Steelpipe Product Information Manual Sep 2019

Product
information
manual
www.steelpipe.co.nz
Contents
Company Data 3
Steelpipe New Zealand 4
The Steelpipe Advantage 5
Product Features and Benefits 6
Capability 7
Process / Manufacturing Facilities 8
Steelpipe Specifications 9
Export Range 10
Management Systems 11
Sustainability 13
Coating Systems 14
Lining Systems 18
Joint Details 20
Structural & Pile Casing 23
High-Spec Spiral Welded Linepipe To API 5L 27
Water & Wastewater Reticulation 32
Water & Wastewater Specifications 33
Water & Wastewater Fittings 34
Typical Water & Wastewater Fittings 35
Safe Maximum Support Spans Guidelines 42
Transportation 46
Handling and Installation Guidelines 48
Transportation 49
Unloading and Handling 50
Stacking and Storage 52
Bedding 54
Laying and Jointing 55
Backfilling 57
Repairs and Testing 58
Disclaimer
Steelpipe New Zealand has provided this manual and the guidelines contained within as general
recommendations regarding the manufacture, supply and installation of spiral welded steel pipe and are
intended to be informative only. Nothing contained within this Manual creates a contractual obligation on the
part of Steelpipe New Zealand, a division of Steelpipe Limited and pipe owners, designers, contractors and pipe
installers must rely on their own expertise with respect to the actual design performance and installation of
pipe on specific projects and comply with all applicable laws, regulations and code requirements.
PAG E 2
Company data – Steelpipe New Zealand
Street Address
224 Neilson Street, Onehunga, Auckland, New Zealand
Postal Address
PO Box 13 514, Onehunga, Auckland, New Zealand
Contact Numbers
Phone +64-9-622 4580 | Fax +64-9-636 6196
Site Details
Manufacturing Buildings: 6,250sqm | Administration Buildings: 240sqm
Yard Space: 28,000 sqm
Quality System
AS/NZS ISO 9001:2008 Certified | AS/NZS 4801: Certified
Product Certification
Bureau Veritas NZS 4442
Email
enquiries@steelpipe.co.nz
Website
www.steelpipe.co.nz
PAG E 3
Steelpipe New Zealand
Steelpipe New Zealand has an engineering background spanning over a century. Today,
Steelpipe New Zealand is a vibrant and progressive enterprise with its primary focus being
the manufacture of high-quality steel pipe technology for the reticulation of water and
sewage to high spec applications, structural and foundation work.
Steelpipe New Zealand is part of the McConnell Group, one of New Zealand’s largest
privately owned construction, property and infrastructure groups whose passion is
creating and building project based businesses.
History
Steelpipe New Zealand has been
at the forefront of pipe technology
and innovation since it commenced
trading as Spiral & Lock-Bar Steel Pipe
Company of New Zealand Limited
in 1903.
Over the years the company has
refined its spiral forming process with
the development of butt welded spiral
pipe in the 1950s.
Today Steelpipe New Zealand
operates three modern spiral mills
utilising automatic double submerged
arc welding, with world class non-
destructive testing equipment,
to producepipes to the highest
international standards for domestic
and overseas markets. The company
has also taken internationally
recognised coating and lining systems
and adapted these processes to suit the New Zealand and offshore market requirements.
In the domestic market, Steelpipe New Zealand has manufactured thousands of kilometres
of spiral-welded pipe for town water supply, sewage, irrigation and gas reticulation
schemes. Pipes have also been supplied to many of the country’s hydro-electric generation
and other major energy projects. Each new project adds to the company’s wealth of
knowledge of pipe manufacture and use.
In 2006 Steelpipe Australia was established to capatalise on the resource boom
throughout the previous decade. Steelpipe Australia focuses primarily on the piling and
structural markets and supports Steelpipe’s longer term growth aspirations.
PAG E 4
The Steelpipe advantage
Steelpipe New Zealand manufactures and markets a range of spiral-welded steel pipe,
steel pipe fittings and protection systems, and is single-minded in its commitment to Total
Quality Management through its operation.
Steelpipe New Zealand aims to manufacture all products to a high level of quality that
complies with product standards and unique customer requirements. To ensure that these
aims are met, the company has established a fully documented quality system throughout
all business activities.
The company is able to compete successfully, on a local and international level, by its:
• extensive use of locally manufactured steel, which virtually eliminates inward freight
costs and provides maximum flexibility of supply;
• strong quality focus;
• capacity for designing innovative solutions to customers’ problems;
• flexible manufacturing system;
• price competitiveness arising from stringent cost control, and an experienced team able
to give sound advice.
• proven delivery performance to meet clients requirements
Not to mention peace of mind that the product has been designed and manufactured to
do the job it was intended to do.
Convenient location
Conveniently located in Auckland, Steelpipe New Zealand has ready access to all major
highways as well as rail and sea transport.
Committed people
Steelpipe New Zealand can boast a committed team of qualified sales engineers and
technical staff who take pride in all facets of their work. Steelpipe New Zealand’s key
people are available to offer advice at any given stage of a contract.
PAG E 5
Product features and benefits
It has long been accepted that spiral-welded steel pipe makes for quality pipelines
and foundations. Now project designers are realising it has inherent advantages over
conventional longitudinal seam and girth welded barrel rolled pipe. The spiral forming
process produces accurately manufactured pipe which ensures ease of use and, when
combined with high quality welding and testing, guarantees toughness, flexibility,
versatility, safety in service, dependability and cost-effectiveness.
Benefits of steel pipe

Steelpipe New Zealand produces spiral-welded steel pipe to the highest quality. This pipe
is used throughout the world in a wide variety of applications including water and sewage
transmission, outfalls, pile casings, high-spec pipelines and commercial structures. Spiral
welded steel pipe offers numerous advantages over conventional pipe, as detailed below.
Greater strength in proportion to wall thickness of any competitive product. It operates
safely at higher pressures and its strength provides distinct handling and laying advantages
in difficult locations. The weld is significantly less affected by circumferential stress than
alternative products.
Dependability and longevity.

Recent major advances in steel fabricating, welding techniques and coatings development
ensure the useful life of the product and, once installed, it can be depended upon to do the
job for which it was designed.
Ease of laying
Due to longer pipe lengths, which means less jointing; welded joints provide a pipeline that
acts as a structural member.
Flexibility
Flexibility of product permits it to “live in the ground” secure against soil movement or
abnormal shocks.
Accuracy of manufacture
This means an exceptionally straight and circular product, which represents significant
advantages when matching pipes and promotes ease of driving for pile purposes. The
consistent circularity also produces advantages when jointing in the field and contributes
to ease of splicing.
Versatility
The spiral forming process enables a wide range of diameters to be manufactured from
one common feed stock, which encourages price competitiveness.
PAG E 6
Capability
Steelpipe New Zealand offers a broad spectrum of technical advice.
Component manufacture
Steelpipe NZ has large and well-equipped manufacturing facilities and is able to offer:
• Specialised manufacturing equipment and machinery
• Hi-spec welding
• High quality corrosion protection systems
• Pipe/specials fabrication.
Non-destructive testing protocols

Throughout the manufacturing process, testing procedures are stringent and
comprehensive. Hydrostatic and real-time X-Ray equipment is used for the non-
destructive testing of weld seams and it allows 100% of the seam to be inspected
on-screen. A permanent record can be achieved by storage on high-definition video
equipment.
In addition to these sophisticated testing procedures, all other quality requirements of the
specifications nominated by the customer are maintained throughout the process.
Protection systems
A range of coatings is available to provide added value to the product, including Polyken
Synergy, Polyken YGIII, epoxy systems and metal spraying. Steelpipe New Zealand also
offers a range of linings including, concrete and epoxy linings.
Technical customer support

Regular contact with clients onsite keeps the Steelpipe New Zealand team in touch with
current industry requirements. Experienced personnel are able provide technical advice on
corrosion protection and Installations.
Steelpipe New Zealand will work with a client and exercise its full range of capability to
deliver a solution. The expertise and facilities at Steelpipe New Zealand are also available
for more specific work briefs, such as:
• Solutions to challenging requirements (innovation and development)
• Specialist and production fabrication
• Site support
Steelpipe NZ undertakes project work for many industries. These typically include:
• Energy (Hydro, Geothermal, Co-gen, Wind)
• Water and sewerage
• Structural
• Irrigation
PAG E 7
Process & manufacturing facilities
Type of manufacture
All pipe produced by Steelpipe New Zealand is by the spiral forming process. The method
of manufacture comprises the engagement of Hot Rolled Coil (HRC), which is decoiled,
flattened, trimmed and prepared for welding. From there, the steel is spiral formed and
welded both internally and externally using the automatic submerged arc process.
Available facilities
Steelpipe New Zealand offers broad spectrum services for the manufacture of spiral-
welded steel pipe. Subsequently its manufacturing facilities are comprehensive, as
detailed below.
Process Designation Capabilities

345mm OD - 2030mm OD
Mill No. 1
4.8mm WT - 16.0mm WT
323mm OD - 812.8mm OD
Spiral Mill Mill No. 6
4.8mm WT - 9.53mm WT
121mm OD - 345mm OD
Mill No. 7
4.8mm WT - 6.2mm WT
Hydrotesters (3) 1, 6, 7 As per Mill capabilities
Real Time X-Ray X-Ray 508mm OD - 2030mm OD
Bevellers 1 508mm OD - 1930mm OD
Lining Concrete 121.9mm OD - 2030mm OD
Polyken Synergy
Heat Fused Polyethylene
Coating
Polyken YGIII
Cold Applied Polyethylene
PAG E 8
Steelpipe specifications
This information is intended as a guide to assist in the preparation of specifications for
spiral-welded steel pipe for a range of applications.
Steel specifications
Steelpipe New Zealand’s steel requirements are supplied by New Zealand Steel, from their
Glenbrook facility in Auckland. The steel is purchased as Hot Rolled Coil in either mill edge
or slit edge format. The product, which is manufactured using a continuous cast method,
fully complies with international specifications, including:
Specification Code Product use

Australia / New Zealand Standard AS/NZ 1594 Grade 250 & Grade 350
European Standard EN 10025 Grade 250 & Grade 350
American Petroleum Institute API 5L Grade X42 - Grade X52
Pipe specifications
Steelpipe New Zealand manufactures pipe using an automatic submerged arc process to
most internationally recognised standards, including:

New Zealand Standard NZS 4442 Water/Sewage/Piling
Australia Standard AS 1579 Water/Sewage/Piling
BS 534 Water/Sewage/Piling
British Standard
BS 3601 Structural/Piling
American Standard ASTM A252 Structural/Piling
Japanese Standard JIS 5525 Structural/Piling
American Petroleum Institute
API 5L Petrochemical / Geothermal
(Non-monogrammed)
Polyethlene tape specifications

AWWA C214 Cold applied tape wraps
American Water Works Association
AWWA C225 Hot applied tape wraps
PAG E 9
Export range
Steelpipe New Zealand has enjoyed overseas success since extending its market
boundaries 30 years ago. At present, marketing initiatives focus on Australia, the South
Pacific and key South Asian markets.
Steelpipe New Zealand is consistently looking to develop its share of both the domestic
and export markets.
The specific niche that Steelpipe New Zealand competes in the export market is the short
run, quick turnaround piling and water pipe market. With competitive lead times, start up
quantities and full project volumes are often supplied for end users and major constructors
throughout Australasia.
All exported product is specially packaged to ensure that it reaches our customers in the
best possible condition.
Steelpipe New Zealand offers pipe in size ranges as highlighted in the following table.
Product type Format Min OD Max OD Min WT Max WT

Structural / Piling Plain Steel 121.9 2030 4.8 16.0
Water / Sewage Coated Lined 121.9 2030 4.8 16.0
Steelpipe New Zealand is consistently looking to develop its share of both the domestic
and export markets and is keen to work with clients to help resolve their piping needs.
PAG E 1 0
Management systems
The company has achieved certification to the International Standards Organisation (AS/
NZS ISO 9001-2008), the international standard for monitoring quality. In addition, the
company is able to comply with the majority of international specifications, including
Australian, British and US standards. Specifications nominated by clients outside of these
standards can also be accommodated.
Quality
Steelpipe New Zealand is accredited as a supplier to the Quality Management System AS/
NZS ISO9001. These policies and procedures and our adherence to them are regularly
audited through independent bodies such as Telarc New Zealand (for our ISO 9001: 2008
Certification) and Bureau Veritas (for our Product Certification). Formal certification of
SPNZ Quality Management System ensures our commitment to providing the highest
quality product to our customers.
Steelpipe New Zealand offer quality plans which include a comprehensive inspection
and test plans for the production of pipe shell through to coating and lining options. The
company can easily cater for unique customer contract requirements, and modification to
plant can be made to accommodate production timeframes.
PAG E 1 1
Management systems continued
Health and safety

SPNZ is a static manufacturing site and has Certification to the Australia / New Zealand
Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (AS/NZS 4801:2001).
This has been achieved by integrating the requirements of AS/NZS 4801 into the ISO
9001 Quality System. Steelpipe reports monthly on a range of health and safety metrics,
incidents, audits and inspections.
Environmental
SPNZ as a heavy industrial manufacturing site has a number of environmental controls and
systems required by law. SPNZ is committed to ongoing continual improvement of our
environmental performance.
PAG E 1 2
Sustainability
Supplier statement of position
Steelpipe New Zealand is committed to sustainability and
being a good corporate citizen by conducting business in
an ethical, legal, environmentally and socially responsible
manner.
The major raw material used in spiral welded pipe is steel
which we source from New Zealand Steel Ltd
Unique steel made in New Zealand, for New Zealand

New Zealand Steel is the only steel manufacturer in the world to make steel from ironsand.
High quality steel is manufactured from the vast inland ironsand deposits on New Zealand’s
west coast of the North Island. All materials used in New Zealand Steel’s manufacturing
process are sourced locally in New Zealand and the end to end steel making process is all
conducted at the plant in Glenbrook, South of Auckland. It is 100% New Zealand made.
New Zealand Steel recycles hot gases and steam in its Cogeneration plant to create up to
70% of its own electricity needs.
Up to 80% of waste from the steel making process is recycled back into the process or in
to co-products. It is New Zealand Steel’s goal to achieve Zero Waste.
Land Restoration 25% of mined sand is extracted as Titanomagnetite (ironsand). The
remainder is returned to the mined areas, which are then planted with marram grass and
pine trees. Once restored there is little or no trace of mining.
New Zealand Steel also has rigorous sustainability processes and practices in place. It has
ISO14001 environmental accreditation, has been judged best practice in energy efficiency
by The Hatch Report, an International body and been awarded an Ministry of Environment
Award for waste reduction.
Steelpipe as a sustainable material

• Steel is 100% recyclable and is the most recycled material in the world.
• It does not suffer product degradation through endless recycling.
• Steel is relatively easy to recover from waste streams.
• The metal recycling industry in New Zealand is well established.
• More than 90% of commercial steel construction waste is recycled.
• 40% of global steel output is made from recycled scrap.
• Steel contributes low levels of construction waste (6%) (Source: MfE).
• Steel is strong, long lasting and versatile, non-combustible and non-toxic.
• Steel lends itself to design for re-use.
PAG E 1 3
Coating systems
Modern external coating systems are the primary line of defence against corrosion of
steel pipe systems and are very effective when properly applied. Steelpipe New Zealand
offers several internationally specified coating systems. The requirements of each vary
with the type of construction, system operating conditions, and the aggressiveness of the
environment in which it will serve.
The effectiveness of each coating system hinges on a range of parameters including:
• Permanence and the degree to which it can resist physical hazards such as
transportation, installation, soil stress and pressure;
• Resistance to water penetration or absorption;
• Effective electrical insulation properties;
• Chemical inertness to soil, air, water and bacterial action.
General criteria - such as ease of application, high adhesion and compatibility of use with
cathodic protection - will also determine coating efficiency.
Coating selection
It is difficult to identify the corrosion potential of a steel pipe exterior due to the variety
of environments encountered. Resistivity of the soil is the greatest determinant of
corrosiveness. Of secondary importance are soil chemical and physical analyses, pH,
moisture content, and existence of stray electrical currents; each play an important role in
the selection process.
Once the level of soil corrosiveness is determined, subsequent conditions that affect the
long-term performance of protective coatings should be considered. Among these are:
• Distorting stresses exerted on the coating during compaction and settling of the backfill;
• Mechanical stresses created by certain soils having very high expansion and shrinkage
during wet and dry cycles;
• Penetration by growing roots;
• Action of bacteria and fungus in soil surrounding the pipeline;
• Attack by soil chemicals or industrial wastes, chemicals and solvents that may be
present along the pipeline route.
Coating performance depends on putting the pipeline into service with the least amount of
coating damage. The system selected must not only meet the corrosion-control needs, but
should also allow economical transportation, handling, storage, and pipeline construction
with minimal coating damage. To ensure precise control of application and quality, the
coatings are applied in a controlled factory environment. Steelpipe New Zealand can
provide a guide for appropriate protection during transportation, handling, and storage of
pipe for a specific coating system.
The flowchart on the following page (page 15) provides a generic ‘rule of thumb’ for most
steel pipe applications. It is important to note that outside these basic criteria, Steelpipe
New Zealand should be consulted for advice on the best solution.
PAG E 1 4
Coating systems continued
Which coating system?
Pipe work above

or below ground?
Below ground Above ground
Epoxy/Vinyl System
Yes Inside a building?
or Hot Dip Galv
Diameter
Yes Polyken Synergy™
121 - 1254mm?
No
No
Hot Metal Spray
Yes Marine exposure?
and/or Epoxy System
Diameter
> 1255mm
Epoxy System
Polyken YGIII
PAG E 1 5
Steelpipe New Zealand is able to apply a range of coating systems at its manufacturing
facility in Onehunga, Auckland.
Polyken Synergy™
Polyken, as the industry leader in coating technology, has developed and commercialised
Synergy™, a revolutionary new plant coating system. Synergy™ is a heat fused system
consisting of primer, anti-corrosion layer and mechanical protection outerwrap, that
combine to form a coating system that excels in toughness, corrosion protection and
versatility.
Each component of Synergy™ has its specific attributes. Stress corrosion cracking
inhibitors, heat-enhanced shear resistance, cathodic disbondment resistance and high
adhesion properties characterise the primer. The innerwrap layer serves as an impermeable
barrier to water and corrosive elements, and possesses an aggressive adhesive engineered
for high shear resistance and a polymeric alloy backing which fuses completely with the
outerwrap. The Polyken mechanical outerwrap layer is non- adhesive and comprises a
polymeric alloy blended film, which is designed to fuse to itself to the innerwrap during
application. This total fusion process creates a coating with excellent shear resistance,
mechanical protection, superior impact resistance and outstanding cathodic disbonding
resistance.
Polyken products have been used by Steelpipe New Zealand since the early 1980’s and has
proven performance throughout the world as illustrated in the Product Reference Lists as
attached (one for Polyken Synergy the other for Polyken products).
The Polyken Synergy product is applied to the American Water Works Association
standard AWWA C225-2007: AWWA Standard for Fused Polyolefin Coating Systems for
the Exterior of Steel Water Pipelines.
Polyken YGIII
The Polyken YGIII coating system is a highly effective, cold applied anti-corrosion system
for in-ground pipelines. Once again, a Polyken primer is employed. An anti- corrosion
innerwrap and either one or two layers of outerwrap makeup the secondary components
of YGIII.
Polyken innerwrap incorporates a butyl alloy adhesive designed for plant coating
operations, and delivers a superior bond and conformity when applied to primed steel
pipe. It is this layer that provides key corrosion protection to pipelines, both chemically and
electrolytically.
Designed to aggressively adhere to the innerwrap, the outerwrap is a tough protective
steel pipe outerwrap that is Holiday (pin hole) free. Its high density polyethylene backing
is renowned for its ability to protect the innerwrap from damage during transportation,
handling and installation.
Steelpipe New Zealand offers YGIII coating for pipe sizes above 1254mm OD, in accordance
with the specification for cold applied tape wraps provided by the American Water Works
Association: AWWA C214.
PAG E 1 6
Specialist coating systems

Steelpipe New Zealand is able to assist with the specification of specialist protective
systems and has developed strong relationships with other companies for the application
of the chosen system. The following table of applications cover some of the more common
areas where specialist coating systems are required with some of the alternative options
available on the market.
Pipe application Coating system available

Inorganic zinc, epoxy and modified urethane
Epoxy primer plus high build high solids epoxy or
Treatment Plants
modified urethane topcoat
Hot dip galvanising
Epoxy systems
Bridge Crossings
Hot metal spray, sealed
Sea or Fresh Water Outfalls Hot metal spray, sealed
Temperature resistant Polyken system
High heat silica
High Temperature Zones
Inorganic zinc
Hot metal spray
Epoxy systems
Wharf or Marina Piling Hot metal sprays - zinc/aluminum,
sealed with vinyl or epoxy
Epoxy systems
Hot metal spray, sealed with vinyl or epoxy
Structural Applications
Inorganic zinc
(internal or external)
Vinyls
Enamels
Synergy™ coating
Directional Drilling and
High build epoxy
Thrusting of Pipe
Polyurethane
Polyken Synergy™ coating, weight coating with
Negative Buoyancy
reinforcement and allowance for cathodic protection
All coated pipe is examined for Holidays (pin holes) through the employment of high
voltage in line detection equipment, in accordance with the NACE standard. Any Holidays
detected are repaired in the factory environment.
It is imperative that Steelpipe technical staff are involved at the outset to determine the
nature of the environment that the pipe will end up in. As well as providing advice, qualified
staff are also able to provide points of reference for each of the different systems.
PAG E 1 7
Lining systems
Pipe linings, as a form of corrosion control, play an important role in determining a
pipeline’s life span. As with coatings, the requirements of a specific lining will vary with the
type of fluid being conveyed and the environment. But there are other factors to consider
when choosing a lining. For example, toxicological requirements for potable water, abrasion
resistance and chemical attack.
Lining selection
The ultimate function of an internal lining system is the prevention of internal corrosion,
while secondary functions include the production and maintenance of a smooth surface to
ensure maximum flow capacity. The flowchart (below) provides a straightforward approach
to determining what the most effective lining for your pipeline might be. Steelpipe New
Zealand should be consulted for advice on the best solution.
Which lining system?
Water, wastewater
or other fluids
Water
Wastewater Other
Diameter
> 121mm OD
Will pipe
be full?
Yes
Yes
No
Epoxy linings or
Concrete lining
alternative material
No ph < 4? Yes
Sulphate resistant linings are available, please consult with Steelpipe New Zealand for more
information.
PAG E 1 8
Lining systems continued
Concrete lining
Concrete linings for steel water and/or wastewater mains are noted for their durability,
providing many years of excellent service (in many cases, in excess of 50 years). These
surfaces are safeguarded by the alkaline cement environment, developed by the formation
of calcium hydroxide during hydration of the cement, to neutralise the steel corrosion
process. The neutralisation occurs quickly in newly-lined surfaces and is not affected by
moisture and oxygen absorbed through the mortar lining.
Additional benefits of this form of lining include low-hydraulic frictional resistance and
environmental soundness. Between the manufacture and installation of the lined pipe, the
linings might exhibit shrinkage cracking. Autogeneous healing will take place once the
pipeline is in service. Please ensure that pipeline is commissioned appropriately before use.
Concrete is composed of Portland cement, sand and water, with the addition of aggregate.
Steelpipe New Zealand is able to supply concrete-lined pipelines in lengths from 6.0
metres to 12.0 metres, and in sizes up to 1900 NB diameter.
Concrete linings can be achieved in accordance with several international standards
including the New Zealand Standard (NZS 4442), and the Australian Standard (AS 1281).
Alternative linings
The range of alternative linings is comprehensive, varying from epoxy systems to urethanes
that are applied on an abrasively cleaned surface. When making a selection, there are
a number of considerations, especially weight factors, highly aggressive water or an
unpleasant taste.
The most common alternative lining, the epoxy system, demonstrates excellent corrosion
resistance properties and offers the required smoothness to maintain flow capacity. The
lining system is able to protect steel water and waste water lines by isolating pipe surfaces
from the environment. Please note that products utilised by this system must have received
potable water certification.
PAG E 1 9
Joint details
One of the many advantages of Steelpipe New
Zealand’s spiral-forming process, consistent
circularity combined with tight diameter
tolerances creates significant advantages
when jointing in the field. This is not to say that
when designing pipelines or foundation work,
pipe joint specification and careful installation
should be looked at lightly. As this is a critical
point in a reticulation or structural application,
it is worthwhile investigating the weakness and
strength of various jointing methods.
Although there are many kinds of joints available,
the principal types used in conjunction with spiral-
formed steel pipe
include spigot and socket welded joints, butt
welded joints, rubber ring joints, grooved couplings
or flanged joints, and sleeve or flexible couplings. Steelpipe New Zealand’s technical staff
are available to offer advice regarding the most appropriate joint system for specific
applications.
Welded joints
Welding joints in the field is made easy using Steelpipe New Zealand’s steel pipe as it
provides a strong, permanent and tight joint (refer Figure Joint.1). Secondary benefits
include structural integrity which will withstand longitudinal loading that may be caused
by settlement, washouts and other disjointing factors. This is dependent however, upon
the limits of pipe wall strength. Welded joints provide electrical continuity, allowing for the
application of a cathodic protection system for increased longevity. They also reduce the
amount of costly thrust blocks required.
When specifying for high pressure lines, such as those required in the petrochemical,
hydropower or geothermal industries and in structural applications, the industry standard
is to utilise the plain butt joint. Pipe ends can be machine bevelled to 30° or 45°. Pipes are
welded from the outside for small diameters and can be welded internally if required on
larger diameters.
The use of welding bands is suitable for permanent installations, closing lengths and for
on-site repairs or cut-ins. The bands are simple to line up and offer excellent hydraulic
properties for water pipes. Steelpipe New Zealand supplies welding bands loose or, to save
on field welding time, they can be fitted to pipe ends.
PAG E 2 0
Joint details continued
Steelpipe New Zealand recommends Hemispherical Slip-in Joints (HSJ) - manufactured

from 177.3mm to 1965.0mm diameter - for permanent pipelines where the welding of
joints is feasible. The HSJ is popular because of its ability to achieve up to a three degree
deflection at each joint, ease in jointing and laying, and its watertight quality. This form
of joint is welded externally up to 600 NB. Over this size, the joint can also be welded
internally (subject to OSH regulations), but a field test of each joint is recommended. This
test guarantees the integrity of each joint eliminating the need for costly pressure testing
of pipelines, until final line is completed.
Wherever welded joints are specified, the pipe should be left uncoated some distance
back from the ends to avoid damage to protective coatings by the heat produced during
welding. It is therefore vital that joints are field-coated after welding. And as a safety
precaution forced ventilation should be provided when working on internal welds to ensure
adequate air exchange for welders.
Flexible couplings
Flexible coupling offers tightness and strength, while relieving expansion and contraction
forces in a pipeline. These are available either in a Gibault type joint (refer Figure Joint.2) in
cast iron for smaller diameters or fabricated steel for the larger diameter pipes.
Common coatings include hot dip galvanising and epoxy systems. For larger and more
specialised applications, such as elongated, stepped or restrained gibaults, the company
can assist with problem-solving and the recommendation of an appropriate product.
When put to work on the pipeline, all flexible couplings must have the specified protection
system reinstated, it is common practice to wrap the entire coupling in buried applications.
PAG E 2 1
Joint details continued
Flanged joints
The flanged joint typically comprises a steel ring with machined face and drilled
holes welded to the end of the pipe or fitting, in accordance with a range of standard
specifications. The flanged joint requires no site welding or special equipment for
installment.
In reticulation applications, flanges are commonly required for attaching pipes to pumps,
valves or other pipe materials. When specifying flanges, it is important to nominate exact
specifications, sizes and dimensions to eliminate the possibility of mismatching. Remember
that dressing sets are required and these include either a rubber or neoprene gasket, with
bolts.
Steelpipe New Zealand can offer advice on flange specifications to assist accuracy.
Common flange specifications include AS 4807, AS 2129 and BS 4504.
Summary
The requirements for installation and operation of a pipe system may dictate the use of
more than one type of field joint. The type of internal lining and pipe diameter may also be
determining factors in joint selection.
Welded joints offer integrity and create a structurally-sound pipeline. Flanges, on the other
hand, are typically used to marry steel pipe to valves, pumps, meters and other flanged
accessories. Thermal stresses can be accommodated through the employment of flexible
coupling, grooved or shouldered coupling, or expansion joints. Remember that external
corrosion protection systems must be reinstated at each joint. Cathodic protection of any
joint system can also be accommodated.
PAG E 2 2
Structural & pile casing
Benefits of quality
Steelpipe New Zealand’s spiral-welded steel pipe is ideal for use in structural applications,
such as foundation work (pile casing or piling) and in wharf, bridge and building
construction projects, because it offers major advantages over alternative materials. The
spiral forming process produces accurately manufactured pipe that makes the product
easy to use and, combined with high quality welding and testing, ensures enduring
dependability.
Accuracy of manufacture means an exceptionally straight and circular product. This
represents significant advantages for jointing, and maintaining alignment when driving in
the field.
Reliability of the spiral-weld process ensures a totally secure weld throughout the rigorous
pile driving process. All pile products are manufactured using the same double- automatic
submerged arc welding process employed on high-spec API pipeline. Weld integrity can be
confirmed by hydrostatic testing and the use of real-time X-ray of welds.
Economy is achieved as spiral-welded steel pipe is able to support exceptionally high
loads, thus reducing the quantity of piles and the amount of ancillary foundation work
required with other products.
Flexibility in end-preparation means that the closure plates, cone points, driving shoes
and crosses are all compatible with spiral-welded steel pipe. As an alternative, pipes can be
driven open-ended where minimum soil displacement is desired.
Efficient splicing on-site due to the consistent circularity of pipe ends and tight tolerances
of diameters. Moreover, piles can be easily spliced to extend the pile length, which is a
requirement for deep driving. Numerous combinations for jointing systems (including
machine-bevelled ends, to API specifications or customer requirements) are available to
guarantee fast, accurate jointing in the field. Internal welding bands, supplied loose or
tack-welded into one end of the pipe, can also be employed to align piles for jointing and
provide backing for welding.
Variable lengths can be manufactured to suit ground conditions and changing driving
depths to minimise on site welding.
Technical data
The information on the following pages is intended as a guide and provides technical data
for all standard pipe sizes. Preferred diameters and wall thicknesses are detailed in the
following table. Please contact Steelpipe New Zealand for alternative sizes.
Corrosion protection is an important consideration for all the above pile steel applications,
particularly in marine environments. Refer Coating Systems section for further information.
PAG E 2 3
Structural & pile casing continued
Structural & pile casing: dimensions, masses and technical data

Outside Wall Inside Moment of Section Radius of
Mass Area steel
diameter thickness diameter inertia modulus gyration
(kg/m) (mm2)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (I = 106mm4) (Z = 104mm4) (k = mm)
168.3 5 158.3 20.13 2565.11 8.558 10.170 57.762
168.3 6.2 155.9 24.78 3157.36 10.386 12.342 57.353
219.1 5 209.1 26.40 3363.07 19.280 17.600 75.716
219.1 6.2 206.7 32.55 4146.84 23.515 21.465 75.303
273.1 5 263.1 33.06 4211.30 37.850 27.719 94.804
273.1 6.2 260.7 40.81 5198.64 46.316 33.919 94.389
323.9 4.8 314.3 37.77 4811.91 61.260 37.827 112.832
323.9 6.4 311.1 50.11 6383.72 80.472 49.690 112.276
355.6 4.8 346.0 41.53 5289.94 81.388 45.775 124.038
355.6 6.4 342.8 55.12 7021.08 107.055 60.211 123.482
406.4 4.8 396.8 47.54 6055.99 122.108 60.093 141.997
406.4 6.4 393.6 63.13 8042.48 160.891 79.179 141.439
406.4 9.5 387.4 92.99 11845.53 233.386 114.856 140.366
457.2 4.8 447.6 53.55 6822.03 174.549 76.356 159.957
457.2 6.4 444.4 71.15 9063.87 230.292 100.740 159.398
457.2 9.5 438.2 104.89 13361.66 334.919 146.509 158.321
508.0 4.8 498.4 59.57 7588.08 240.194 94.565 177.916
508.0 6.4 495.2 79.17 10085.27 317.236 124.896 177.357
508.0 8.0 492.0 98.65 12566.37 392.800 154.646 176.799
508.0 9.5 489.0 116.79 14877.80 462.314 182.013 176.278
508.0 12.7 482.6 155.13 19761.59 606.393 238.737 175.173
508.0 16.0 476.0 194.14 24730.62 749.090 294.917 174.040
558.8 4.8 549.2 65.58 8354.12 320.526 114.719 195.876
558.8 6.4 546.0 87.19 11106.66 423.701 151.647 195.316
558.8 8.0 542.8 108.67 13843.11 525.077 187.930 194.758
558.8 9.5 539.8 128.69 16393.93 618.504 221.368 194.236
609.6 4.8 600.0 71.59 9120.17 417.027 136.820 213.836
609.6 6.4 596.8 95.21 12128.06 551.662 180.991 213.275
609.6 8.0 593.6 118.69 15119.86 684.148 224.458 212.717
609.6 9.5 590.6 140.59 17910.06 806.424 264.575 212.194
609.6 12.7 584.2 186.95 23815.25 1061.121 348.137 211.084
609.6 16.0 577.6 234.23 29837.59 1315.155 431.481 209.946
711.2 4.8 701.6 83.62 10652.26 664.467 186.858 249.756
711.2 6.4 698.4 111.24 14170.84 879.981 247.464 249.195
711.2 8.0 695.2 138.74 17673.34 1092.553 307.242 248.635
711.2 9.5 692.2 164.40 20942.33 1289.192 362.540 248.111
711.2 12.7 685.8 218.77 27868.91 1700.225 478.128 246.998
711.2 16.0 679.2 274.31 34944.56 2112.220 593.988 245.855
PAG E 2 4

Mass Area steel
(kg/m) (mm2)
762 6.4 749.2 119.25 15192.24 1084.294 284.591 267.155
762 8 746 148.75 18950.09 1346.830 353.499 266.594
762 9.5 743 176.29 22458.46 1589.909 417.299 266.070
762 12.7 736.6 234.67 29895.74 2098.725 550.846 264.956
762 16 730 294.34 37498.05 2609.733 684.969 263.811
812.8 6.4 800.0 127.28 16213.63 1318.010 324.314 285.114
812.8 8.0 796.8 158.78 20226.83 1637.784 402.998 284.554
812.8 9.5 793.8 188.20 23974.59 1934.094 475.909 284.029
812.8 12.7 787.4 250.59 31922.57 2555.088 628.713 282.914
812.8 16.0 780.8 314.40 40051.54 3179.823 782.437 281.768
914.4 6.4 901.6 143.31 18256.42 1881.564 411.541 321.034
914.4 8.0 898.4 178.83 22780.32 2339.610 511.726 320.473
914.4 9.5 895.4 212.00 27006.86 2764.605 604.682 319.948
914.4 12.7 889.0 282.41 35976.23 3657.093 799.889 318.831
914.4 16.0 882.4 354.49 45158.51 4557.502 996.829 317.683
1016.0 6.4 1003.2 159.35 20299.21 2586.457 509.145 356.955
1016.0 8.0 1000.0 198.87 25333.80 3217.798 633.425 356.393
1016.0 9.5 997.0 235.81 30039.12 3804.202 748.859 355.867
1016.0 12.7 990.6 314.23 40029.89 5037.623 991.658 354.749
1016.0 16.0 984.0 394.58 50265.48 6284.794 1237.164 353.599
1066.8 6.4 1054.0 167.37 21320.61 2996.849 561.839 374.915
1066.8 8.0 1050.8 208.89 26610.55 3729.207 699.139 374.353
1066.8 9.5 1047.8 247.71 31555.26 4409.743 826.723 373.827
1066.8 12.7 1041.4 330.15 42056.72 5842.142 1095.265 372.708
1066.8 16.0 1034.8 414.63 52818.97 7291.901 1367.060 371.557
1117.6 6.4 1104.8 175.38 22342.00 3448.506 617.127 392.875
1117.6 8.0 1101.6 218.92 27887.29 4292.119 768.096 392.313
1117.6 9.5 1098.6 259.61 33071.39 5076.358 908.439 391.787
1117.6 12.7 1092.2 346.06 44083.55 6728.061 1204.019 390.667
1117.6 16.0 1085.6 434.67 55372.46 8401.237 1503.443 389.515
1219.2 6.4 1206.4 191.42 24384.79 4483.524 735.486 428.796
1219.2 8.0 1203.2 238.96 30440.78 5582.342 915.738 428.233
1219.2 9.5 1200.2 283.41 36103.65 6604.551 1083.424 427.707
1219.2 12.7 1193.8 377.88 48137.21 8759.790 1436.973 426.586
1219.2 16.0 1187.2 474.76 60479.43 10946.370 1795.664 425.433
1371.6 6.4 1358.8 215.47 27448.97 6394.966 932.483 482.676
1371.6 9.5 1352.6 319.12 40652.05 9428.261 1374.783 481.587
1371.6 12.7 1346.2 425.61 54217.70 12515.956 1825.015 480.465
1371.6 16.0 1339.6 534.90 68139.89 15654.350 2282.641 479.310
PAG E 2 5

Mass Area steel
(kg/m) (mm2)
1422.0 6.4 1409.2 223.43 28462.33 7129.686 1002.769 500.495
1422.0 9.5 1403.0 330.93 42156.25 10514.013 1478.764 499.405
1422.0 12.7 1396.6 441.39 56228.57 13960.765 1963.539 498.283
1422.0 16.0 1390.0 554.79 70673.27 17465.944 2456.532 497.128
1524.0 6.4 1511.2 239.53 30513.16 8784.550 1152.828 536.557
1524.0 9.5 1505.0 354.82 45200.45 12960.102 1700.801 535.467
1524.0 12.7 1498.6 473.34 60298.19 17216.558 2259.391 534.344
1524.0 16.0 1492.0 595.03 75800.35 21549.281 2827.990 533.189
1676.4 9.5 1657.4 390.53 49748.85 17279.304 2061.477 589.348
1676.4 12.7 1651.0 521.07 66378.68 22967.513 2740.099 588.224
1676.4 16.0 1644.4 655.17 83460.81 28764.602 3431.711 587.067
1828.8 9.5 1809.8 426.23 54297.25 22465.097 2456.813 643.228
1828.8 12.7 1803.4 568.80 72459.17 29874.739 3267.141 642.104
1828.8 16.0 1796.8 715.30 91121.27 37433.754 4093.805 640.947
1965.0 9.5 1946.0 458.14 58362.15 27897.623 2839.453 691.382
1965.0 12.7 1939.6 611.46 77893.31 37112.623 3777.366 690.257
1965.0 16.0 1933.0 769.04 97967.43 46520.530 4734.914 689.099
2030.0 12.7 2004.6 631.82 80486.69 40944.190 4033.910 713.237
2030.0 16.0 1998.0 794.69 101234.68 51331.703 5057.311 712.079
PAG E 2 6
Hi-spec spiral welded linepipe to API 5L
Benefits of quality
Steelpipe New Zealand’s spiral-welded steel pipe is widely used throughout the world in a
variety of applications, including oil and gas pipelines (both high and low pressure). And
it is more than comparable with other linepipe due to its strength, straightness, versatility,
and safety in service.
Steelpipe New Zealand offers non-monogrammed high spec spiral welded pipe
independantly certified in accordance with API 5L.
Great strength in proportion to wall thickness of any competitive product. The spiral
forming process produces an extremely reliable weld which is significantly less affected by
circumferential (hoop) stress than longitudinal or seam and girth pipelines. The likelihood
of weld failure is substantially reduced.
An inherently straighter pipe due to the method of manufacture. The spiral forming
process does not require heat treatment, so risks of bending, distortion and weld failure
from insufficient heat treatment are eliminated. The end product is improved pipeline
alignment and reliability.
Flexibility of product permits the pipe to be used in difficult terrain.The pipe is secure
against the normal settling and movement of unstable soils and is able to withstand
abnormal internal and external shocks without distorting to the extent of conventional
products.
Accuracy of manufacture means high levels of circularity (or roundness) combined
with tight diameter tolerances. The circularity of spiral-welded steel pipe, together with
circumferential tolerances that are 50 percent tighter than the API 5L specifications,
represents significant advantages when jointing in the field.
Versatility of the spiral forming process enables a wide range of diameters and steel
gauges to be manufactured from one common feed stock, which encourages price
competitiveness for small run pipelines of varying diameter and gauge.
Reliability and operating safety. The spiral-welded steel pipe provides a high level of
operating safety. The spiral forming process induces “material working” which increases
the tensile strength of the steel by approximately eight percent (which is not commonly
accounted for in the design). In deliberate destructive testing, the failure is typically
contained within a single helix length. Its resistance to crack propagation results from the
rolling direction and grain flow of the material. Pipes can be custom made to meet clients
needs.
PAG E 2 7
Hi-spec spiral welded linepipe to API 5L continued
High-spec spiral welded: dimensions, masses and test pressures

Wall Inside Mass per Grade B Grade Grade Grade
Outside diameter
thickness diameter meter Std. Alt. x42 x46 x52
(mm) (ins) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
508 20 6.4 495.2 79.17 3.6 4.6 6.6 7.2 8.1
508 20 7.9 492.2 97.43 4.5 5.6 8.1 8.9 10.0
508 20 9.5 489 116.78 5.4 6.8 9.7 10.7 12.1
508 20 11.1 485.8 136.01 6.3 7.9 11.4 12.5 14.1
508 20 12.0 484 146.78 6.8 8.5 12.3 13.5 15.2
508 20 12.7 482.6 155.12 7.2 9.0 13.0 14.3 16.1
508 20 14.3 479.4 174.10 8.1 10.2 14.6 16.1 18.1
508 20 15.9 476.2 192.95 9.1 11.3 16.3 17.9 20.2
609.6 24 6.4 596.8 95.20 3.0 3.8 5.5 6.0 6.8
609.6 24 7.9 593.8 117.22 3.7 4.7 6.7 7.4 8.4
609.6 24 9.5 590.6 140.59 4.5 5.6 8.1 8.9 10.0
609.6 24 11.1 587.4 163.83 5.3 6.6 9.5 10.4 11.7
609.6 24 12.0 585.6 176.84 5.7 7.1 10.2 11.2 12.7
609.6 24 12.7 584.2 186.94 6.0 7.5 10.8 11.9 13.4
609.6 24 14.3 581 209.93 6.8 8.5 12.2 13.4 15.1
609.6 24 15.9 577.8 232.79 7.5 9.4 13.6 14.9 16.8
660 26 6.4 647.2 103.15 2.8 3.5 5.0 5.5 6.2
660 26 7.9 644.2 127.04 3.5 4.3 6.2 6.8 7.7
660 26 9.5 641 152.39 4.2 5.2 7.5 8.2 9.3
660 26 11.1 637.8 177.62 4.9 6.1 8.7 9.6 10.8
660 26 12.0 636 191.76 5.3 6.6 9.5 10.4 11.7
660 26 12.7 634.6 202.72 5.6 7.0 10.0 11.0 12.4
660 26 14.3 631.4 227.70 6.3 7.8 11.3 12.4 14.0
660 26 15.9 628.2 252.55 7.0 8.7 12.5 13.7 15.5
711.2 28 6.4 698.4 111.23 2.6 3.3 4.7 5.1 5.8
711.2 28 7.9 695.4 137.01 3.2 4.0 5.8 6.3 7.2
711.2 28 9.5 692.2 164.39 3.9 4.8 6.9 7.6 8.6
711.2 28 11.1 689 191.64 4.5 5.6 8.1 8.9 10.1
711.2 28 12.0 687.2 206.91 4.9 6.1 8.8 9.6 10.9
711.2 28 12.7 685.8 218.76 5.2 6.5 9.3 10.2 11.5
711.2 28 14.3 682.6 245.75 5.8 7.3 10.5 11.5 13.0
711.2 28 15.9 679.4 272.62 6.5 8.1 11.6 12.8 14.4
762 30 6.4 749.2 119.25 2.4 3.0 4.4 4.8 5.4
762 30 7.9 746.2 146.91 3.0 3.7 5.4 5.9 6.7
762 30 9.5 743 176.29 3.6 4.5 6.5 7.1 8.0
762 30 11.1 739.8 205.54 4.2 5.3 7.6 8.3 9.4
762 30 12.0 738 221.94 4.6 5.7 8.2 9.0 10.1
762 30 12.7 736.6 234.67 4.8 6.0 8.7 9.5 10.7
762 30 14.3 733.4 263.67 5.4 6.8 9.8 10.7 12.1
762 30 15.9 730.2 292.54 6.0 7.5 10.9 11.9 13.4
PAG E 2 8

Outside diameter
812.8 32 7.9 797 156.81 2.8 3.5 5.1 5.5 6.3
812.8 32 9.5 793.8 188.19 3.4 4.2 6.1 6.7 7.5
812.8 32 11.1 790.6 219.45 3.9 4.9 7.1 7.8 8.8
812.8 32 12.0 788.8 236.97 4.3 5.3 7.7 8.4 9.5
812.8 32 12.7 787.4 250.58 4.5 5.6 8.1 8.9 10.1
812.8 32 14.3 784.2 281.58 5.1 6.4 9.2 10.0 11.3
812.8 32 15.9 781 312.46 5.7 7.1 10.2 11.2 12.6
863.6 34 7.9 847.8 166.70 2.6 3.3 4.8 5.2 5.9
863.6 34 9.5 844.6 200.09 3.2 4.0 5.7 6.3 7.1
863.6 34 11.1 841.4 233.35 3.7 4.6 6.7 7.3 8.3
863.6 34 12.0 839.6 252.01 4.0 5.0 7.2 7.9 9.0
863.6 34 12.7 838.2 266.49 4.3 5.3 7.7 8.4 9.5
863.6 34 14.3 835 299.50 4.8 6.0 8.6 9.4 10.7
863.6 34 15.9 831.8 332.38 5.3 6.7 9.6 10.5 11.9
914.4 36 7.9 898.6 176.60 2.5 3.1 4.5 4.9 5.6
914.4 36 9.5 895.4 211.99 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7
914.4 36 11.1 892.2 247.26 3.5 4.4 6.3 6.9 7.8
914.4 36 12.0 890.4 267.04 3.8 4.7 6.8 7.5 8.5
914.4 36 12.7 889 282.40 4.0 5.0 7.2 7.9 9.0
914.4 36 14.3 885.8 317.41 4.5 5.7 8.1 8.9 10.1
914.4 36 15.9 882.6 352.30 5.0 6.3 9.0 9.9 11.2
965.2 38 9.5 946.2 223.89 2.8 3.6 5.1 5.6 6.3
965.2 38 11.1 943 261.16 3.3 4.2 6.0 6.6 7.4
965.2 38 12.0 941.2 282.07 3.6 4.5 6.5 7.1 8.0
965.2 38 12.7 939.8 298.31 3.8 4.8 6.8 7.5 8.5
965.2 38 14.3 936.6 335.32 4.3 5.4 7.7 8.5 9.5
965.2 38 15.9 933.4 372.21 4.8 6.0 8.6 9.4 10.6
1016 40 9.5 997 235.79 2.7 3.4 4.9 5.3 6.0
1016 40 11.1 993.8 275.07 3.2 3.9 5.7 6.2 7.0
1016 40 12.0 992 297.10 3.4 4.3 6.1 6.7 7.6
1016 40 12.7 990.6 314.22 3.6 4.5 6.5 7.1 8.1
1016 40 14.3 987.4 353.24 4.1 5.1 7.3 8.0 9.1
1016 40 15.9 984.2 392.13 4.5 5.7 8.1 8.9 10.1
1066.8 42 9.5 1047.8 247.69 2.6 3.2 4.6 5.1 5.7
1066.8 42 11.1 1044.6 288.97 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7
1066.8 42 12.0 1042.8 312.14 3.3 4.1 5.9 6.4 7.2
1066.8 42 12.7 1041.4 330.13 3.4 4.3 6.2 6.8 7.7
1066.8 42 14.3 1038.2 371.15 3.9 4.8 7.0 7.6 8.6
1066.8 42 15.9 1035 412.05 4.3 5.4 7.8 8.5 9.6
PAG E 2 9

Outside diameter
1117.6 44 9.5 1098.6 259.59 2.5 3.1 4.4 4.9 5.5
1117.6 44 11.1 1095.4 302.88 2.9 3.6 5.2 5.7 6.4
1117.6 44 12.0 1093.6 327.17 3.1 3.9 5.6 6.1 6.9
1117.6 44 12.7 1092.2 346.03 3.3 4.1 5.9 6.5 7.3
1117.6 44 14.3 1089 389.07 3.7 4.6 6.7 7.3 8.2
1117.6 44 15.9 1085.8 431.97 4.1 5.1 7.4 8.1 9.2
1168 46 9.5 1149 271.40 2.4 2.9 4.2 4.6 5.2
1168 46 11.1 1145.8 316.67 2.7 3.4 4.9 5.4 6.1
1168 46 12.0 1144 342.08 3.0 3.7 5.3 5.9 6.6
1168 46 12.7 1142.6 361.82 3.1 3.9 5.7 6.2 7.0
1168 46 14.3 1139.4 406.84 3.5 4.4 6.4 7.0 7.9
1168 46 15.9 1136.2 451.73 3.9 4.9 7.1 7.8 8.8
1219.2 48 9.5 1200.2 283.40 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.4 5.0
1219.2 48 11.1 1197 330.69 2.6 3.3 4.7 5.2 5.9
1219.2 48 12.0 1195.2 357.23 2.8 3.6 5.1 5.6 6.3
1219.2 48 12.7 1193.8 377.85 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7
1219.2 48 14.3 1190.6 424.89 3.4 4.2 6.1 6.7 7.6
1219.2 48 15.9 1187.4 471.81 3.8 4.7 6.8 7.4 8.4
1371.6 54 9.5 1352.6 319.10 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.5
1371.6 54 11.1 1349.4 372.40 2.3 2.9 4.2 4.6 5.2
1371.6 54 12.0 1347.6 402.33 2.5 3.2 4.6 5.0 5.6
1371.6 54 12.7 1346.2 425.58 2.7 3.3 4.8 5.3 6.0
1371.6 54 14.3 1343 478.64 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7
1371.6 54 15.9 1339.8 531.56 3.4 4.2 6.0 6.6 7.5
1422 56 9.5 1403 330.91 1.9 2.4 3.5 3.8 4.3
1422 56 11.1 1399.8 386.20 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.5 5.0
1422 56 12.0 1398 417.25 2.4 3.1 4.4 4.8 5.4
1422 56 12.7 1396.6 441.37 2.6 3.2 4.6 5.1 5.8
1422 56 14.3 1393.4 496.41 2.9 3.6 5.2 5.7 6.5
1422 56 15.9 1390.2 551.32 3.2 4.0 5.8 6.4 7.2
1524 60 9.5 1505 354.80 1.8 2.3 3.2 3.6 4.0
1524 60 11.1 1501.8 414.12 2.1 2.6 3.8 4.2 4.7
1524 60 12.0 1500 447.43 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.5 5.1
1524 60 12.7 1498.6 473.31 2.4 3.0 4.3 4.8 5.4
1524 60 14.3 1495.4 532.38 2.7 3.4 4.9 5.4 6.0
1524 60 15.9 1492.2 591.32 3.0 3.8 5.4 6.0 6.7
PAG E 3 0

Outside diameter
1626 64 11.1 1603.8 442.04 2.0 2.5 3.6 3.9 4.4
1626 64 12.0 1602 477.61 2.1 2.7 3.8 4.2 4.8
1626 64 12.7 1600.6 505.26 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.5 5.0
1626 64 14.3 1597.4 568.35 2.5 3.2 4.6 5.0 5.7
1626 64 15.9 1594.2 631.31 2.8 3.5 5.1 5.6 6.3
1727 68 11.1 1704.8 469.69 1.9 2.3 3.3 3.7 4.1
1727 68 12.0 1703 507.50 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.5
1727 68 12.7 1701.6 536.89 2.1 2.7 3.8 4.2 4.7
1727 68 14.3 1698.4 603.96 2.4 3.0 4.3 4.7 5.3
1829 72 12.0 1805 537.69 1.9 2.4 3.4 3.7 4.2
1829 72 12.7 1803.6 568.83 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.5
1829 72 14.3 1800.4 639.93 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.5 5.0
1930 76 12.0 1906 567.57 1.8 2.2 3.2 3.5 4.0
1930 76 12.7 1904.6 600.46 1.9 2.4 3.4 3.8 4.2
1930 76 14.3 1901.4 675.55 2.1 2.7 3.9 4.2 4.8
PAG E 3 1
Water & wastewater reticulation
Benefits of quality
Steelpipe New Zealand’s product is used universally in a variety of applications including
water and sewage transmission and outfalls.
In recent years, spiral-welded steel pipe’s market share has continued to develop over
other products due to its inherent toughness, flexibility, versatility, safety in service and
competitive cost.
Greater strength in proportion to wall thickness of any competitive product. The pipe
operates safely at higher pressures and its strength provides distinct handling and laying
advantages in complex locations.
Durability and longlife. In New Zealand, steel pipelines dating back to the early 1900’s, and
without the benefit of modern corrosion protection systems, are still in service in major city
water supply systems. Recent major advances in steel fabricating techniques and coatings
development ensure the useful life of today’s steel pipe has been significantly lengthened.
Flexibility of product permits the pipe to be used in difficult terrain where other materials
either cannot be employed or installed only with great difficulty and added expenditure.
The pipe is secure against the normal settling and movement of unstable soils and is able
to withstand abnormal internal and external shocks (surge, water hammer, earthquakes
and extreme temperature changes) without cracking, shattering or leaking.
Ease of laying due to longer pipe lengths (up to 12 metres), which means less jointing,
greater reliability and cost-effectiveness.
Accuracy of manufacture means a straight and circular product. This represents significant
advantages when matching pipes in the field for welding, jointing and the connection of
fittings. The New Zealand Standard for water pipe (NZS 4442), created with the spiral
forming process in mind, and has 50 per cent tighter tolerance on straightness and
circularity than the equivalent American Petroleum Institute linepipe standard.
High carrying capacity means pipelines can cope with increasing demand. Correctly lined
and coated spiral-welded pipe, being resistant to corrosion or encrustation, can be relied
on to maintain its carrying capacity longer than alternative materials. In addition, a wide
safety margin is engineered into the spiral-welded steel pipe, enabling capacity to be
increased (by boosting the pressure) while still remaining within the designed safety limits.
Reliability of spiral-welded steel pipe enables the pipeline to do the job for which it
was designed. The spiral forming process produces an extremely reliable weld which is
significantly less affected by circumferential (hoop) stress than a longitudinally welded
seam. In deliberate destructive testing, the failure is typically through rupture of the steel
as opposed to the weld seam, and is usually contained within one helical seam.
An additional benefit of the spiral forming process is its ability to increase the tensile
strength of the steel by approximately eight percent. This additional safety margin is not
accounted for in design calculations, and dramatically reduces pipeline risks in terms of
unanticipated internal or external loads.
PAG E 3 2
Water & wastewater reticulation continued
Water & wastewater specifications

This information is intended as a guide to assist in the preparation of specifications for
spiral-welded steel pipe in water and sewage applications.
Welding
All spiral-welded steel pipes are manufactured using an automatic double submerged arc
welding process.
Steel pipe diameter

Steelpipe New Zealand currently manufactures a standard range of pipes from a minimum
of 121mm OD to 1,965mm OD by the spiral forming process. However, larger pipe diameters
can be supplied using alternative manufacturing techniques.
NB: Because the flexibility of the spiral forming process allows for the manufacture of non-
standard diameters, wall thicknesses and lengths, customers with specific requirements are
encouraged to contact Steelpipe New Zealand staff to discuss their specific needs.
Steel product
The steel utilised in the manufacture of Steelpipe New Zealand’s spiral-welded pipe
complies with the following standard or it’s equivalent:
• Australia/New Zaland Standard AS/NZ 1594 (grades within this are HA 250 and HA 350)
Pipe
Pipe shall be manufactured and tested in accordance with NZS 4442:1998 or AS 1579: 2001.
Fittings
Shall be fabricated in accordance with and to the dimensions detailed in NZS 4442:1998.
Fittings fabricated from previously hydrostatically tested pipe shall require testing of those
welds that have not been tested. This testing shall be dye penetrant or magnetic particle,
X-ray or ultra-sonic methods.
Lining
Pipes shall be concrete-lined in accordance with NZS 4442:1988 or AS 1281-2001.
Coating
(see coating section)
Jointing
Shall be achieved using:
• Welded joints - ends with hemispherical slip in joints for on site welding (test holes
required over 600 NB) ie: spigot & socket.
• Welding bands - fitted or loose with a steel gauge no less than that of the pipe.
PAG E 3 3
Water & wastewater fittings

The wide range of design options made possible by the spiral forming process provides
the means to solve almost any problem involving fittings and specials. The design and
fabrication of pipe layouts, especially intricate ones, is greatly enhanced by the use of
standardised dimensions along the pipe centre line.
The details and dimensions for several types of fittings and specials are detailed in Table
Water.1, and are in accordance with NZS 4442:1988. For economic reasons, and installation
advantages specials can often be welded directly into pipes thus reducing the amount of
field welding required.
Table Water.1 standard fitting dimensions
Nominal pipe Outside Bends Bends

Tee
size diameter 00 - 350 360 - 900
D (mm) A B F G H
100 121.9 229 152 229 330 152
150 177.3 305 152 367 381 203
200 232.2 305 152 305 432 254
225 259.1 381 203 305 432 254
250 286.0 381 254 305 457 279
300 345.4 381 254 305 483 305
375 426.2 305 305 381 533 356
400 457.2 305 305 381 610 406
450 508.0 381 305 381 660 457
500 558.8 381 305 457 686 508
550 587.2 381 305 533 711 559
600 667.0 381 305 533 762 610
700 746.8 381 305 533 813 660
750 762.0 457 381 610 864 711
800 812.8 457 381 610 914 762
850 857.2 457 381 610 965 813
900 914.4 457 381 610 1016 864
1000 1016.0 610 381 762 1118 965
i) Additional notes are given in NZS 4442:1988.

ii) or pipe sizes greater than 1000 NB, consult with Steelpipe New Zealand.
iii) For Tee measurement B=1/2 OD of barrel (D) plus
PAG E 3 4
Typical water & wastewater fittings
PAG E 3 5
Standard water pipe dimensions and masses

Nominal Outside Lining Inside Approximate Approximate
Wall thickness
bore diameter thickness diameter steel mass lined mass
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m)
100 121.9 4.8 7 98.3 13.9 19.4
150 177.3 4.8 7 153.7 20.4 28.9
200 232.2 5 10 202.2 28.0 44.0
225 259.1 6.2 10 226.7 38.7 56.5
250 286 5 10 256 34.6 54.7
300 345.4 4.8 10 315.8 40.3 64.9
300 345.4 6.4 10 312.6 53.5 77.8
375 426.2 4.8 13 390.6 49.9 89.4
375 426.2 6.4 13 387.4 66.3 105.5
400 457.2 4.8 13 421.6 53.5 96.2
400 457.2 6.4 13 418.4 71.1 113.4
450 508 4.8 13 472.4 59.6 107.1
450 508 6.4 13 469.2 79.2 126.4
500 558.8 4.8 13 523.2 65.6 118.1
500 558.8 6.4 13 520 87.2 139.4
500 558.8 8 13 516.8 108.7 160.6
550 587.2 4.8 13 551.6 68.9 124.3
550 587.2 6.4 13 548.4 91.7 146.7
550 587.2 8 13 545.2 114.3 169.0
600 650.2 4.8 13 614.6 76.4 137.9
600 650.2 6.4 13 611.4 101.6 162.8
600 650.2 8 13 608.2 126.7 187.6
650 667 4.8 13 631.4 78.4 141.6
650 667 6.4 13 628.2 104.3 167.1
700 746.8 4.8 16 705.2 87.8 174.8
700 746.8 6.4 16 702 116.9 203.5
700 746.8 8 16 698.8 145.8 232.0
750 812.8 4.8 16 771.2 95.6 190.6
750 812.8 6.4 16 768 127.3 221.9
750 812.8 8 16 764.8 158.8 253.0
800 857.2 6.4 16 812.4 134.3 234.2
800 857.2 8 16 809.2 167.5 267.1
800 857.2 9.5 16 806.2 198.6 297.8
850 914.4 6.4 16 869.6 143.3 250.1
850 914.4 8 16 866.4 178.8 285.3
850 914.4 9.5 16 863.4 212.0 318.1
850 914.4 6.4 16 869.6 143.3 250.1
850 914.4 8.0 16 866.4 178.8 285.3
850 914.4 9.5 16 863.4 212.0 318.1
PAG E 3 6
Standard water pipe dimensions and masses

Nominal Outside Lining Inside Approximate Approximate
Wall thickness
bore diameter thickness diameter steel mass lined mass
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (kg/m)
900 965.2 6.4 16 920.4 151.3 264.3
900 965.2 8 16 917.2 188.8 301.4
900 965.2 9.5 16 914.2 223.9 336.1
950 1016 8 16 968 198.9 317.6
950 1016 9.5 16 965 235.8 354.2
950 1016 12 16 960 297.1 414.9
1000 1066.8 8 16 1018.8 208.9 333.7
1000 1066.8 9.5 16 1015.8 247.7 372.2
1000 1066.8 12 16 1010.8 312.1 436.0
1050 1124 8 18 1072 220.2 368.1
1050 1124 9.5 18 1069 261.1 408.6
1050 1124 12 18 1064 329.1 475.9
1150 1254 8 18 1202 245.8 411.4
1150 1254 9.5 18 1199 291.5 456.7
1150 1254 12 18 1194 367.5 532.0
1300 1371.6 9.5 18 1316.6 319.1 500.2
1300 1371.6 12 18 1311.6 402.3 582.8
1500 1524 9.5 18 1469 354.8 556.6
1500 1524 12 18 1464 447.4 648.6
1550 1575 9.5 18 1520 366.7 575.5
1550 1575 12 18 1515 462.5 670.6
1600 1676.4 9.5 18 1621.4 390.5 613.0
1600 1676.4 12 18 1616.4 492.5 714.4
1800 1828.8 9.5 18 1773.8 426.2 669.4
1800 1828.8 10.5 18 1771.8 470.8 713.7
1900 1965 9.5 18 1910 458.1 719.8
1900 1965 12 18 1905 577.9 839.0
1950 2030 12 18 1970 597.2 867.0
1950 2030 16 18 1962 794.6 1063.4
PAG E 3 7
Design guidelines
Recommended maximum working pressures & hydrostatic test pressures for
mild steel pipe
Prior to being lined or coated, all spiral-welded pipes for water, high-spec and general
applications are hydrostatically tested in accordance with the specified standard. As an
example, the New Zealand Standard (NZS 4442) requires a test pressure sufficient to
induce a circumferential (hoop) stress of 75 percent of the minimum specified yield stress
of the steel from which the pipe is manufactured.
Steelpipe New Zealand suggests an extreme limit of 700 metres head or approximately
7.0MPa as the maximum test for smaller diameter pipes, even if the formula indicates a
higher pressure (theoretically).
When calculating the maximum recommended working pressure, bear in mind that a
conservative value of 50 percent of the specific minimum yield stress has been utilised. A
figure of 60 percent may be adopted, but only if the pipe is subject to internal pressure
and not any other load.
The above is a guideline only.
Hydrostatic testing
The following table details the maximum recommended test pressures for spiral-welded
pipe, using steel coil that complies with the New Zealand Standard (NZS 4442). The table’s
maximum recommended pressures are based on the following format:
a) Column A: Test pressure based on a circumferential stress of 75 percent of the
minimum yield stress of the steel.
b) Column B: Working pressure based on a circumferential stress of 50 percent of the
minimum stress of the steel.
Test pressure Working pressure

2tS 2tS
Pt = x 0.75 Pw = x 0.5
D D
Key:
• Pt=Test Pressure (MPa)
• Pw=Working Pressure (MPa)
• t=Steel pipe wall thickness (mm)
• S=Circumferential (hoop) stress induced in pipe (MPa), i.e. 250 MPa
• D=Outside diameter of pipe (mm)
PAG E 3 8
Standard water pipe: test and working pressure

(A) Max recom. (B) Max recom.
Nominal bore External diameter Wall thickness
test pressure working pressure
(mm) (mm) (inches) (mm) MPa MPa
100 121.9 4.80 4.8 7.000 7.000
150 177.3 6.98 4.8 7.000 6.768
200 232.2 9.14 5 7.000 5.383
225 259.1 10.20 6.2 7.000 5.982
250 286 11.26 5 6.556 4.371
300 345.4 13.60 4.8 5.211 3.474
300 345.4 13.60 6.4 6.948 4.632
375 426.2 16.78 4.8 4.223 2.816
375 426.2 16.78 6.4 5.631 3.754
400 457.2 18.00 4.8 3.937 2.625
400 457.2 18.00 6.4 5.249 3.500
450 508 20.00 4.8 3.543 2.362
450 508 20.00 6.4 4.724 3.150
500 558.8 22.00 4.8 3.221 2.147
500 558.8 22.00 6.4 4.295 2.863
500 558.8 22.00 8 5.369 3.579
550 587.2 23.12 4.8 3.065 2.044
550 587.2 23.12 6.4 4.087 2.725
550 587.2 23.12 8 5.109 3.406
600 650.2 25.60 4.8 2.768 1.846
600 650.2 25.60 6.4 3.691 2.461
600 650.2 25.60 8 4.614 3.076
650 667 26.26 4.8 2.699 1.799
650 667 26.26 6.4 3.598 2.399
700 746.8 29.40 4.8 2.410 1.607
700 746.8 29.40 6.4 3.214 2.142
700 746.8 29.40 8 4.017 2.678
750 812.8 32.00 4.8 2.215 1.476
750 812.8 32.00 6.4 2.953 1.969
750 812.8 32.00 8 3.691 2.461
800 857.2 33.75 6.4 2.800 1.867
800 857.2 33.75 8 3.500 2.333
800 857.2 33.75 9.5 4.156 2.771
850 914.4 36.00 6.4 2.625 1.750
850 914.4 36.00 8 3.281 2.187
850 914.4 36.00 9.5 3.896 2.597
PAG E 3 9
Pressure conversion chart

The following table details pressure equivalents in metres head, feet head, pounds per
square inch and Megapascals.
Metres Feet Metres Feet

Head Head PSI MPa Head Head PSI MPa
1 3.28 1.42 0.0098 37 121.39 52.56 0.3624
2 6.56 2.84 0.0196 38 124.67 53.98 0.3722
3 9.84 4.26 0.0294 39 127.95 55.40 0.3820
4 13.12 5.68 0.0392 40 131.23 56.82 0.3918
5 16.40 7.10 0.0490 41 134.51 58.24 0.4016
6 19.69 8.52 0.0588 42 137.80 59.66 0.4114
7 22.97 9.94 0.0686 43 141.08 61.08 0.4212
8 26.25 11.36 0.0784 44 144.36 62.50 0.4310
9 29.53 12.79 0.0881 45 147.64 63.93 0.4407
10 32.81 14.21 0.0979 46 150.92 65.35 0.4505
11 36.09 15.63 0.1077 47 154.20 66.77 0.4603
12 39.37 17.05 0.1175 48 157.48 68.19 0.4701
13 42.65 18.47 0.1273 49 160.76 69.61 0.4799
14 45.93 19.89 0.1371 50 164.04 71.03 0.4897
15 49.21 21.31 0.1469 51 167.32 72.45 0.4995
16 52.49 22.73 0.1567 52 170.60 73.87 0.5093
17 55.77 24.15 0.1665 53 173.88 75.29 0.5191
18 59.06 25.57 0.1763 54 177.17 76.71 0.5289
19 62.34 26.99 0.1861 55 180.45 78.13 0.5387
20 65.62 28.41 0.1969 56 183.73 79.55 0.5485
21 68.90 29.82 0.2057 57 187.01 80.97 0.5583
22 72.18 31.25 0.2155 58 190.29 82.39 0.5681
23 75.46 32.67 0.2253 59 193.57 83.81 0.5779
24 78.74 34.09 0.2351 60 196.85 85.23 0.5877
25 82.02 35.51 0.2449 61 200.13 86.65 0.5975
26 85.30 36.93 0.2547 62 203.41 88.07 0.6073
27 88.58 38.36 0.2644 63 206.69 89.50 0.6170
28 91.86 39.78 0.2742 64 209.97 90.92 0.6268
29 95.14 41.20 0.2840 65 213.25 92.34 0.6366
30 98.43 42.63 0.2938 66 216.54 93.76 0.6464
31 101.71 44.04 0.3036 67 219.82 95.18 0.6562
32 104.99 45.46 0.3134 68 223.10 96.60 0.6660
33 108.27 46.88 0.3232 69 226.38 98.02 0.6758
34 111.55 48.30 0.3330 70 229.66 99.44 0.6856
35 114.83 49.72 0.3428 71 232.94 100.86 0.6954
36 118.11 51.14 0.3526 72 236.22 102.28 0.7052
PAG E 4 0
Pressure conversion chart

Metres Feet Metres Feet
Head Head PSI MPa Head Head PSI MPa
73 239.50 103.70 0.7150 112 367.45 159.10 1.0970
74 242.78 105.12 0.7248 113 370.73 160.52 1.1068
75 246.06 106.54 0.7346 114 374.02 161.94 1.1166
76 249.34 107.96 0.7444 115 377.30 163.36 1.1264
77 252.62 109.38 0.7542 116 380.58 164.78 1.1362
78 255.91 110.80 0.7640 117 383.86 166.21 1.1459
79 259.19 112.22 0.7738 118 387.14 167.63 1.1557
80 262.47 113.64 0.7836 119 390.42 169.05 1.1655
81 265.75 115.07 0.7933 120 393.70 170.47 1.1753
82 269.03 116.49 0.8031 121 396.98 171.89 1.1851
83 272.31 117.91 0.8129 122 400.26 173.31 1.1949
84 275.59 119.33 0.8227 123 403.54 174.73 1.2047
85 278.87 120.75 0.8325 124 406.82 176.15 1.2145
86 282.15 122.17 0.8423 125 410.11 177.57 1.2243
87 285.43 123.59 0.8521 126 413.39 178.99 1.2341
88 288.97 125.01 0.8619 127 416.67 180.41 1.2439
89 291.99 126.43 0.8717 128 419.95 181.83 1.2537
90 295.28 127.85 0.8815 129 423.23 183.25 1.2635
91 298.56 129.27 0.8913 130 426.51 184.67 1.2733
92 301.84 130.69 0.9011 131 429.79 186.09 1.2831
93 305.12 132.11 0.9109 132 433.07 187.51 1.2929
94 308.40 133.53 0.9207 133 436.35 188.93 1.3027
95 311.68 134.95 0.9305 134 439.63 190.35 1.3125
96 314.96 136.37 0.9403 135 442.91 191.78 1.3222
97 318.24 137.79 0.9501 136 446.19 193.20 1.3320
98 321.52 139.21 0.9599 137 449.48 194.62 1.3418
99 324.80 140.64 0.9696 138 452.76 196.04 1.3516
100 328.08 142.06 0.9794 139 456.04 197.46 1.3614
101 331.36 143.48 0.9892 140 459.32 198.88 1.3712
102 334.65 144.90 0.9990 141 462.60 200.30 1.3810
103 337.93 146.32 1.0088 142 465.88 201.72 1.3908
104 341.21 147.74 1.0186 143 469.16 203.14 1.4006
105 344.49 149.16 1.0284 144 472.44 204.56 1.4104
106 347.77 150.58 1.0382 145 475.72 205.98 1.4204
107 351.05 152.00 1.0480 146 479.00 207.40 1.4300
108 354.33 153.42 1.0578 147 482.28 208.82 1.4398
109 357.61 154.84 1.0676 148 485.56 210.24 1.4496
110 360.89 156.26 1.0774 149 488.85 211.66 1.4594
111 364.17 157.68 1.0872 150 492.13 213.08 1.4692
PAG E 4 1
Safe maximum support spans guidelines

Aerial crossings
The high beam strength of spiral-welded steel pipe makes it ideal for bridge and aerial
crossings. The supports can be installed further apart reducing the overall cost and weight
of the structure. In addition, longer lengths can be installed thus reducing the number of
joints that require support.
Design information
The safe span data specified in the following tables provides details for Steelpipe’s
standard concrete-lined pipe sizes. To obtain the approximate maximum span for pipe
sizes not specified in the following table, the following formulae can be utilised (As
detailed in American Water Works Association. Steel pipe material No.M11):
Formula 1: π[OD2 - (OD - 2t1)2] x 7850

W1 =
Calculate the steel pipe mass: 4 x 106
Formula 2: π[ID2 - (ID - 2t2)2] x 2400

W2 =
Calculate the cement mortar lining mass: 4 x 106
Formula 3: π[OD - 2(t1 + 2t2)]2

W3 =
Calculate the mass of water when pipe is full: 4 x 106
Formula 4: π x OD2 x t1
Z=
Calculate the section modulus: 4 x 109
Formula 5: 8 x 34.5 x 106 x z

S=
Calculate the maximum span distance: (W1 + W2 + W3) x 9.81
Key:
• W1 = steel pipe mass in kg/lineal metres
• W2 = cement mortar mass in kg/lineal metres
• W3 = fresh water mass in kg/lineal metres
• OD = outside diameter of steel pipe (mm)
• ID = inside diameter of steel pipe (mm)
• t1 = steel thickness (mm)
• t2 = cement mortar thickness (mm)
• Z = section modulus (m3)
• S = maximum span in metres
PAG E 4 2
This calculation gives the span and the deflection for a pipe at capacity with fresh water,
based on 120 degree support saddles. The restrictive factor for span distance is the
compressive strength of concrete lining, which is limited to 34.5MPa (5000psi) in Formula 5.
Example: Determine the approximate maximum span for a 609.6mm OD x 9.5mm wall
pipe with a 12mm cement mortar lining filled with water.
π[609.62 - (609.6 - 2 x 9.5)2] x 7850

a) W1 = = 140.6kg/m steel pipe mass
4 x 106
π[590.62 - (590.6 - 2 x 12)2] x 2400

b) W2 = = 52.4kg/m cement mortar mass
4 x 106
π[609.6 - 2(9.5 + 12)]

c) W3 = = 252.1kg/m fresh water mass
4 x 106
π x 609.62 x 9.5
d) Z= = 0.00277m2
4 x 109
8 x 34.5 x 106 x 0.00277

e) S= = 13.2 metres
(140.6 + 42.4 + 252.1) x 9.81
PAG E 4 3
Safe maximum support span

Outside Wall Concrete lining Total mass Max span deflection
diameter thickness thickness incl. water water filled
(mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (m) (mm)
121.9 4.8 7 27.0 7.6 18.3
177.3 4.8 7 47.5 8.5 15.8
232.2 5 10 76.1 9.0 13.6
259.1 6.2 10 96.9 9.9 14.7
286 5 10 106.2 9.5 12.2
345.4 4.8 10 143.2 9.7 10.6
345.4 6.4 10 154.6 10.7 12.9
426.2 4.8 13 209.3 10.0 9.0
426.2 6.4 13 223.4 11.1 11.1
457.2 4.8 13 235.7 10.1 8.6
457.2 6.4 13 250.9 11.2 10.7
508 4.8 13 282.4 10.2 8.0
508 6.4 13 299.3 11.4 10.0
558.8 4.8 13 333.1 10.4 7.5
558.8 6.4 13 351.8 11.6 9.4
558.8 8 13 370.4 12.6 11.0
587.2 4.8 13 363.2 10.5 7.2
587.2 6.4 13 382.9 11.7 9.1
587.2 8 13 402.4 12.7 10.7
650.2 4.8 13 434.6 10.6 6.7
650.2 6.4 13 456.4 11.9 8.4
650.2 8 13 478.1 13.0 10.0
667 4.8 13 454.7 10.6 6.6
667 6.4 13 477.0 12.0 8.3
746.8 4.8 16 565.4 10.7 5.9
746.8 6.4 16 590.5 12.0 7.5
746.8 8 16 615.5 13.1 9.0
812.8 4.8 16 657.7 10.8 5.6
812.8 6.4 16 685.1 12.2 7.1
812.8 8 16 712.3 13.3 8.4
857.2 6.4 16 752.6 12.3 6.8
857.2 8 16 781.4 13.4 8.1
857.2 9.5 16 808.2 14.3 9.3
914.4 6.4 16 844.1 12.4 6.5
914.4 8 16 874.8 13.5 7.8
914.4 9.5 16 903.5 14.5 8.9
PAG E 4 4
Safe maximum support span

Outside Wall Concrete lining Total mass Max span deflection
diameter thickness thickness incl. water water filled
(mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (m) (mm)
965.2 6.4 16 929.6 12.4 6.2
965.2 8 16 962.1 13.6 7.5
965.2 9.5 16 992.5 14.6 8.6
1016 8 16 1053.5 13.7 7.2
1016 9.5 16 1085.5 14.7 8.2
1016 12 16 1138.7 16.1 9.9
1066.8 8 16 1148.9 13.8 6.9
1066.8 9.5 16 1182.6 14.8 8.0
1066.8 12 16 1238.4 16.2 9.5
1124 8 18 1270.6 13.8 6.6
1124 9.5 18 1306.1 14.9 7.6
1124 12 18 1365.0 16.3 9.1
1254 8 18 1546.1 14.0 6.1
1254 9.5 18 1585.8 15.1 7.0
1254 12 18 1651.7 16.5 8.4
PAG E 4 5
Transportation
Steelpipe New Zealand is committed to ensuring all product is delivered to the customer
on time and without damage. When purchasing spiral-welded steel pipe (or any of the
company’s other products), there is a range of transportation options available to the buyer.
Domestic market EXW - ExWorks

The client holds responsibility for arranging all transportation, including unloading.
Steelpipe New Zealand will load a customer’s truck at no additional cost to ensure that the
product is safely secured.
DAP - delivered
Steelpipe New Zealand will load and secure the product, then deliver to the customer’s
site/facility. The customer holds responsibility for the unloading of product and up to one
hour per load should be allocated for this task.
Export (all markets)

CIF - Cost, Insurance, Freight
Cost, Insurance, Freight incorporates all costs associated with the product, including
insurance for the carriage of goods at sea and all freight costs, to deliver the product to a
specified port.
FAS - Free Alongside Ship

Free alongside Ship incorporates all product costs, packaging, marking and delivery to a
designated ship’s side. The customer holds responsibility for loading of product, sea freight
charges, insurance and all relevant documentation.
Export (Australia only) DDP - (FOT Australia)

Delivered to named destination. Includes all charges including customs duties and taxes.
Unloading is the responsibilities of the purchaser.
PAG E 4 6
Transportation continued
Steelpipe New Zealand is able to specifically tailor the packaging of spiral-welded steel
pipe to suit the type of pipe that is being delivered (plain steel or coated and lined) and
the method of transport adopted (road, rail or sea freight).
Road transportation
The most popular transportation option is by road and Steelpipe New Zealand has general
procedures for each type of product. Typically pipes are packaged into packs constrained
by either weight or volume.
Plain steel
Timber is laid across the truck and the outer pipes are secured with wedges and webbing
straps (loadbinders). This format is repeated with each subsequent layer.
Coated steel
This product is loaded and packaged in a similar format to plain steel, but each layer is
supported by individual wedges.
In addition, rubber padding is utilised to ensure that the coated surface does not come into
contact with the timber packing.
Sea freight
When freighting over water, timber is once again utilised but pipes are packaged into a
“break-bulk” unit. The size of the unit is determined by the specific dimensions of the pipe
being transported. The heavily strapped and dunnaged unit is typically no more than 2.4
metres wide by 2.4 metres high and 12 metres in length. Units will not weigh more than 25
metric tonne.
PAG E 47
Handling and installation guidelines
Purpose
The guidelines detailed below are complimentary to Best Practices which must be
observed when laying steel pipes.
Scope
These guidelines cover:
• Transportation
• Unloading and Handling
• Stacking and Storage
• Trenching
• Bedding
• Laying and Jointing
• Backfilling
• Repairs and Testing
Handling and installation guidelines

The provision of these guidelines is intended to act as a helpful guide to assist our
customers with the installation of steel pipe products manufactured by Steelpipe New
Zealand.
At the time of publication, this information reflects current Best Practice but does not
specifically address all installation or application factors outside the control of Steelpipe
New Zealand.
These guidelines are issued without prejudice to Steelpipe New Zealand or any of our
associated companies or suppliers.
PAG E 4 8
Handling & installation guidelines continued
Transportation
Protect the pipe and coating
All dunnage, supports and restraints in contact with pipe surfaces should be covered or
wrapped with material suitable to prevent chafing and shock damage during transit. The
recommended skid protection is Polyken mechanical resistant tape or medium density
“jandal” rubber.
For a standard 12 metre pipe, four lengths of dunnage should be utilised per layer. One
length should be placed approx 1 metre from each pipe end and then evenly spaced in
between.
The width of the dunnage must provide sufficient support to protect the pipe coating. A
minimum width of 150mm is required.
Wedges should be used to separate pipes in the same row space so that they do not touch.
Secure the load

All pipes and fittings must be secured by straps to prevent movement during transit and in
compliance with all local and regional regulations on load restraint.
Securing loads for transport must comply with all local Transport Authority regulations.
The load should be strapped securely using webbing straps with a minimum lashing
capacity of 2000kg. Chains should not be used.
The strapping should be securely anchored with approved ratchet type devices.
PAG E 4 9
Unloading and handling

Personnel involved in unloading
and handling should wear personal
protection equipment such as hard
hat, safety shoes, safety glasses,
safety vest and other equipment
as required by the Occupational
Health and Safety Act and in
accordance with site safety rules.
Attention to the following
items improves efficiency of the
operation, maximises safety and
minimises risk of damage.
Steel pipes and fittings are not
susceptible to breakage, but poor
handling can result in damaged
coatings and/or linings and damage
to the pipe ends.
Damage to pipe components may be caused by:
• Inadequate support and restraint during transportation to site
• Improper use of handling equipment
• Use of unsuitable lifting equipment
• Incorrect site storage
• Incorrect handling of load
• Unloading on uneven or sloping ground
Before unloading
Choose and prepare suitable pipe storage sites along the pipeline route. If possible, select
unloading and storage areas which are clear of overhead power lines.
Make sure the truck is on level ground before releasing the straps.
Unloading
Immediately upon receipt, all items should be visually examined for damage to:
• The pipe itself (particularly the ends)
• The internal lining
• The external coating
All repair work should be carried out promptly. Unload the truck evenly to keep it stable.
PAG E 5 0
Lifting operations
All lifting operations must meet legal and occupation, health and safety requirements
applicable to the site.
It is the client’s responsibility to ensure suitably qualified personnel operate handling
equipment.
When lifting pipes it is recommended that an experienced rigger is used.
Lifting should be done smoothly without sudden jerking motions. Pipe movement should
be controlled by use of guide ropes and care taken not to knock other pipes or equipment.
Lifting and placing must be carried out so that the stability of the pipe stack, crane or
vehicle is maintained.
When conditions are suitable, forklifts may be used. The contact surfaces of the forks must
be protected with minimum 10mm thick medium density “jandal” rubber.
Choosing equipment
When choosing lifting equipment consider:
• Pipe weight
• Type of stacking
• Outreach
• Site conditions
Accessories
Slings
A spreader bar and/or other approved lifting device can be used in addition to slings, for
use in the handling of pipes or pipe packs. See figure below.
Slings and lifting devices must comply with and be used in accordance with the
appropriate safety requirements. Slings or lifting devices should offer protection against
damage to externally coated pipes. This applies when lifting and when withdrawing the
sling from under the pipe, once it has been bedded.
Synthetic webbing slings

Reversed eye, synthetic webbing slings or round slings (of endless fibre construction) are
recommended for use in the handling of pipes. Woven synthetic slings must be sheathed
to prevent penetration of the fabric by grit, abrasion and deterioration. The slings are fitted
to the pipe using a “choker” hitch and in this configuration the sling is rated to the SWL
limit marked on the webbing.
Hooks / chains
Hooks or chains should not be used for lifting pipes or fittings.
PAG E 5 1
Stacking and storage

Storage area
The storage area should:
• Have a firm foundation for pipe stacks and vehicle operation
• Have a suitable access for road vehicles
• Be free of overhead power lines wherever possible
Pipe support
Coated pipes should be at all times supported clear of the ground. Beware of protruding
rocks and uneven ground.
The pipe should be supported at two locations approx 2 metres from the end of each pipe
end.
It is recommended that pipes be supported on sand or sawdust filled bags or soil mounds.
The supports should be positioned to ensure that each pipe is stable and cannot roll off
the support. For long term storage, soil mounds should be protected from erosion.
The entire pipe must be kept clear of the ground to protect the coating from damage.
Stacking heights for long term storage

Pipes 508 mm OD and larger should be stored in a single layer only. Pipes less than 508
mm OD may be stacked three high.
Medium density “jandal” rubber lined dunnage with a minimum width of 150mm should be
used to separate layers.
PAG E 5 2
Storage of concrete lined pipes

Minor cracking is common and quite acceptable for pipes conveying potable water. These
cracks will close and heal through autogenous healing.
Autogenous healing is a natural process that allows cracks in concrete lined pipes to close
and heal on exposure to water.
When pipes are to be stored for more than a few weeks in hot, dry conditions, precautions
should be taken such as end capping (to reduce airflow and thus rate of cracking) and
adding water to the pipes (to minimise cracking).
Long term storage of tape coated pipes

Polyken Synergy Coating is a polyethylene product and should be buried as a soon as
possible.
It is recommended that stored pipes be covered for protection from direct sunlight.
As with all plastic and thermoplastic materials they will degrade with exposure to UV
radiation. In regards to the length of time that a polyethylene coating may be exposed to
sunlight and UV irradiation is generally 6-12 months. This is a general rule of understanding
within the plastics industry.
PAG E 5 3
Bedding
Why bedding
Bedding evenly supports the pipe
and protects the external coating.
Bedding should be spread evenly
along the trench with socket holes
or welding stations provided at
each joint. The socket holes should
be deep enough to stop the socket
of the pipe bearing any weight.
Welding stations should also be
big enough to allow welding and
wrapping at welded joints.
Bedding should be compacted to ensure a firm, even base for pipe laying.
What to use for bedding

Bedding should be granular material such as sand with no stones or sharp objects. The
maximum particle size should not exceed 7 mm. If the natural soil is not suitable, bedding
should be brought in. A recommended bedding material is PAP 7.
The bedding layer under the pipe should be at least 75-100 mm thick when compacted as
shown in the following diagram.
Bedding layer minimum depth
75mm min
Allowance for sling withdrawal

Consideration should be given to making a small depression in the bedding where slings
used to lift the pipe will come to rest after lowering and jointing. This will allow slings to be
withdrawn from under the pipe more easily.
PAG E 5 4
Laying and jointing

Jointing equipment
Anchor sling
Reversed eye, synthetic webbing
slings or round slings (of endless fibre
construction).
Woven synthetic slings must be
sheathed to prevent penetration
of the fabric by grit, abrasion and
deterioration. The slings are fitted to
the pipe using a “choker” hitch and in
this configuration the sling is rated to
the SWL limit marked on the webbing.
Assembly forces will vary depending
on the relative dimensions of the ends
being joined and to a lesser extent, the
diameter and wall thickness of the pipe.
The length of the sling required will
generally be the pipe circumference
plus 400mm.
Puller / come-along
A winch block with sufficient pulling capacity, fitted with hooks on both ends should be
used to joint the pipes.
Rubber mats
Typically 500 x 500 x 6 – 12 mm thick pieces of rubber belt or similar should be placed
between equipment and pipe where the coating is likely to be damaged during joint
assembly.
Inspection of pipe before laying

General
All pipes are factory inspected. However, damage may occur in handling, transport or site
storage. Pipes must be reinspected on site before laying. The inspection should include
pipe coating and lining.
Pipe ends
Pipe ends must be inspected visually for any damage. Flats, dents and distortion of spigot
or socket ends must be corrected in an approved manner before the pipe is used.
Polyken Synergy/YGIII at pipe ends

Should the coating and lining of the pipe ends (socket or spigot end) be damaged, it must
be repaired in an approved manner before the pipe is laid.
PAG E 5 5
Laying and jointing of pipe

The recommended method for joint assembly is to pull the pipe being laid into the socket
of the previously laid pipe, using anchor slings and winch blocks or pullers.
Preparation
If a pipe has a threaded test hole (socket end) ensure that when the pipe is laid the test
hole is at the top of the pipe. This will ensure that an air leak tightness test can be carried
out.
The first two pipes should be used as trial to determine the “straight line entry”. This is
the amount that the spigot will fit into the socket. When the pipes are fully fitted mark
the socket where the spigot ends. Pull the pipes apart and measure the distance that the
spigot has entered the socket this is the “straight line entry”. This distance can now be
used on subsequent pipes to ensure full entry of spigot.
With the puller load on, deflect the pipe to the required grade and direction on the sand
bedding. Hemispherical joints have a deflection of 3 degrees
The puller load must not be released until sufficient backfill is placed around the pipe to
ensure that joint movement will not occur.
Care should be taken when withdrawing slings from under bedded pipes to avoid damage
to the Polyken Synergy/YGIII from sling eyes or hooks.
Internal lining reinstatement

For pipe sizes 600 mm OD and larger the field lining reinstatement is done from inside the
pipe. The gap between cement mortar linings at joints should be filled with cement mortar
so that the lining is continuous.
For pipes sizes smaller than 600 mm OD the lining reinstatement needs to be done prior
to the pipes being jointed. Run a smooth bead of epoxy mortar against the end of lining
(approx 20mm wide and to ensure a smooth and continuous lining thejoint should be
‘pigged’ to remove surplus epoxy mortar prior to fully welding the joint.
Welding the joints

The welding of the joint is the responsibility of the welder, hence no specific information is
detailed here. However, the fillet weld would be expected to be at least equivalent to the
thickness of the pipe wall thickness.
All welding should be carried out in accordance with the applicable welding standards.
PAG E 5 6
Backfilling
Zones of backfilling
Zone A – bedding and compaction
Before the pipe is laid the bottom of the trench shall be checked for any protrusions and
materials that may damage the coating.
The recommended bedding material is PAP 7 laid to 75-100mm deep. The soil surrounding
the pipe can be considered as three Zones shown in the following diagram.
Zone B – Backfill for haunch support, side support and overlay

The haunch and side support areas provide support for the pipeline and prevent sharp
objects imparting high loads onto the pipeline coating. Backfill should consist of non-
cohesive native soil, free from stones and sharp objects larger than 7mm, or imported fill,
sand or gravel of size not greater than 7 mm.
Particular care should be taken in compacting the material under the haunches of the pipe.
The backfill should be in 150 mm layers evenly on both sides of the pipe.
Backfilling in layers should proceed until there is an overlay of at least 200 mm above the
top of the pipe. This layer provides a zone of material to prevent sharp objects imparting
high point loads on the coating.
Zone C – Overburden trench fill

Material in this zone builds the trench up to the original ground level and the materials
used and extent of compaction depends on the allowable future surface settlement. Under
road pavements the load bearing capacity of the ground surface is important and backfill
must be compacted in layers all the way to the surface.
Where the trench is across open land, the compaction requirements of this zone are not
normally so important and the surface can usually be built up to allow for some future
settlement.
The material used in Zone C, would normally be the excavated trench material, but where a
high degree of compaction is needed, imported material may be required.
PAG E 5 7
Repairs and testing

Internal lining repair
After welding, the linings should be checked to ensure that they are continuous across the
joint to give a smooth surface level with the factory spun concrete lining.
Testing of Polyken Synergy/YGIII

All surfaces coated with Polyken Synergy/YGIII are factory tested for holes and other
defects.
Polyken Synergy/YGIII is a tough coating with a high resistance to handling and transport
damage. However coating damage can occur through poor handling or storage.
To ensure that the highest quality coating system is placed in the ground it is recommended
that field high voltage holiday inspection be carried out on all coated surfaces. Polyken
Synergy/YGIII can be tested at high voltage without any detrimental effect on coating
properties. The voltage for the testing should be set between 7,100 – 10,600V.
The holiday detector shall not travel over the pipe in excess of one foot per second. An
activated holiday detector shall not remain stationary over the coated pipe.
External coating repair

After welding joints should be prepared
with a wire brush to ensure all exposed
steel areas are completely clean. Ensure
the area is dry from any moisture and if
required apply white solvent and leave
to dry.
Apply a coating of Polyken Primer
No. 1027 over the exposed steel areas.
Ensure that there is 100mm of the
factory applied tape coating, also
coated with the primer.
Wrap a single layer of Polyken Black
Inner Tape No. 930-35 in a spiral onto
the pipe, ensuring that all areas with primer are covered. The spiral overlap shall be 55%
Wrap a single layer of Polyken White Outer Tape No. 954-15 in the same format over the Black
Inner Tape.
Ensure that there is a minimum 25mm overlap of any Polyken tape applied by hand.
PAG E 5 8
On site repair of mechanical damage to tape coating

Preparation
• Clean the tape coated area for 300mm around the damaged area. Ensure that all oil,
grease, mud etc is removed
• Torn or damaged tape will be cut back ensuring continuous bonding of tape around the
damaged area. Feather back all edges
• Ensure the damaged area is dry
• Hand wire brush the bare steel to ensure a clean bright surface
Priming
• Apply a coating of Polyken Primer No. 1027 over the exposed steel areas. Ensure that
there is a 100mm overlap of the tape coating around the damaged area. Using filler tape
ensure that damaged area is filled with tape to the level of the finished coating.
Using single layer of Polyken Black Inner Tape No. 930-35 ensure that the damaged area and
100mm around the area is covered. Overlap 55%
Using a single layer of Polyken White Outer Tape No. 954-15 in a spiral manner ensure that all
the black inner tape is covered by at least 100mm.the same format over the Black Inner Tape.
Overlap 25mm.
Testing the joint

Hydrostatic field test
It is recommended that an early hydrostatic test should be carried out within the first 200
metres of pipe laid. This test should confirm that the laying practices in use are effective.
Air leak tightness test

Pipe sizes 600 mm OD and larger may be required to be welded internally. An air leak tightness
test can be used to test the integrity of each welded joint as per the diagram below.
PAG E 5 9
Bruce Fordyce Peter Summers Lance Thompson
Sales & Marketing Manager Sales Engineer GM Business Development
T: +64 9 622 4580 T: +64 9 622 4598 T: +64 9 622 4595
M: +64 21 738 044 M: +64 21 738 052 M: +64 21 738 054
E: bruce@steelpipe.co.nz E: peters@steelpipe.co.nz E: lance@steelpipe.co.nz
Steelpipe New Zealand 224 Neilson St | PO Box

13 514, Onehunga, Auckland 1061, New Zealand
E enquiries@steelpipe.co.nz | P +64 9 622 4580
F +64 9 636 6196 www.steelpipe.co.nz
For help with your next pipeline or piling project contact one of the Steelpipe Sales team.

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Product

Benefits of steel pipe

Dependability and longevity.

Non-destructive testing protocols

Technical customer support

Process Designation Capabilities

Specification Code Product use

Specification Code Product use

Polyethlene tape specifications

Specification Code Product use

Product type Format Min OD Max OD Min WT Max WT

Health and safety

Unique steel made in New Zealand, for New Zealand

Steelpipe as a sustainable material

Which coating system?

Pipe work above

Below ground Above ground

Specialist coating systems

Pipe application Coating system available

Which lining system?

Steelpipe New Zealand recommends Hemispherical Slip-in Joints (HSJ) - manufactured

Structural & pile casing: dimensions, masses and technical data

Structural & pile casing: dimensions, masses and technical data

Structural & pile casing: dimensions, masses and technical data

High-spec spiral welded: dimensions, masses and test pressures

High-spec spiral welded: dimensions, masses and test pressures

High-spec spiral welded: dimensions, masses and test pressures

1117.6 44 9.5 1098.6 259.59 2.5 3.1 4.4 4.9 5.5

1117.6 44 11.1 1095.4 302.88 2.9 3.6 5.2 5.7 6.4

1117.6 44 12.0 1093.6 327.17 3.1 3.9 5.6 6.1 6.9

1117.6 44 12.7 1092.2 346.03 3.3 4.1 5.9 6.5 7.3

1117.6 44 14.3 1089 389.07 3.7 4.6 6.7 7.3 8.2

1117.6 44 15.9 1085.8 431.97 4.1 5.1 7.4 8.1 9.2

1168 46 9.5 1149 271.40 2.4 2.9 4.2 4.6 5.2

1168 46 11.1 1145.8 316.67 2.7 3.4 4.9 5.4 6.1

1168 46 12.0 1144 342.08 3.0 3.7 5.3 5.9 6.6

1168 46 12.7 1142.6 361.82 3.1 3.9 5.7 6.2 7.0

1168 46 14.3 1139.4 406.84 3.5 4.4 6.4 7.0 7.9

1168 46 15.9 1136.2 451.73 3.9 4.9 7.1 7.8 8.8

1219.2 48 9.5 1200.2 283.40 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.4 5.0

1219.2 48 11.1 1197 330.69 2.6 3.3 4.7 5.2 5.9

1219.2 48 12.0 1195.2 357.23 2.8 3.6 5.1 5.6 6.3

1219.2 48 12.7 1193.8 377.85 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7

1219.2 48 14.3 1190.6 424.89 3.4 4.2 6.1 6.7 7.6

1219.2 48 15.9 1187.4 471.81 3.8 4.7 6.8 7.4 8.4

1371.6 54 9.5 1352.6 319.10 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.5

1371.6 54 11.1 1349.4 372.40 2.3 2.9 4.2 4.6 5.2

1371.6 54 12.0 1347.6 402.33 2.5 3.2 4.6 5.0 5.6

1371.6 54 12.7 1346.2 425.58 2.7 3.3 4.8 5.3 6.0

1371.6 54 14.3 1343 478.64 3.0 3.8 5.4 5.9 6.7

1371.6 54 15.9 1339.8 531.56 3.4 4.2 6.0 6.6 7.5

1422 56 9.5 1403 330.91 1.9 2.4 3.5 3.8 4.3

1422 56 11.1 1399.8 386.20 2.3 2.8 4.1 4.5 5.0

1422 56 12.0 1398 417.25 2.4 3.1 4.4 4.8 5.4

1422 56 12.7 1396.6 441.37 2.6 3.2 4.6 5.1 5.8

1422 56 14.3 1393.4 496.41 2.9 3.6 5.2 5.7 6.5

1422 56 15.9 1390.2 551.32 3.2 4.0 5.8 6.4 7.2