DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF 1000 HOUSING

UNITS AT STADIUMGAMA FOR COLOMBO

URBAN REGENERATION PROJECT

DESIGN OF SUPER STRUCTURE

SISMIC EVALUATION TO EN 1991-3 ‐ BLOCK D

ISSUE 00
NOVEMBER 22, 2022

PREPARED BY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Under Colombo Urban Regeneration Project of UDA, Design and Construction of 1000
housing units at Stadiumgama has been awarded to Access Engineering PLC. The proposed
housing project is consist of 4 blocks of 14 storey Building.

This report includes the siesmic verifications according to the EN 1998-1

Figure : Column & Shear Wall Layout - Block A & C

Figure : Column & Shear Wall Layout - Block B & D

Page 1
Materials

Page 2
Performance Requirements

1. No-collapse requirement:

y Design seismic action (for local collapse prevention) with 10% probability of exceedance in 50
years which corresponds to a mean return period of 475 years (TR=-TL/ln(1-P).

2. Damage limitation state (Serviceability seismic action )

y Damage limitation seismic action with 10% probability of exceedance in 10 years which
corresponds to a mean return period of 95 years

Mean (annual) rate of occurrence of a seismic event ν ≔ 50

Reference time period in years TL ≔ 50
Probability exceedance of hreshold P ≔ 10%
-TL
Mean return period in years, TR TR ≔ ――― = 475
ln ((1 - P))

Compliance Criteria

1. Ultimate Limit States (ULS);

y verification of the individual structural elements (for resistance and ductility.

2. Damage Limitation States (associated with Serviceability Limit States – SLS).

y limits to the interstorey drift

0,5 % for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached to the
structure

Page 3
Seismic Action

Magnitude M≔5 4 < M < 7.3

Epicentral distance R ≔ 100 3 km < R < 200 km

( ( ))
agR ≔ 10 (-1.48 + 0.27 ⋅ M - 0.92 ⋅ log (R)) ⋅ g = 0.01 g

Reliability Differentiation

Importance factor γI = 1
Reference peak ground accelereation on ground type A agR = 0.01 g

Design ground acceleration (on type A ag ≔ γI ⋅ agR = 0.01 g

ground )

Structural regularity
Regularity of the structure (in elevation and in plan) influences the required structural model (planar or spatial),
the required method of analysis and the value of the behaviour factor q (EN 1998-1/4.2.3.1).

y Assuming that the structure is irregular in plan

y Lateral force method of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly
affected by contributions from modes of vibration higher than the fundamental mode in each
principal direction where fundamental periods of vibration T1 in the two main directions ,T1<= 4Tc,
2s

Hence the allowed simplification is choosen to spatal Modal (Linear static Analysis)

Page 4
Horizontal Components of the Seismic Action
horizontal components of the seismic action (see 3.2.2.1(3)) shall be taken as

The maximum value of each action effect on the structure due to the two horizontal components of
the seismic action is then be estimated by the square root of the sum of the squared values of the
action effect due to each horizontal component

Horizontal Elastic Spectra

where
Se(T) is the elastic response spectrum;
T is the vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system;
ag is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag = γI.agR);
TB is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of the
spectrum;
S is the soil factor;
η is the damping correction factor with a reference value of η = 1 for 5% viscous
damping, see (3) of this subclause.
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
10 ⎞
Damping ration ε≔5 The value of the damping η ≔ max ⎜ ――― , 0.55⎟ = 1
correction factor ⎝ ((5 + ε)) ⎠

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Se ((T)) ≔ ‖
‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛ T ⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜1 + ―― ⋅ ((η ⋅ 2.5 - 1))⎟
‖ ‖ ‖ ⎝ TB ⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
‖ B C
‖
‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5
‖ ‖
‖ else if TC ≤ T ≤ TD
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
‖ ‖ ‖ ⎝ T ⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ D
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟
‖ ‖
2
‖ ⎝ T ⎠
‖

Page 5
Desig Spectrum for Elastic Analysis
Behaviour factors for Horizontal Seismic Actions (q)

qo is the basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the type of the structural
system and on its regularity in elevation (see (2) of this subclause);

kw =1,00, for frame and frame equivalent dual systems

(1+αo)/3<=1, but not less than 0,5, for wall, wall -equivalent and torsionally flexible systems

kw is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with
walls (see (11)P of this subclause).
kw ≔ 1 q ≔ ‖ if q0 ⋅ kw ≥ 1.5 = 3.9
‖
‖ ‖ q0 ⋅ kw
The lower bound factor for the β ≔ 0.2 ‖ ‖
horizontal design spectrum ‖ else
‖ ‖ 1.5
‖ ‖

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Sd ((T)) ≔ ‖
‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛2 T ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜―+ ―― ⋅ ⎜―― -― ⎟⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ 3 TB ⎝ q 3 ⎠⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
‖ B C
‖ ‖ 2.5
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ――
‖ ‖‖ q
‖ else if TC ≤ T ≤ TD
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜ a g ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜――
⎟ , β ⋅ a g⎟
‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T ⎠ ⎠
‖
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖ ⎛
‖ ‖ max ⎜a ⋅ S ⋅ ―― 2.5 ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞ ⎞
g ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟ , β ⋅ a g⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T2 ⎠ ⎠
‖ ‖

Page 6
4.05

3.65

3.25

2.85

2.45
Se ((T))
――
2.05
ag

1.65 Sd ((T))
―――
1.25 ag
0.85

0.45

0.05

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

T ((s))

Page 7
Vertical component of the seismic action
If avg is greater than 0,25 g (2,5 m/s2) the vertical component of the seismic action, as
defined in 3.2.2.3, should be taken into account in the cases listed below

as defined in 3.2.2.3, should be taken into account in the cases listed below:
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal structural members spanning 20 m or more;
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal cantilever components longer than 5 m;
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal pre-stressed components;
− for beams supporting columns;
− in base-isolated structures.

Vertical Elastic Spectra

avg ≔ avgIag ⋅ ag = ⎛⎝4.82 ⋅ 10 -3⎞⎠ g

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Sve ((T)) ≔ ‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB

‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ T ⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ ⎜1 + ―― ⋅ ((η ⋅ 3.0 - 1))⎟
‖ ‖ ‖ ⎝ TB ⎠
‖ else if TB ≤ T ≤ TC
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
‖ C D
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
‖ ‖ ‖ ⎝ T ⎠
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞
‖ ‖ vga ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0 ⋅ ⎜――― 2
⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ T ⎠
‖

Page 8
Design Verticle Spectrum for Elastic Analysis

For the vertical component of the seismic action the design spectrum is given
byexpressions (3.13) to (3.16), with the design ground acceleration in the vertical
direction, avg replacing ag, S taken as being equal to 1,0 and the other parameters as
defined in 3.2.2.3.

For the vertical component of the seismic action a behaviour factor q up to to 1,5 should
generally be adopted for all materials and structural systems

S≔1
q ≔ 1.5

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Svd ((T)) ≔ ‖

‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛2 T ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜―+ ―― ⋅ ⎜―― -― ⎟⎟
‖ ‖ ‖ ⎝ 3 TB ⎝ q 3 ⎠⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
‖ B C
‖ ‖ 2.5
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ S ⋅ ――
‖ ‖ ‖ q
‖ else if TC ≤ T ≤ TD
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜ avg ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜――
⎟ , β ⋅ a vg ⎟
‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T ⎠ ⎠
‖
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖ ⎛
‖ ‖ max ⎜a ⋅ S ⋅ ―― 2.5 ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞ ⎞
vg ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟ , β ⋅ a vg⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T2 ⎠ ⎠
‖ ‖

1.5

1.35

1.2

1.05

0.9
Sve ((T))
―――
0.75
ag

0.6 Svd ((T))

―――
0.45 ag
0.3

0.15

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

T ((s))

Page 9
Page 10
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

y Modal response spectrum analysis (abbreviation as RSA) was performed independently for the
ground excitation in two horizontal directions.
y The results of the modal analysis in both horizontal directions were combined by the SRSS rule
(EN 1998-1/4.3.3.5.1(2a)).
Combinations of the seismic action with other actions
ΣGk, j "+" Σψ E,i ⋅Qk,i
The load combination of gravity and seismic loads was considered according to EN1990/6.4.3.4
(see section 2.5.6)
where
ψE,i is the combination coefficient for variable action i (see 4.2.4).

Page 11
Effective Modal Masses Paticipation

y the sum of the effective modal masses for the modes(mer) taken into account
amounts to at least 90% of the total mass of the structure
y all modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total mass are taken
into account.
y When using a spatial model, the above conditions should be verified for each relevant
direction.
y If the requirements specified in above cannot be satisfied (e.g. in buildings with a
significant contribution from torsional modes), the minimum number k of modes to be
taken into account in a spatial analysis should satisfy both the two following condition

k ≥ 3⋅ n and Tk ≤ 0,20 s

k is the number of modes taken into account;

n is the number of storeys above the foundation or the top of a rigid basement;
Tk is the period of vibration of mode k.

mer ≔ 90%
n ≔ 14
k≔6

3⋅ ‾‾
n = 11.2

Tk ≔ 0.167

Page 12
Hence , the number of modes taken into account is adequate

Page 13
Combination of Modal Responses
The response in two vibration modes i and j (including both translational and torsional modes) is be
taken as independent of each other. The CQC rule for the combination of different modes was used (EN
1998-1/4.3.3.3.2(3)).

Accidential torsional Effect

The accidental torsional effects are taken into account by means of torsional moments about the
vertical axis according to EN 1998-1/4.3.3.3.3 (see section 2.5.3).

In order to account for uncertainties in the location of masses and in the spatial variation of
the seismic motion, the calculated centre of mass at each floor i shall be considered as
being displaced from its nominal location in each direction by an accidental eccentricity:

eai = ±0,05⋅ Li
where
eai is the accidental eccentricity of storey mass i from its nominal location, applied in the
same direction at all floors;
Li is the floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action.

Page 14
Structural analysisCrac
In the absence of an accurate evaluation of the stiffness properties, substantiated by
rational analysis, the cracked bending and shear stiffness may be taken as one half of
the gross section uncracked elastic stiffness.

To satisfy the above requirements, stiffness properties of slabs with shell properties, beams,
columns, and walls has to be reduced to 50%.

Beam stiffner modifiers Column stiffner modifiers

Slab stiffner Modifiers Wall stiffner Modifiers

Page 15
Defining Auto Seismic Loads for Equivalent Lateral Force Method
Equivalent Lateral Force Method is used as a reference for verifying checking dynamic seismic
analysis results such as RSA

Second-order effects (P-Δ effects)

Second-order effects (P-Δ effects) is taken into account

Page 16
Response-Spectrum Scale Factor
The dynamic base shear reported is more than 85% of the static base shear, no further action is
required. However, if dynamic base shear is less than 85% of the static base shear, then the scale
factor should be adjusted such that the response-spectrum base shear matches 85% of the static
base shear. In this case, the new scale factor would be (g / R) * (0.85 * static base shear /
response-spectrum base shear). Analysis should then be rerun with this scale factor specified in the
response-spectrum case.

Page 17
DISPLACEMENTS
According to EN 1998-1 (Equation 4.23) the actual displacements of a point of the structural system (ds)
shall be calculated as a product of the behaviour factor q

77

70.5

64

57.5

51

44.5
dsx ((mm))

38
dsy ((mm))
31.5

25

18.5

12

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13

ROOF
L14
TERRACE
MCMC
ROOM
LEVEL
WATER
ROOMWATER
ROOF
TANKTANK
LEVELROOF
story

Page 18
Damage Limitation
The damage limitation requirement should be verified in terms of the interstorey drift (dr) (EN 1998- 1/4.4.3.2)
using equation

dr.Q  Dh
where
dr is evaluated as the difference of the average lateral displacements ds in CM at the top and bottom of the
storey (EN 1998-1/4.4.2.2(2))
h is the storey height
Q is the reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the seismic action associated
with the damage limitation requirement.
D is factor which takes into account the type of the non-structural elements and their arrangements
into the structure

Page 19
 1

0.1

0.01

αx
0.001

αy
0
α
0

Story
Column1
GROUND LEVEL
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
ROOFL14
TERRACE
MC
MCROOM
WATER
LEVEL
ROOM
WATER
ROOF
TANKTANK
LEVEL
ROOF

story

Page 20
Seismic Design Situation
For the determination of the design value of the action effects (e.g. internal forces) the load combination of
gravity and seismic loads has to be taken into account due to the seismic design situation (EN 1990/6.4.3.4)

1.0.G+\2i.Q+-Exy(+-Ma)

where
G-Permanent gravity loads
Q-Live load (variable, imposed load)
\2-(EN 1990/Table A.1.1, office building)
Exy-Combined seismic action for both directions obtained by modal response spectrum analysis with included
torsional effects ( ± Ma, see section 2.5.3).

Seismic Detailing
EN 1998 rules for detailing and dimensioning of primary beams, columns and walls shall be
followed according to the relevent design ductility class.

Page 21