines x =2 and
x=6.
For the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 39-7, the width is Ax, the height is - y =
- ( x 2 - 7x + 6), and the area is - (x2 - 7x + 6) Ax. The required area is then

A = IZ6
- ( x 2 - 7x 7x’ + 6x)]
+ 6) dx = - - - -
:( 2 2
=
56 square units
-
3

5. Find the area between the curve y = x3 - 6x2 + 8 x and the x axis.
The curve crosses the x axis at x = 0, x = 2, and x = 4, as shown in Fig. 39-8. For vertical strips, the
area of the approximating rectangle with base on the interval < x < 2 is (x’ - 6x’ + 8x) Ax, and the
area of the portion lying above the x axis is given by
approximating rectangle with base on the
s
(x’ - 6 x 2 - 8 x ) dx. The area of the
2 < x < 4 is - (x’ - 6x2 + 8x) Ax, and the area of the
portion lying below the x axis is given by - 6x2 + 8 x ) dx. The required area is, therefore,

A = (x3 -6x2 + 8 x ) dx + [
x4
- (x’ - 6 ~ ’+ 8 x ) dx = - - 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 ] l -
4
[ x4 - 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 I 4
=4 + 4 = 8 square units
The use of two definite integrals is necessary here, since the integrand changes sign on the interval of
integration. Failure to note this would have resulted in the incorrect integral (x’ - 6x2 + 8 x ) dx = 0.

Fig. 39-8

6. Find the area bounded by the parabola x = 4 - y 2 and the y axis.

The parabola crosses the x axis at the point (4,0), and the y axis at the points ( 0 , 2 ) and (0, -2).
We shall give two solutions.
Using horizontal strips: For the approximating rectangle of Fig. 39-9(a), the width is Ay, the length
is 4 - y’, and the area is (4 - y’) Ay. The limits of integration of the resulting definite integral are y = -2
and y = 2. However, the area lying below the x axis is equal to that lying above. Hence, we have, for the
required area,
264 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION [CHAP. 39

10
X I

Fig. 39-9

Using vertical strips: For the approximating rectangle of Fig. 39-9(6), the width is Ax, the height is
2y = 2,- and the area is 2- Ax. The limits of integration are x = 0 and x = 4. Hence the
required area is

6: 2- dx = [ - +(4 - x ) ’ ’ ~ ] ; = 4 square units

7. Find the area bounded by the parabola y 2 = 4x and the line y = 2x - 4.

The line intersects the parabola at the points ( I , -2) and (4,4).Fig. 39-10 shows clearly that when
vertical strips are used, certain strips run from the line to the parabola, and others from one branch of
the parabola to the other branch; however, when horizontal strips are used, each strip runs from the
parabola to the line. We give both solutions here to show the superiority of one over the other and to
indicate that both methods should be considered before beginning to set up a definite integral.

Fig. 39-10

Using horizontal strips (Fig. 39-10(a)): For the approximating rectangle of Fig. 39-10(a), the width is
A y , the length is [(value of x of the line) - (value of x of the parabola)] = ( i y + 2) - f y z = 2 + 5 y - y2,
and the area is (2 + 5-v - $ y z )Ay. The required area is
A= /y2 (2 + 4 y - 4 y‘) dy = [2y + Y-42 - Y3Ii
-
12 -2
=9 square units

Using vertical strips (Fig. 39-lO(6)): Divide the area A into two parts with the line x = 1. For the
approximating rectangle to the left of this line, the width is Ax, the height (making use of symmetry) is
2y = 4t3, and the area is 4v‘X Ax. For the approximating rectangle to the right, the width is Ax, the
height is 2v‘X - (2x - 4) = 2v‘X - 2x + 4, and the area is ( 2 f i - 2x + 4) Ax. The required area is

A= 111
4 ~ dx5 + /,‘ ( 2 f i - 2x + 4) dx = [ fx3’*]:,+ [ i x’ ” - xz + 4x1;

= !+ =9 square units
CHAP. 391 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION 265

8. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x - x2 and y = x2 - 2x.

The parabolas intersect at the points (0,O) and (4,8). It is readily seen in Fig. 39-11 that vertical
slicing will yield the simpler solution.
For the approximating rectangle, the width is Ax, the height is [(value of y of the upper
boundary) - (value of y of the lower boundary)] = ( 6 x - x 2 ) - ( x 2 - 21) = 8x - 2x2, and the area is
( 8 x - 2 x 2 ) Ax. The required area is

A=
I' (8x - 2x2) dr = [4x2 - $ x ' ] : = square units

Fig. 39-11 Fig. 39-12

9. Find the area enclosed by the curve y 2 = x2 - x4.

The curve is symmetric with respect to the coordinate axes. Hence the required area is four times
the portion lying in the first quadrant.
For the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 39-12, the width is Ax, the height is y = =
x v x , and the area is x m Ax. Hence the required area is

A =4 x ~ r g= [- ~ ( 1 -x 2 ) 3 ' 2 1 ~= J square units

10. Find the smaller area cut from the circle x2 + y 2 = 25 by the line x = 3.

Based on Fig. 39-13,

A = I,'2y dx = 2I,'
dr = 2[ I + p arcsin q5
5 3

= ($ 7~ - 12 - 25 arcsin

Fig. 39-13 Fig. 39-14

266 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION [CHAP. 39

11. Find the area common to the circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x 2 + y 2 = 4x.

The circles intersect in the points (1, +fl).The approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 39-14
extends from x = 2 - v q v-’.to x = Then

[ v q (2 - $i7)]
t/s v3
A 2 = dy - =4 ( V W - 1)dy
= 4[; ~3
+ 2 arcsin 51 y - y].
fi
= (y - 2 ~ 3 square
) units

12. Find the area of the loop of the curve y 2 = x4(4 + x ) . (See Fig. 39-15.)

From the figure, A = 2y dx: = 2 x ’ m du. Let 4 + x = z2; then

A=4/’(z2-4)’z2dz=44 [ -$- - +8-t 5 162’1’ = -4096 square units
3 o 105

13. Find the area of an arch of the cycloid x = 8 - sin 8, y = 1 - cos 8.

A single arch is described as 8 varies from 0 to 27r (see Fig. 39-16). Then dx = (1 - cos 8) de and
e-2n
A = I _ @ ~ d x = ~ w ~ i - ~ ~ ~ e( 2 ~- 2 c~o si e +- icOs2e)de
~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ e =

= [ $ 8 - 2 sin e + sin 281;“ = 37r square units

Fig. 39-15 Fig. 39-16 Fig. 39-17

14. Find the area bounded by the curve x =3 + cos 8, y = 4 sin 8. (See Fig. 39-17.)
The boundary of the shaded area in the figure (one-quarter of the required area) is described from
right to left as 8 varies from 0 to in. Hence, Dikali -4 karena dari x besar ke x kecil

A=-4 I-.
= 8[e -
e = ~ 1 2
y dx = - 4

$ sin ze];” = 47r

[I2 (4 sin 8)(-sin 8) d8 = 16 [ ’ 2 sin’ 8 d8 = 8 [ I 2 (1 - COS 28) d8

square units
dx

Supplementary Problems
15. Find the area bounded by the given curves, or as described.
( a ) y = x2, y = 0, x = 2, x = 5 ( 6 ) y = x3, y = 0, x = 1, x =3
( c ) y = 4x - x2, y = 0, x = 1, x = 3 ( d ) x = 1 + y’, x = 10
( e ) x = 3y2 - 9, x = 0, y = 0, y = 1 (f)x=y2+4y, x = o
CHAP. 391 PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION 267

(g) y=9-x2,y=x+3 ( h ) y = 2 - x’, y = - x

(i) y = x 2 - 4, y = 8 - 2x2 ( j ) y = x4 - 4x2, y = 4x2
(k) A loop of y 2 = x’(u’ - x’) (I) The loop of 9ay’ = x ( 3 a - x)*
( m ) y = ex, y = e-I, x = 0, x = 2 (n) y = ex/a+ e-x/a,y = 0, x = + a
(0)xy = 12, y = 0, x = 1, x = e2 (p)y=l/(l+x’),y=O, x=+1
(4)y = t a n x , x = O , x = f n (r) A circular sector of radius r and angle a
(s) Within the ellipse x = a cos t, y = 6 sin t (t) x = 2 COS 8 - COS 28 - 1, y = 2 sin 8 - sin 28
(U) x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t (U) First arch of y = e-Ox sin ax
(w) y = xe-12, y = 0, and the maximum ordinate
( x ) The two branches of (2x - y)’ = x 3 and x = 4
( y ) Within y = 25 - x’, 256x = 3y2, 16y = 9 x 2
Am. (all in square units): ( a ) 39; (6) 20; (c) y ; ( d ) 36; ( e ) 8 ; (f) y ; ( g ) y ; ( h ) ;; (i) 32; ( j )
512*/15; ( k ) 2a3/3; ( I ) 8 f i a 2 / 5 ; ( m ) (e’ + l / e 2 - 2); ( n ) 2a(e - l / e ) ; (0)24; ( p ) i7r; (4)
1 In 2; (r) $ r 2 ;(s) Tab; ( t ) 67r; (U) 37ra2/8; (U) (1 + l/em)/2a;( w ) t ( l - l/-; ( x ) y; ( y ) 0
By the average ordinate of the curve y = f ( x ) over the interval a 5 x 5 b is meant the quantity

area
-=
base 6-a

16. Find the average ordinate ( a ) of a semicircle of radius; (6) of the parabola y = 4 - x 2 from x = -2 to
x=2. Am. ( a ) 7rr/4; ( 6 ) 8 / 3

17. ( a ) Find the average ordinate of an arch of the cycloid x = a(8 - sin e), y = a(1 - cos 8) with respect to
X.
(6) Repeat part ( a ) , with respect to 8.

18. For a freely falling body, s = $ gt2 and U = gt = e.

( a ) Show that the average value of U with respect to t for the interval 0 5 t 5 t , is one-half the final
velocity.
(6) Show that the average value of U with respect to s for the interval 0 Is 5 s, is two-thirds the final
velocity.

19. Prove that (39. I ) holds when the curves may lie partially or completely below the x axis, as in Fig. 39-3.