1.

ELEMENTS OF A TRIANGLE
In a triangle ABC the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides
opposite to these angles are denoted by small letters a, b and c. Semi perimeter of the triangle is
abc
given by s = and its area is denoted by  .
2

2. SINE RULE
a b c
In a triangle ABC,   = 2R (where R is circum radius)
sin A sin B sin C

1 1 1
Note : Area of triangle = bc sinA = ac sinB = ab sinC.
2 2 2

Drill Exercise - 1

a 2 sin( B  C) b 2 sin( C  A) c 2 sin( A  B)

1. In any triangle ABC, prove that + + =0
sin B  sin C sin C  sin A sin A  sin B

sin A sin( A  B)
2. If in a ABC, = , prove that a2, b2, c2 are in A. P..
sin C sin( B  C)

3. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and CB is perpendicular to them. If
ADB = 60º, BC = 4 and CD = 3, then find the length of side AB.
4. If the sides of a triangle are in arithmetic progression, and if its greatest angle exceeds the least
1  cos 
angle by , show that the sides are in the ration 1 – x : 1 : 1 + x, where x = .
7  cos 

5. Through the angular points of a triangle are drawn straight lines which make the same angle  with
the opposite sides of the triangle; prove that area of the triangle formed by them is to the area of the
original triangle as 4 cos2  : 1.

3. COSINE RULE
In a triangle ABC,

b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2
(i) cos A = (ii) cos B =
2bc 2ca

a 2  b2  c2
(iii) cos C =
2ab
 Drill Exercise - 2

cos A cos B cos C a 2  b 2  c 2

1. In any ABC, prove that + + = .
a b c 2abc

1 (m  1)(m  3)
2. Let ABC be a triangle such that 2b = (m + 1)a and cos A = , where m (1, 3).
2 m
Prove that there are two values of the third side one of which is m times the other.

1 1 3
3. In a triangle ABC, C = 60º, then prove that + =
a c bc a bc

cos A  2 cos C sin B

4. If in a triangle ABC, = prove that the triangle is either isosceles or right
cos A  2 cos B sin C
angled.
5. A ring, 10 cm, in diameter, is suspended from a point 12 cm, above its centre by 6 equal strings
attached to its circumference at equal intervals. Find the cosine of the angle between consecutive
strings.

Illustration 1:
Find the angles of the triangle whose sides are 3 + 3,2 3 and 6.
Solution:

Let a = 3 + 3 , b = 2 3 , c = 6  cos A = 

b 2  c 2  a 2 12  6  9  3  6 3 
2bc 12 2

66 3 1 3
=  = cos 1050  A = 1050
12 2 2 2

a b
Applying Sine formula :  , we get
sin A sin B

b 2 3 1
 sin B = sin A 
a 3 3
 
sin 1050 =
2
 B = 450

 A = 1050, B = 450, C = 300

4. PROJECTION FORMULAE
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C (iii) c = a cos B + b cos C

Illustration 2:
If A = 450, B = 750, prove that a + c 2 = 2b.
Solution:
As A = 450, B = 750 we have C = 600
  2b = 2 (a cos C + c cos A) = 2(a cos 600 + c cos 450)
= a + c 2 = L.H.S.

5. NAPIER’S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE)

BC bc A CA ca B
(i) tan  cot (ii) tan   cot
 2  bc 2  2  ca 2
 A  B a  b C
(iii) tan   cot
 2  ab 2

6. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

A

s  b s  c B  s  c  s  a 
(a) (i) sin (ii) sin 
2 bc 2 ca
C

s  a s  b
(iii) sin
2 ab
A ss  a  B ss  b 
(b) (i) cos = (ii) cos =
2 bc 2 ca

C s s  c
(iii) cos 
2 ab

A  s  b  s  c  B s  cs  a 
(c) (i) tan = (ii) tan =
2 s s  a  2 ss  b 

C s  a s  b 
(iii) tan 2  ss  c 

Drill Exercise - 3

1. In a ABC, if a = 13, b = 14, and c = 15, find the followings

A A A
(i)  (ii) sin (iii) cos (iv) tan
2 2 2
2. The sides of a triangle are x2 + x + 1, 2x + 1 and x2 –1; prove that the greatest angle is 120º.
sin B c  a cos B
3. In any ABC, prove that =
sin C b  a cos C
4. If are the lengths of the altitudes of a ABC, prove that
1 1 1 cot A  cot B  cot C
2 + 2 +  2 = where  is the area of ABC.
 
A B C abc A
5. In a ABC, prove that cot + cot + cot =  cot .
2 2 2  bca  2
7. AREA OF TRIANGLE
Area of triangle = s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)

2 2Δ 2 2Δ
7.1 (i) sin A = s  s  a  s  b  s  c   (ii) sinB= s  s  a  s  b  s  c  
bc bc ca ca
2 2Δ
(iii) sin C = s  s  a  s  b  s  c  
ab ab

8. m-n THEOREM
Let D be a point on the side BC of a  ABC such that
BD : DC = m : n and  ADC =  ,  BAD =  and
 DAC =  . Then
(i) (m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot 
(ii) (m + n) cot  = n cot B – m cot C

9. CENTROID AND MEDIANS OF A TRIANGLE

The line joining any vertex of a triangle to the mid point of the opposite side of the triangle is called
the median of the triangle. The three medians of a triangle are concurrent and the point of concurrency
of the medians of any triangle is called the centroid of the triangle. The centroid divides the median
in the ratio 2 : 1.
Illustration 3:
Find the lengths of the medians and the angles made by the medians with the sides of a triangle
ABC.
Solution :

2 2 2 a2 2
AD = AC + CD – 2AC. CD cos C = b + – ab cosC,
4
and c2 = b2 + a2 – 2ab cos C.

a2
Hence 2AD2 – c2 = b2 – ,
2

1 1 2 2 A
so that AD = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 = b  c  2bc cos A
2 2  

F
E
Similarly, G

1 1 
BE = 2c 2  2a 2  b 2 , and CF = 2a 2  2b 2  c 2 B
D C
2 2
If BAD   and CAD  , we have
 sin  DC a
 
sinC AD 2AD

a sin C a sin C
 sin  = 
2AD 2b 2  2c2  a 2
Similarly
a sin B
sin  =
2b  2c 2  a 2
2

Drill Exercise - 4

1. If the medians of a ABC make angles with each other, prove that
cot + cot + cot + cotA + cotB + cotC = 0
2. In an isosceles right angled triangle a straight line is drawn from the middle point of one of the equal
sides to the opposite angle. Show that it divides the angle into parts whose cotangents are 2 and 3.
3. D, E and F are the middle points of the sides of the triangle ABC; prove that the centroid of the
triangle DEF is the same as that of ABC, and that its orthocentre is the circumcentre of ABC.
4. Prove that the median through A divides it into angles whose cotangents are 2 cot A + cot C and 2
1
cotA + cotB, and makes with the base an angle whose cotangent is (cot C ~ cot B)
2
5. Prove that the distance between the middle point of BC and the foot of the perpendicular from A
b2 ~ c2
is .
2a

10. CIRCUM CIRCLE

The circle which passes through the angular points of a  ABC, is called its circumcircle. The
centre of this circle i.e., the point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the
 ABC, is called the circumcenter..

E F
O

A A
B C
a/2 D a/2

Radius of the circumcircle is given by the following formulae

 a b c abc
R=   
2sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4

Illustration 4:
If in a  ABC, O is the circumcenter and R is the circumradius and R1, R2 and R3 are the circumradii
a b c abc
of the triangles OBC, OCA and OAB respectively, then prove that R  R  R  3 .
1 2 3 R
Solution:
Clearly, in the  OBC,  BOC = 2A, OB = OC = R, BC = a.
a
 2R1 = {using sine rule in  BOC)
sin 2A

b c A
Similarly, 2R2 = and 2R 3 
sin 2B sin 2C
a b c
 R  R  R = 2(sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C) O
1 2 3

= 2.4 sin A sin B sin C,

B C
a b c abc
=8 . .  3 .
2R 2R 2R R

Illustration 5:
If the distances of the sides of a  ABC from its circumcenter be x, y and z respectively, then
a b c abc
prove that x  y  z  4xyz .

Solution :
a
Let M be the circumcenter. MD  BC. So BD = DC = and  BMD = A.
2
a
BD 2 = tan A, i.e., a = tan A,
In  BDM, = tan A or A
MD x 2x

b c F E
Similarly, 2 y = tan B, = tan C z
2z M y
A x
a b c B C
 tan A + tan B + tan C = 2x  2y  2z D
 a b c
and tan A. tan B. tan C = 2x . 2 y . 2z

But in a triangle ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

a b c abc
   
x y z 4xyz
11. ORTHOCENTER AND PEDAL TRIANGLE OF A TRIANGLE.
In a triangle the altitudes drawn from the three vertices to the opposite sides are concurrent and the
point of cuncurrency of the altitudes of the triangle is called the orthocenter of the triangle. The
triangle formed by joining the feet of these perpendiculars is called the pedal triangle i.e.
 DEF is the pedal triangle of  ABC.
A

F
E

P
900 – C
B C
D

Illustration 6:
Find the distance of the orthocenter from the sides and angular points of a triangle ABC.
Solution :
PD = DB tan  PBD = DB tan (900 – C)
c
= AB cos B cot C = cos B cos C = 2R cos B cos C
sin C
Similarly
PE = 2R cosA cosC and PF = 2R cosA cosB
Again
A
AP = AE sec DAC = c cos A cosec C
c F
= cos A = 2 R cos A E
sin C
P
so, BP = 2R cos B and CP = 2R cos C 90 – C
B
D C

Illustration 7:
Find the distance between the circumcenter and the orthocenter of a triangle ABC

Solution :
Let O be the circumcenter and P be the orthocenter of the  ABC
If OF be perpendicular to AB, we have
 A
0
OAF  90  C
F
Also PAL  900  C P
L
O
 OAP  C – B
Also OA = R and PA = 2R cosA B C
D K
2 2 2
 OP = OA + PA – 2OA. PA cos OAP
= R2 + 4R2 cos2 A – 4R2 cosA cos (C – B)
= R2 – 4R2 cosA [cos(B + C) + cos (C – B)] = R2 – 8R2 cos A cos B cosC
 OP = R 1 8 cos A cos B cos C

12. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES

If AD bisects the angle A and divide the base into portions x and y, we have, by Geometry,
x AB c x y xy a
     
y AC b c b bc bc

ac ab
 x= and y =
bc bc
Also let  be the length of AD A

we have  ABD +  ACD =  ABC

1 A 1 A 1
 c sin  b sin  bc sin A,
2 2 2 2 2 

bc sin A 2bc A B C
i.e.,   cos x D y
b  c sin A b  c 2
2
Drill Exercise - 5

1. Show that the distances of the orthocentre from the sides of a triangle ABC are
2R cos B cos C , 2R cos C cos A & 2R cos C cos A .
2. In any ABC, prove that a cosA + b cosB + c cosC = 4R sinA sinB sinC.
3. If p1, p2 p3 are respectively the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides,
a 2 b 2c 2
prove that p1p2p3 = .
8R 3
4. In a ABC, if 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2, show that the triangle is right angled.
5. AD, BE and CF are the perpendiculars from the angular points of a triangle ABC upon the opposite
sides : prove that the diameter of the circumcircles of the triangle AEF, BDF, and CDE are respectively
a cot A , b cot B and c cot C and that the perimeters of the triangles DEF and ABC are in the ratio r
: R.
13. INCIRCLE
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so as to touch each of the sides of the triangle
is called its incircle. The centre of this circle i.e., the point of concurrency of angle bisectors of the
triangle is called the incentre of the  ABC.
A

E
r F
I r

900– B/2
B/2 r C/2
B C
D
Radius of the Incircle is given by the following formulae
 A B C A B C
r= = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
Illustration 8:
Find the distance between the circumcenter and the incentre.
Solution :
Let O be the circumcenter and I be the incentre of  ABC.
Let OF be perpendicular to AB and IE be perpendicular to AC.
OAF  900  C. A

 OAI  IAF  OAF

F
A A A  BC CB
=
2
 2

 900  C   C 
2

2 O I
E

B C
IE r B C
Also, AI =   4R sin sin
A A 2 2
sin sin
2 2

 OI 2  OA 2  AI 2  2OA. AI cos OAI

B 2 C B C CB
= R2 + 16R2 sin2 sin – 8R2 sin sin cos
2 2 2 2 2

OI 2 B 2C B C B C B C
 2
 1  16 sin 2 sin – 8sin sin  cos cos  sin sin 
R 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

B C B C B C
= 1 – 8 sin sin  cos cos  sin sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2

B C A
= 1 – 8 sin sin sin . . . (i)
2 2 2
B C A
 OI  R 1  8 sin sin sin .
2 2 2
Illustration 9:
If the distances of the vertices of a triangle ABC from the points of contacts of the incircle with

sides be  ,  and  , then prove that r 2 

Solution:
Let the incircle touches the side AB at P, where AP =  . Let I be the incentre.
 From the right-angled  IPA,
r A A B C
 tan ;    r cot similarly,  = r cot and   r cot
 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
In  ABC, we have the identity cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A
     
    . . 
r r r r r r
P E
1
or        13  I
r r
B C
2

 r =   .

Illustration 10:
Show that the line joining the in-centre to the circumcenter of a triangle ABC is inclined to the side
 cos B  cos C  1 
BC at an angle tan 1  .
 sin C  sin B 
Solution:
Let I be the in-centre of O be the circumcenter of the triangle ABC. Let OL be parallel to BC. Let
IOL   . IM = r OC = R, NOC  A

IL IM  LM IM  ON r  R cos A
 tan     
OL BM  BN BM  NC B
r cot  R sin A
2
A
A B C
sin sin  R cos A
4R sin I
 2 2 2
A B C B L
O
4R sin sin sin .cot  R sin A
2 2 2 2
B NM C
cos A  cos B  cos C  1  cos A cos B  cos C  1
 
sin A  sin C  sin B  sin A sin C  sin B

 cos B  cos C  1 
   tan 1  .
 sin C  sin B 
14. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS
(i) The distance between circumcenter and orthocenter is = R. 1 8 cos A cos B cos C

(ii) The distance between circumcenter and incentre is = R 2  2Rr .

(iii) The distance between incentre and orthocenter is 2r 2  4R 2 cos A cos B cos C .
Drill Exercise - 6
1. In a triangle ABC, the incircle touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E, F respectively. If radius
of incircle is 4 units and BD, CE and AF be consecutive natural numbers, find the sides of the
triangle ABC.
2. Show that the distances of the incentre from vertices A,B & C are
B C C A A B
4R sin sin , 4R sin sin , 4R sin sin respectively..
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
3. In a ABC, prove that ratio of the area of the incircle to that of the triangle is  : cot cot cot .
2 2 2
4. Prove that a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  2( R  r ) .
5. If the incentre & the circumcentre of a triangle are equidistant from the side BC, prove that
cos B  cos C  1 .

15. ESCRIBED CIRCLES

The circle which touches the side BC and the two sides AB and AC produced is called the escribed
circle opposite the angle A. Its centre and radius will be denoted by I1 and r1 respectively.
A
Radii of the excircles are given by the following formulae
 A A B C B D1
(i) r1 =  s tan  4R sin cos cos C
sa 2 2 2 2 F1

 B A B C E1
(ii) r2 =  s tan  4R cos sin cos
sb 2 2 2 2 L I1

M
 C A B C
(iii) r3 =  s tan  4R cos cos sin .
sc 2 2 2 2

16. EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE

The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1, I2 and I3 of
ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle. Not that "

(i) Incentre I of ABC is the orthocenter of the excentral

I1I2I3.

(ii) ABC is the pedal triangle of the I1I2I3.

 A B
(iii) The sides of the excentral triangle are 4 R cos , 4 R cos and
2 2
C  A  B  C
4 R cos and its angles are – , – and – .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(iv) II1 = 4 R sin : II2 = 4 R sin : II3 = 4 R sin
2 2 2
Illustration 11 :
If the exradii r1, r2 and r3 of a  ABC are in HP, show that its sides a, b and c are in A.P..
Solution:
  
We know that r1 = , r2  , r3 
sa sb sc
 r1, r2, r3 are in HP
sa sb sc
 , , are in AP
  
 s – a, s – b, s – c are in AP  a, b, c are in AP

Drill Exercise - 7

1. Prove the following :

abc 1 r  r1  r2  r3 1 (A  B) C
R  (r1  r2  r3  r )   (a  b) sec sec
4rs 4 4 cos C 4 2 2
2 2 2 2
a b (r  r )(r2  r )(r3  r ) r s  1 1  1 1  1 1 
  1        
2c sin( A  B) 4r 2 4  r r1  r r2  r r3 
A
 a cos A (b  c) tan 2 r  sin A
  
4 sin A 4 cos A 2 sin A

2. Prove the following :

A A A
  rr1r2 r3  rr1 cot  s(s  a ) tan  cos bc(s  b)(s  c)
2 2 2
1 sin A sin B 2
 Rr (sin A  sin B  sin C)  (b 2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2B)  (a  b 2 )
4 2 sin( A  B)
a 2  b2  c 2 (abc ) 2 / 3
  5/ 3
(sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C)1 / 3
4(cot A  cot B  cot C) 2

3. Show that the radii of the three escribed circles of a triangle are the roots of the equation,
x3 – x2 (4R + r) + xs2 – rs2 = 0
4. If R1, R2 and R3 be the diameter of the excircles of a ABC (opposite to the vertices A, B and C
a b c R  R 2  R3
respectively), then prove that    1 .
R1 R 2 R 3 abc

5. Prove that r 2  r12  r2 2  r32  16R 2  (a 2  b 2  c 2 ) .

17. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

When any three of the six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the triangle
is known completely. This process is called the solution of triangles.

b 2  c2  a 2
(i) If the sides a, b and c are given, then cos A = . B and C can be obtained in
2bc
the similar way.

(ii) If two sides b and c and t he included angle A are given, t hen using
BC b c A BC
tan  cot , we get .
2 bc 2 2
BC A
Also = 90 0 – , so t hat B and C can be evaluated.
2 2
b sin A
The third side is given by a = .
sin B
c
(iii) If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, then sin C = sin B, A
b
b sin A
= 1800 – (B + C) and a = give the remaining elements. If b < c sin B, there is no
sin B
triangle possible (fig 1). If b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle
possible (fig 2). If c sin B < b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two values of angle
C (fig 3). If c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle (fig 4).

A A

c c
b c sinB
b c sinB

B D
D
B (Fig 1) (Fig 2)
 A
A

c b b c sinB
b b c sinB c

D C2 B C1
B C2 C1
(Fig 4)
(Fig 3)

This case is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.

Illustration 12:
In any triangle ABC, the sides are 6 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Show that the triangle is obtuse-angled
with the obtuse angle equal to 1200.
Solution:
Let a = 14, b = 10, c = 6
 The largest angle is opposite the largest side.
b 2  c 2  a 2 100  36  196 1
 cos A =     A  1200
2bc 120 2

Illustration 13:
If in a triangle ABC, a = (1 + 3 ) cm, b = 2 cm and C = 600, then find the other two angles and
the third side
Solution:
2

cos C =
a 2  b2  c2 1 1 3  4  c
. 
2
 
2ab 2 2 1  3 .2  
 c2 = 6  c= 6
sin A sin B sin C
Also,  
a b c

3
sin A sin B 1
   2  sin B =
2
 B = 450
1 3 2 6
 A = 1800 – (450 + 600) = 750

Illustration 14 :
Given the base of a triangle, the opposite angle A, and the product k2 of the other two sides, show
A
that it is not possible for a to be less than 2k sin .
2
Solution:
Given b.c = k2
b2  c2  a 2
Now cosA =
2bc
A
2 2
k  2
or 2k2 cosA = b2 +    a
 b  b
c
or b4 – (a2 + 2k2 cosA). b2 + k4 = 0
Since b is real, (a2 + 2k2) (a2 + 2k2 cosA – 2k2)  0
2

B C
 2 2 2 A  2 2 2 A a
  a  2k .2 cos  a  2k .2 sin  0
 2  2

 2 2 2 A  2 2 2 A
  a  4k cos   a  4k sin 0
 2 2
A A
 a 2  4k 2 sin 2  0 [since a2 + 4k2 cos2 is always positive]
2 2
 A  A
  a  2k sin   a  2k sin   0
 2 2
A A
 a   2k sin or a  2k sin (since 2ksin(A/2) is real)
2 2
A
But a must be positive.  a  – 2k sin is rejected
2
A
Hence a  2 k sin .
2
DRILL EXERCISE - 8

1. A right triangle has c = 64, A = 61º and C = 90º. Find the remaining parts.
2. Solve the triangle in which b = 100, c = 100 2 and B = 30º.
3. In a ABC if a, b and A are given, then prove that two triangles are formed such that the sum of
1 2 2
their areas is b sin A.
2
4. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 12 2 cm respectively, and the angle opposite
the shorter side is 30º; prove that there are two triangle satisfying these conditions, find their angles
and show that their areas are in the ratio 3  1 : 3 1

5. In a ABC, if a, b and A are given, then there are two triangles with third sides c1 and c2 such that
c1 – c2 = 2 a 2  b 2 sin 2 A
18. INSCRIBED & CIRCUMSCRIBED POLYGONS (Important Formulae)
1 2 2
I. Area of Polygone of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r = nr sin
2 n
1 2 
II. Area of Polygone of n sides inscribing a circle of radius r = nr tan
2 n

III. Side of Inscribed polygone = 2r sin .
n

IV. Side of Circumscribed polygone = 2r tan .
n
Illustration 15 :
Find the radii of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles of a regular polygon of n sides with
each side a and also find the area of the regular polygon.
Solution:
Let AB, BC and CD be three successive sides of the polygon and O be the centre of both the
2 1  2  
incircle and the circumcircle of the polygon BOC   BOL    
n 2 n  n
If a be a side of the polygon, we have
 a  O D
a = BC = 2BL = 2RsinBOL = 2Rsin  r  cot . A
n 2 n
Now the area of the regular polygon = n times the area of the R R

1 1 a  na 2 
OBC  n  OL.BC   n . cot .a  cot . B
2  2 2 n 4 n L C

DRILL EXERCISE - 9
1. If a, b, c, d are the sides of a quadrilateral described about a circle then prove that
A C
ad sin 2  bc sin 2 .
2 2
2. Two regular polygons of n & 2n sides have the same perimeter, show that their areas are in the
 
ratio 2 cos : 1  cos .
n n
3. If 2a be the side of a regular polygon of n sides, R & r be the circumradius & inradius, prove that

R  r  a cot .
2n
4. With reference to a given circle, A1 & B1 are the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed regular
polygons of n sides, A 2 & B 2 are corresponding quantities for regular polygons of 2n sides.
Prove that A 2 is a geometric mean between A1 & B1 and B2 is a hormonic mean between
A 2 & B1 .
 ANSWER
Drill Exercise - 1

25 3
3.
43 3
Drill Exercise - 2
313
5.
338
Drill Exercise - 3

1 2 1
1. (i) 84 (ii) (iii) (iv)
5 5 2

Drill Exercise - 6
1. a = 13, b = 15, c = 14

Drill Exercise - 8

1. A = 29º , a = 64 cos 29º, b = 64 sin 29º

2. a = 50 ( 6  2 ) , A = 15º , C = 135º
4. 45º and 105º; 135º and 15º.