SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
Construct an equation whose roots are  i, sec( 2 / 5) .
Solution :
Let 5   2n, n  I  cos 3   cos 2
 4 cos3   2 cos 2   3 cos   1  0
2 4
Put cos   x , here note that  may be 0 or or for n = 0, 1, 2 and also if we take n = 3,
5 5
4, 5,.........then the value of cos  will start repeating.
 4x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
2 4
 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0, where x  cos , cos  x4 – 2x3 – 3x2 – 2x – 4 = 0
5 5
Example 2 :
If ‘a’ is a complex number that | a | = 1, find the values of a, so that equation az2 + z + 1 = 0 has one
purely imaginary root.
Solution :
az2 + z + 1 = 0 ........(i)
Taking conjugate of both sides, az 2  z  1  0
 a (z)2  z  1  0

a z 2  z  1  0 (Since z   z as z is purely imaginary) ........(ii)

Eliminating z from both the equations, we get (a  a ) 2  2(a  a )  0

Let a  cos   i sin  (since | a | = 1) so that (2i sin ) 2 2(cos )  0

1 1  4
 cos  
2

5 1
Only feasible value of cos  is
2

1
 5 1 
Hence a  cos   i sin  , where   cos  2 
 
Example 3 :
It is given that n is odd integer greater than 3, but not a multiple of 3. Prove that x3 + x2 + x is a
factor of (x + 1)n – xn – 1.
Solution :
We have x3 + x2 + x = x(x2 + x + 1) = x (x  ) ( x  2 ) , where ,2 are cube roots of unity but
not equal to 1. Moreover 3  1.x 3  x 2  x is a factor of (x + 1)n – xn – 1. It means that
(x + 1)n – xn – 1 should be zero at x = 0, x  , x  2
At x = 0, (x + 1)n – xn – 1 = 1n – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
At x   , (x + 1)n – xn – 1 = (1  ) n  n  1 = [2n  n  1]  0
as n is not a multiple of 3
At x  2 , ( x  1) n  x n  1  [n  2 n  1]  0
 x3 + x2 + x is a factor of (x + 1)n – xn – 1.

Example 4 :
z  12 5 z  4
Find the complex numbers z which simultaneously satisfy the equations  ,  1.
z  8i 3 z  8
Solution :

z  12 x  4  iy
Here 1  1
z  8i x  8  iy
 (x – 4)2 + y2 = (x – 8)2 + y2  x = 6
z  12 5
With x = 6,  y2 – 25y + 136 = 0
z  8i 3 
 9(36 + y2) = 25[36 + (y – 8)2]  y = 17, 8
Hence the required numbers are z = 6 + 17 i, 6 + 8i.

Example 5 :
1
If | z |  3 , then determine the least value of z  and the corresponding.
z
Solution :

1 1 1 1
z  |z|  |z| | z |  as | z |  3
z | z | |z| |z|

1
Let f(x) = x  for x  3
x
1
f ( x )  1  0
x2
 f(x) is increasing function  f(x)min at x = 3
 1 1 8
z  |z| 
z min | z | | z|  3 3

1 1 8
To find z : let z  r ei , where r = 3, then z   r e i  e i 
z r 3
2 2 3
 10  2 8 2 8
   cos     sin    
 3  3 3

 i
   z  3 e 2  3i
2

Example 6 :
ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. Its
points D and M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 – i respectively. Find the complex
number represented by A.
Solution :
Let A be (x, y)
It is given that BD = 2AC  MD = 2AM
Also DM is perpendicular to AM
 (1 – 2)2 + (1 + 1)2
= 4[(x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2] .........(i)
y 1 1 1
and .  1  2( y  1)  x  2
x  2 1 2
With x – 2 = 2(y + 1), (i) gives (y + 1)2 = 1/4
 y = – 1/2, –3/2  x = 3, 1
 A represents z = 3 – i/2, or 1 – 3i/2

Example 7 :
If z = x + iy is a complex number with x , y  Q and | z | = 1, show that | z2n – 1| is a rational
number for every n  N .
Solution :
| z | = 1  z  e i  x  iy

 x  cos , y  sin 
Now cos  and sin   Q
Now, | z 2 n  1 |2  (z 2n  1) (z 2 n  1)

= (zz ) 2n  z 2 n  z 2 n  1  2  (z 2 n  z 2 n )
 = | z 2n  1 |  2 | sin n |
n n 1 n n 3 3
 Now, sin n  C1 cos  sin   C3 cos  sin   .......
= Rational number ( sin , cos  are rationals )
 | z2n – 1| = Rational number

Example 8 :
Find the equation of the circle which touches the line iz  z  1  i  0 and has the lines
(1 – i)z = (1  i) z and (1 + i)z - (1  i) z = 4i as its normals.
Solution :
Clearly point of intersection of normals would be the centre of the required circle.
1 i
(1  i) z  (1  i) z  z  z
1 i
4i  (1  i) z
(1  i) z  (1  i) z  4i  z   (1  i) (i  1)z  4i(1  i)  (1  i) 2 z
i 1
 z ( 4i)  4i(1  i)  z  (1  i)
Now equation of tangent can be rewritten as,
1
(iz  z )  1  0  i(1  i)z  (1  i) z  2  0  (i  1) z  (1  i) z  2  0
1 i
| (1  i) (1  i)  (1  i) (1  i)  2 | 1
Now distance of z = (1 + i) from this line = 
2 |1 i | 2

1
Thus the equation of required circle is, | z  (1  i) | 
2
Example 9 :
2
Find a  R if atleast one complex number z is to satisfy | z + 3 | = a2 – 2a + 6 and z  3 3i  a
simultaneously.
Solution :
| z + 3 | = a2 – 2a + 1  z lies on a circle whose centre is (–3 + i.0) and radius is a2 – 2a + 6 >
0  a  R (as the roots of the corresponding equation are imaginary)

And | z  3 3i |  a 2 .........(i)

 
 z lies in the interior of a circle whose centre is 0  3 3 i and radius is a2
Clearly atleast one complex number would satisfy both the equations if the two circles cut in two
real and distinct points or first circle lies entirely inside the second circle. We know that two circles
with centres at c1 and c2 and radii r1 and r2 respectively, will never intersect and will no overlapping
 region if c1c 2  r1  r2
2 2
i.e. if  3  3 3 i  a  a  2a  6

or if a  [0, 1] .........(ii)
Now condition for the second circle to lie entirely within the first circle is that
r1  r2  c1c 2  a 2  2a  6  a 2  6  a  0 ..........(iii)
From (ii) and (iii) a  ( , 1]
Hence desired values of a is R  (  , 1]  (1,  )

Example 10 :
Find o ut regio n in which t he root s of the equatio n,
2n 2 n 1 2 n 2
sin  0 z  cos 1 .z  sin  2 .x  .....  cos  2 n 1z  sin  2 n  b lie, z being a complex
number and 0 , 1 ,.......,  2n being real and | b | > 1.
Solution :
sin  0 z 2 n  cos 1 .z 2 n 1  sin  2 .x 2 n 2  .....  cos  2 n 1z  sin  2 n  b
2n
 | sin 0 z  .....  sin 2 n |  | b |
2n 2 n 1
 | b |  | sin 0 | | z  | cos 1 | . | z | ........  | cos 2 n 1 | z |  | sin  2 n |
as | cos  |  1 and | sin  |  1 |    R

 | b | 1 | z | .......... | z |2 n
This will be true for values of | z | > 1. Let | z | < 1

| z |2 n 1 1 | b | 1
 | b |  | b | (| z | 1)  | z |2 n 1 1  | z | 
| z | 1 |b|

| b | 1
Hence all roots would be lying outside the circle | z |  .
|b|
Example 11 :
Let z and z0 be two complex numbers. It is given that |z| = 1 and the numbers z, z0, z z0 , 1 and 0
are represented in an Argand diagram by the points P, P0, Q. A and the origin respectively. Show
that the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent. Hence, or otherwise, prove that
|z – z0| = |z z0 –1|.
Solution :
Given OA = 1 and |z| = 1
 OP = |z – 0| = |z| = 1  OP = OA
 OP0 = |z – 0| = |z0|
and OQ = |zz0 – 0| = |zz0| = |z| |z0| = 1 |z0|

 z0  0   z0  Y
Also P0OP  arg    arg   P0(z0)
 z0   z 
P(z)
 zz 
 arg  0  A(1)
 zz  O X

 zz  Q(zz0 )

 arg  0    arg z z 0
 1 

 1   1 0 
  arg (z z0 )  arg    arg   = AOQ
 zz0   zz0  0 
Thus, the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent.

 PP0 = AQ  | z  z 0 |  | z z0  1|

Example 12 :
A cubic equation f(x) = 0 has one real root  and two complex roots   i . Points A, B and C
represent roots  ,   i and   i respectively on the Argand diagram. Show that the roots of
the derived equation f (x)  0 are imaginary, if A falls inside one of the two equilateral triangles
described on base BC.
Solution :
Let f(x) = k(x   ) (x    i ) (x   i )  k (x   )[(x  ) 2   2 ]

 f (x)  k[{(x  ) 2   2 }  2(x  ) (x  )]

Discriminant of equation f (x)  0 is given by

D = 4 [(   2) 2  3( 2   2  2) ] ...(1)

y B()
2||
L ||
x
O P A(, 0) (, 0) Q

C()
Let PAB and QAB be two equilateral triangles with base BC. Let L be the mid point of PQ, so that
PL = 3|  | .
If a lies inside the equilateral triangles, then |    |  3 |  | or (   ) 2  3 2
 or  2   2  3 2  2  0
 From (1), D < 0 and hence roots of equation f (x) = 0 are imaginary if A lies between P and Q
on the line segment PQ.

Example 13 :
(x  ) n  (x  ) n sin n1
If ,  are the roots of the equation t2 – 2t + 2 = 0 and  n , (x  R)
(  ) sin 1
then prove that x = cot 1  1.
Solution :
t 2  2t  2  0  t 1  i
Let 1 i and 1 i   2i
Now, x    x  1  i, x    x  1  i
Let, z = x +   (x  1)  i  Rei  z  Re i  (x  1)  i  x  

1
Where R2 = (x + 1)2 + 1 and tan    x = cot   1
(x  1)

(x  ) n  (x  ) n R n (ein  e in )
Now, (x  ) n  R n . ein , (x  ) n  R n . e in  
  2i
2 n/2
= Rn. sin n  sin n.(cot   1) (as x + 1 = cot )
sin n sin n1
 
sin n  sin n 1 (given)    1  x  cot 1  1 .

Example 14 :

1 z 2n  1
If z   2 cos  , prove that 2n
z z  1 = | tan n |.
Solution :
1
z  2 cos ,  z 2  2 cos .z  1  0
z

2 cos   4 cos2   4
z  cos   isin 
2
1
Taking positive sign z = cos   i sin  ,  (cos   i sin )
z

n 1
2n z 
z 1 zn (cos   i sin )n  (cos   1sin ) n 2i sin n

z  1 z n  1  (cos   isin ) n  (cos   isin ) n  2 cos n  i tan n
2n

zn
 taking negative sign similarly we get,

z 2n  1 2i sin n z 2n  1
   tan n ,  |  i tan  |  (tan n) for |  i |  1 .
z 2n  1 2 cos n z 2n  1

Example 15 :
z1, z2 and z3 are three non-zero complex numbers such that z1  z 2  z 3 , and a = |z1|, b = |z2|,

a b c 2
 z3   z 3  z1 
c | z3 | . If b c a  0, then show that arg    arg   .
 z2   z 2  z1 
c a b
Solution :
a b c
b c a
We have = –(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
c a b
Imaginary axis
(a  b  c)
 {(a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a) 2 }  0 z2 z1
2

Now a, b and c are positive, as modulus of
non-zero complex numbers z3
2
 a=b=c

So z1, z2 and z3 ; lie on a circle with centre at origin. O Real axis

 z3 
Now Arg  z  = arg (z3) – arg (z2) = 3  2
 2
2
 z z 
arg  3 1   2BAC  2
 z 2  z1 
Now 2  (3  2 ) (As we know that angle subtended by a chord on centre of a circle is double
the angle subtended by the same chord at any point on the circumference of the circle). Hence
Proved.
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 :
If arg(z1 )  arg(z 2 ) , then
(A ) z2 = kz1–1 (k > 0) (B) z2 = kz1(k > 0)
(C) | z2 | = | z1 | (D) none of these
Solution :
z1 z1 1
z1   | z1 |2 z1  arg(z –1) = arg(z )  arg(z )  z = kz –1 (k > 0)
z1 1 1 2 2 1

Hence (A) is the correct alternative.

Example 2 :
If x = 1 + i, then the value of the expression x4 – 4x3 + 7x2 – 6x + 3 is
(A) –1 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) none of these
Solution :
We have x – 1 = i  (x – 1)4 = 1
(x – 1)2 = – 1
1=1
Adding, we get x4 – 4x3 + 7x2 – 6x + 3 = 1
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
Example 3 :
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | = | z2 | + | z1 – z2 |, then

z  z 
(A) Im 1   0 (B) Re 1   0
 z2   z2 

z  z 
(C) Re 1   Im 1  (D) none of these
 z2   z2 
Solution :
We have | z1 | = | z2 | + | z1 – z2 |
 | z1  z 2 |2  (| z1 |  | z 2 |) 2  | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 2 | z1 | | z 2 |

z1
 cos(1   2 )  1  1   2  0  arg(z1 )  arg(z 2 )  0  is purely real
z2
z 
 Im 1   0 . Hence (A) is correct Alternative.
 z2 
Example 4 :

z1
If  1 and arg(z1 z2) = 0, then
z2
(A) z1 = z2 (B) |z2|2 = z1z2
(C) z1z2 = 1 (D) none of these
Solution :

z1
Let z1  r1 (cos 1  i sin 1 ) . Then  1  | z1 |  | z 2 |  | z1 |  | z 2 |  r1
z2

Now arg(z1 z2) = 0  arg(z1 )  arg(z 2 )  0

 arg(z 2 )  1
Therefore, z 2  r1 (cos(1 )  i sin(1 )  r1 (cos 1  i sin 1 )  z1


 z 2  z1  z1  | z 2 |2  z1z 2
Hence (B) is the correct alternative.

Example 5 :
If | z | < 4, then | iz + 3 – 4i | is less than
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 9
Solution :
| iz + ( 3 – 4i )  | iz | + | 3 – 4i | = | z | + 5 < 4 + 5 = 9
Hence (D) is the correct alternative.

Example 6 :
If z is a complex number, then z 2  z 2  2 represents
(A) a circle (B) a straight line
(C) a hyperbola (D) an ellipse
Solution :
Let z = x + iy, then z 2  z 2  2  x2 – y2 = 1, which represents a hyperbola.
Hence (C) is the correct alternative.
Example 7 :
If a  0, a  R , z  a  2i and z | z | – az + 1 = 0 then
(A) z is always a positive real number (B) z is always a negative real number
(C) z is purely imaginary number (D) such a complex z does not exist
Solution :
Putting z = a + 2i in the given equation and comparing imaginary parts, we get a2 + 4 = a2, which
is not possible. Hence (D) is the correct alternative.

Example 8 :
1  i
If = A + iB, then A2 + B2 equals to
1  i
(A) 1 (B)  2

(C) –1 (D) –  2
Solution :
1  i 1  i
A + iB =  A – iB =
1  i 1  i
(1  i ) (1  i)
 (A  iB ) (A  iB )   1  A2 + B2 =1
(1  i ) (1  i)
Hence (A) is the correct alternative.
Example 9 :
If  is the angle which each side a regular polygon of n side subtends at its centre, then
1  cos   cos 2  cos 3  .......... cos(n  1) is equal to
(A) n (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution :
n 1 n 1 ir 

 cos r  Re  e
r0 r 0
n
= sum of the n roots of unity = 0

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Example 10 :
If points corresponding to complex numbers z1, z2, z3 and z4 are the vertices of a rhombus, taken
in order, then for a non-zero real number k
(A) z1 – z3 = i k(z2 – z4) (B) z1 – z2 = i k(z3 – z4)
(C) z1 + z3 = k(z2 + z4) (D) z1 + z2 = k(z3 + z4)
Solution :
Since the diagonals are perpendicular to each other
z1  z 2 
arg    (z1 – z3) = i k(z2 – z4)
z2  z 4 2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Example 11 :

x 1  2
If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then a root of the equation  x  2 1 = 0 is
2 1 x2
(A) x = 1 (B) x = 
(C) x =  2 (D) x = 0
Solution :
Let us denote the given determinant by  . Applying C1  C1  C 2  C3 , we get

x  1    2  2 x  2
  x  1    2 x  2 1  x x  2 1
x  1    2 1 x x 1 x

Clearly   0 for x = 0.

Example 12 :
If (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + ... + a2x2 + ... + a2n x2n, then the value of a0 + a3 + a6 + ... is
(A) 1 (B) 2n
(C) 2n–1 (D) 3n–1
Solution :
Putting x = 1, w, w2 in (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a2n x2n , we get
(1 + 1 + 1)n = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + 1/4 + a2n,
(1 + w + w2)n = a0 + a1w + a2w2 + a3w3 + 1/4 + a2n w2n,
and (1 + w2 + w4)n = a0 + a1w2 + a2w4 + a3w6 + 1/4 + a2n w4n
Adding the above three equations and using 1 + w + w2 = 0, w3 = 1 we get
3n = 3(a0 + a3 + a6 + ... )  a0 + a3 + a6 + ... = 3n–1.
Example 13 :
If ,  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0, and w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then value of

(w  w 2) (w 2  w) is

(A) p2 (B) 3q
(C) p2 – 2q (D) p2 – 3q
Solution :
We have      p,   q

Now (w  w 2) (w 2  w) = w 3 2  w 4   w 2   w 3

=  2  2  (w  w 2 )    2  2   = (  ) 2  3  p2  3q
Example 14 :
1 1 1
If 1, ,..., n 1 are the nth roots of unity, then the value of   ...  equals
2 22
2  n 1
1 2(2n  1)
(A) (B)
2n  1 2n  1

(n  2) 2n 1
(C) (D) none of these
2n  1
Solution :
We know that

1 1 1 1 n(x n 1 )
   ...  
x  1 x   x  2 x  n 1 x n  1

1 1 1 n(2n 1 )
Putting x = 2, we get   ...  
2   2  2 2  n 1 2n  1

Example 15 :
 
If  cos  i sin , then value of 1   2  ...  n 1 is
n n
(A) 1 + i (B) 1 + i tan (p/n)
(C) 1 + icot (  / 2n) (D) none of these
Solution :
n
We have , 1    2  ...  n 1  1  
1 

 n   n 
But n  cos    i sin   = cos   i sin    1
 n   n 
       
and 1    2sin 2  2i sin cos   2i sin    cos  i sin 
2n 2n 2n  2n   2n 2n 
2[cos(  / 2n)  i sin (  / 2n)]
Thus, 1    2  ...  n 1  = 1 + i cot (  / 2n)
2i sin (  / 2n)