COMSATS University Islamabad

cuiatd.edu.pk
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Abbottabad Campus
Computer Science Department
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DATABASE SYSTEMS

Lecture 1 – Introduction

Mukhtiar Zamin,
MS (Computer Science)
Iowa, United States of America
mukhtiar@cuiatd.edu.pk

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 ACKNOWLEDFMENT
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Lectures are prepared from the following books:
Text Book:
– Database Systems, A practical approach to Design, Implementation and Management
by Thomas Connolly, 6th edition

Other Books:
– Modern Database Management
by Jeffry A. Hoffer, 10th Edition
– Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Database Development
by Microsoft

– In addition there are other examples and code snippets from other sources
which are mentioned on respective slides

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 Lecture 1
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• Course Theme
• Evaluation Criteria
• Course Learning Monitoring
• Reference Materials and Text Books
• Course Objectives
• Basic Concepts
• Uses of Databases
• Why Study Databases?
• File Based Systems

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 Course Theme
• Lecture:
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– Will cover contents of the Course Text Book
– Other supporting techniques and concepts
– Outcomes from Study Articles

• Lab:
– Database concepts implementation
– DBMS
– SQL
– Other helping assignments and exercises

• Assignment:
– Study Articles
– Project Work

• Quiz:
– At least one per week
– Will cover the previous lectures

• Semester Project
– Small Project but a full fledge project to cover most of the lectures

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 Evaluation Criteria
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Final Exam 45 %
Mid Term 25 %
Assignments (Lab + Study Assignments) 10 %
Project 5%
Quizzes 15 %

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 Course Learning Monitoring
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• Will be carried out via subexpert.com with
four major aspects:
– Interactive Learning
– Collaborative Learning
– Self Assessment and
– Planned Evaluation

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 Reference Materials and Text Books
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• Course Material
– Available on subexpert.com from cloud storage services
1. You will watch interactive and non-interactive learning videos, study course
contents in the form of slides, referenced links and other learning material
against each lecture
2. Question based learning from relevant topics of the lecture
3. Understand related assignments and lab task to be carried out in the lab
and at home
– Ensure your learning as per the diary setup of your class teacher
• Text Book
– Database Systems, A practical approach to Design, Implementation
and Management by Thomas Connolly, 6th edition
• Other Books
– Modern Database Management by Jeffry A. Hoffer, 10th Edition
– Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Database Development by Microsoft

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 Course Objectives
Information Management
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File base
Data Persistence
Fundamental Database
and Information
Systems (IMS) Systems Database Concepts Management Systems
Generation

Types of joins integrity constraints

Functional
DBMS Relational Entity Relationship Relational Algebra Fact Finding
Dependencies and
Architecture Concepts Modeling & EER and Operations Techniques
Normalization

Relational Keys,
Relations, Entity Types, Multiplicity Database Structural Query
Conceptual, Logical, Constraints, Problems in Anomalies, DDL, DML Language (SQL)
Physical Schemas ER modeling Complex Queries and DCL

Database Conceptual Database Logical Database Physical Database Security in Transactions

Design Design Methodology Design Methodology Design Methodology Databases Management

Steps with Steps with Steps with

Examples Examples Examples

Database
Database Backup Query Processing Performance Tuning Stored No SQL
Custom Triggers
and Recovery and Optimization with Indexing Procedures Databases
Functions

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 Importance
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• Impact on the economy and society, creating an
industry sector valued at between US$35-US$50
billion annually.
• Importance of the database system has increased
with developments in hardware capability,
hardware capacity, and communications, by the
emergence of the Internet, electronic commerce,
business intelligence, mobile communications,
and grid computing.

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 Introduction
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• A database to be a collection of related data
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a
software that manages and controls access to the
database.
• A database application is simply a program that
interacts with the database at some point in its
execution.
• A database system to be a collection of
application programs that interact with the
database along with the DBMS and database
itself.
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 Basic Concepts
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• Data
– Stored representation of objects and events that have
meaning and importance in the user’s environment
(ref. Jeffrey)
– A collection of facts from which conclusions may be
drawn

• Information
– Data that have been processed in such a way that
the knowledge of the person who uses the data is
increased
– Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful

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 Basic Concepts
• Metadata
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– Data that describe the properties or characteristics of end-user data, and
the context of that data
– System catalog (data dictionary or metadata) provides the description of
the data to enable program-data independence.
– Data become useful when placed in some context
• Data names, definitions, length (or size), and allowable values.
– Metadata describing context includes:
• Source of data, where data are stored
• Ownership , and usage
• Database (collection of related data)
– A shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data),
designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
– Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organization's information.

– An organized collection of logically related data (ref. Jeffrey)

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 Basic Concepts
•
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Database Management System (DBMS)
– A software system that enables users to define, create,
and maintain the database and which provides
controlled access to this database.

• Data definition language (DDL)

– Permits specification of data types, structures and any
data constraints. All specifications are stored in the
database.

• Data manipulation language (DML)

– General inquiry facility (query language) of the data.

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 Basic Concepts
• Database System
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– The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
applications are also included.
– Gain better understanding of Database Systems.
– Familiarize with terminologies of Database Systems.
– Development of Databases.
– Different Types of Databases.
– Advanced Concepts.

• Data Mining
– Search for trends in large amounts of data

• Data Warehouse
– Data structure and management system designed to support
OLAP and data mining

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 Common Usage Examples
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• Purchases from the supermarket
– The checkout assistant uses a bar code reader to scan each
of your purchases. This reader is linked to a database
application that uses the bar code to find out the price of
the item from a product database. The application then
reduces the number of such items in stock and displays the
price on the cash register
• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking a vacation with a travel agent
• Using the local library
• Taking out health, car and properties insurance
• Using the Internet applicaitons

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 Uses of Databases
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• Library catalogues •Airline bookings
• Medical records •Credit card details
• Bank accounts •Student records
• Stock market data •Customer histories
• Personnel systems •Stock market prices
• Product catalogues
•Discussion boards
• Telephone directories
•and many more...
•Train timetables

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 Why Study Databases?
•
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Many computing applications deal with large amounts of
information.
• Database systems give a set of tools for storing, searching and
managing this information.
• Databases are a ‘core topic’ in computer science and IT.
• Basic concepts and skills with database systems are part of the skill
set you will be assumed to have as a CS and IT graduate.
• Almost everything we see on a computer uses a DBMS.
• Philosophy - the nature of reality that we are trying to model.
– no entities, just statements of communicated fact.
• This could well be the next trend in programming
– relation rather than object oriented programming
• MONEY and JOBS!

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 File Based Systems
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“A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-
users such as the production of reports. Each program defines and
manages its own data”
• Works well while the number of items to be stored is small.
• Breaks down when we have to cross-reference or process the information
in the files For example, a typical real estate agent’s office might have a
separate file for each property for sale or rent, each potential buyer and
renter, and each member of staff.
• In above case how would you answer the following questions:
• What three-bedroom properties do you have for sale with a garden and
garage?
– What flats do you have for rent within three miles of the city center?
– What is the average rent for a two-bedroom flat?
– What is the total annual salary bill for staff?
– How does last month’s turnover compare with the projected figure for this
month?
– What is the expected monthly turnover for the next financial year?

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 Problems in File Based Systems
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• Data is stored in files
• Each file has a specific format
• Programs that use these files depend on knowledge about
that format
• Problems:
– Separation and isolation of data
– No standards
– Duplication of data lead to loss of data integrity
– Data dependence
– No way to generate complex queries
– Incompatible file formats
– No provision for concurrency, security, recovery, etc.

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