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Past Modal verbs of speculation and deduction

Modal + have + participle


Modal Concept Example
Could have Past unreal ability He could have taken
the flight
May have Past unreal possibility We may have passed
the math exam, but it
was very abstract
Might have Past unreal small You might have sold
probability the car, if you really
needed the money
Must have Past unreal assumption We must have been
crazy
Should have Past unreal You should have
recommendation listened to the teacher

Past modal verbs of speculation are must, could, might and may and they are
used in the past with the auxiliary have + past participle of the verbs in order  to talk
about suppositions or speculations regarding a past event. This is called the
modal perfect tense.
Verbos modales de especulación y deducción
Los verbos modales en pasado de especulación son must, could, might y may
should u otros y se usan en pasado con el auxiliar have + participio pasado de los
verbos para hablar de suposiciones o especulaciones sobre un evento pasado
Esto se llama el tiempo perfecto modal. He aquí las definiciones de cada modal y
algunos ejemplos: con cada uno de ellos.

Must have

MUST = 90 - 100% sure, it is true


Must have + past participle We use “must have” + a past participle when we are quite
sure about something or we can see the evidence of something.

Examples: You must have gone to bed late; you look tired!

Kevin must have been worried when he lost his car keys at the party.

I don’t find my wallet! I must have dropped it in the taxi.

Must have + participio pasado Usamos "must have" + un participio pasado cuando
estamos bastante seguros de algo o podemos ver la evidencia de algo.

Ejemplos: debes haberte acostado tarde; ¡te ves cansado!

Kevin debe haber estado preocupado cuando perdió las llaves de su auto en la fiesta.

Might have

May / might 35-50 % sure, it is or not true

Might have + past participle We use “might have” + a past participle when we are not
sure about something but we think it was possible.

Might have + participio pasado Usamos este modal mas participio pasado cuando no
estamos seguros de algo pero creemos que es posible.

Examples:

Sarah might have lost her way; she should be here by now.

Sarah podría haberse perdido; ella debería estar aquí ahora.

Jacob and Claire might have arrived at the party already, but they haven’t called me so

I’m not sure.

Es posible que Jacob y Claire ya hayan llegado a la fiesta, pero no me han llamado, así

que no estoy segura.

May have
We can use may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something
happened. May have is more formal than might have

Use "may" if you are 35-40% confident in what you are assuming. Normally, it means
"maybe, probably".
Se usa "may" si tienes un 35-40% de confianza en lo que supones. Normalmente, significa
“tal vez, probablemente”.
“They may have left early because of the holiday traffic.(Es posible que se hayan ido
temprano debido al tráfico de vacaciones.)
She may have found a new boyfriend.(Es posible que se haya encontrado un
nuevo novio).
She’s new in the town. She may have got lost (Ella es nueva en la ciudad. ella puede
haberse perdido.

Could have

Could have + past participle, We use “could have” + a past participle to indicate that
someone had the ability or chance to do something but did not do it.
Could have + participio pasado, Usamos este modal más participio pasado para indicar
que alguien tuvo la habilidad o la oportunidad de hacer algo pero no lo hizo.

Examples:

You could have gone to University but you decided to work instead. Podrías haber
ido a la universidad, pero decidiste trabajar.

She couldn’t have passed the test. She didn’t even open the books. 

Ella no podría haber pasado la prueba. Ni siquiera abrió los libros.

He could have had better jobs if he had spoken English

Podría haber tenido mejores trabajos si hubiera hablado inglés.

Should/ought to expected to be true

Should have + past participle, We use “should have” + past participle to express regret
or to tell someone off.

Usamos el modal debería tener + participio pasado, Usamos "debería tener" + participio
pasado para expresar arrepentimiento, para dar consejo o para regañar a alguien.

Examples:
You should have studied more! If you had, you would have passed your exam.
Deberías haber estudiado más! Si lo hubieras hecho, habrías aprobado tu
examen

I shouldn’t have gone out last night; now I’m too tired to study

No debí haber salido anoche; ahora estoy demasiado cansado para estudiar

We shouldn’t have talked during the lesson (Nosotros no deberíamos haber hablado
durante la clase.

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