HAND AND MACHINE TOOLS

Hand tools
What does the term "hand tools" mean?
Any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor is referred to as a hand tool.
Wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking tools, struck or hammered tools, screwdrivers, vises,
clamps, snips, hacksaws, drills, and knives are examples of several types of hand tools.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAND TOOLS

1.WRENCHES
What types of wrenches are available?
Wrenches come in many different sizes and shapes, and they are used to grip, fasten, turn,
tighten, and loosen items like pipes, pipe fittings, nuts, and bolts. There are essentially two
main categories of wrenches:

wrenches for gripping rounded (cylindrical) objects that are used in plumbing.
Wrenches of general use that are applied to nuts and bolts with flat, parallel surfaces, such
as square or hexagonal (hex) bolts.
Wrenches can either have an adjustable size to fit various sized pipes, nuts, and bolts or
they can have a fixed size.
2.PLIERS
Pliers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for gripping
something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and others are designed
to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire. There are also tools that are used
just for cutting wires (as opposed to wire cable and rope). Use the correct pliers or wire cutters
for the job.

Proper use of side cutting (lineman's) pliers:

 Many applications including electrical, communications and construction work

  Use to grip, splice or cut wires, and strip insulation.

Proper use of long nose pliers:

 Use to grip small objects, reach awkward places, holding wires, bend loops, and attach
wires
 Work involving smaller gauge wire.

Proper use of utility pliers:

 Use to grip round square, flat and hexagonal objects.

 Can apply limited torque (twisting force) without damaging the work.

Proper use of diagonal cutting pliers:

 For work involving cutting and skinning wires, cutting and removing pins, nails and other
fasteners.

Proper use of flat nose pliers:

 Common pliers, used in many applications and assembly work.

 Use to grip, turn and bend wires.
Proper use of slip joint pliers:

 Used to adjust nuts or bolts.

Proper use of end cutting pliers

 Use for cutting wires, nails, rivets close to work.

3.CUTTERS
Many types and sizes of cutters are used for cutting selected metal products made from iron,
steel, or softer, non-ferrous materials (e.g., copper, brass, aluminum). Cutters are designed to
cut materials of different kinds of products such as wires, cables (electrical, coax, multi-strand),
wire ropes, fencing, bolts, rods, pre-stressed concrete wires, and strapping .

4. STRIKING TOOLS/HAMMERED TOOLS

Hammers and other striking tools are widely used and often abused. Hammers are made for
specific purposes in various types and sizes, and with striking surfaces of varying hardness. For
example, hammers are used for general carpentry, framing, nail pulling, cabinet making,
assembling furniture, upholstering, finishing, riveting, bending or shaping metal, striking
masonry drill and steel chisels, and so on. Hammers are designed according to the intended
purpose.

 Select a hammer that is comfortable for you and that is the proper size and weight for
the job. Misuse can cause the striking face to chip, possibly causing a serious injury.
 Choose a hammer with a striking face diameter approximately 12 mm (0.5 inches) larger
than the face of the tool being struck (e.g., chisels, punches, wedges, etc.).
 Choose a hammer with a cushioned handle to protect you from vibration, impact, and
squeezing pressure.
 Use hammers with electrically insulated handles for work on or around exposed
energized parts.
 Ensure that the head of the hammer is firmly attached to the handle.
  Replace loose, cracked or splintered handles.
 Keep the work area clear of debris.
 Discard any hammer with mushroomed or chipped face or with cracks in the claw or eye
sections.
 Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles).
 Strike a hammer blow squarely with the striking face parallel to the surface being struck.
Always avoid glancing blows and over and under strikes. (Hammers with bevelled faces
are less likely to chip or spall.)

5.SCREWDRIVERS

A type of hand tool used for inserting and removing screws is the screwdriver. They come in a
wide range of variations to match the appropriate screw drive. The drive or head of a screw has
a protrusion and cavity that are shaped to fit the tip of a screwdriver.

Phillips screwdrivers
also referred to as cross-head screwdrivers, are
among the most popular kinds. A Phillips head
screwdriver is what, though? The alternative name
for these tools is a cross screwdriver because they
are made to fit screws with Phillips heads, which
have a cross-shaped recess. They were developed
to handle greater torsion.

star or torque screwdriver

These versions, which go by different names like star head screwdrivers, pointed
screwdrivers, six-point screwdrivers, and torx screwdrivers, are all of the same
kind. The term "star screwdriver" is a generic term for a type of screw head with a
six-pointed star-shaped intrusion that bears the
Torx trademark. These exist to guarantee that
even more torque can be applied, for instance
during mechanical production.
Heat-resistant screwdrivers
Insulated screwdrivers, also referred to as safety screwdrivers, are crucial for
exercising caution in potentially dangerous situations. They are made of rubber
and other non-conductive materials. Safety is another consideration in the design
of VDE screwdrivers. Tools are tested by the VDE, a company with international
accreditation, to confirm that
they adhere to the required
safety standards. Electricians
should use these tools.

Screwdriver, flathead
The most popular type of hand tool is probably a slot or flat-headed screwdriver. It has a head with a
straight linear intrusion and a flattened tip used for screws. Flat blade screwdrivers are versatile and
frequently used for a variety of tasks.
TRIWING Screwdriver
These are used for particular gadgets like gaming consoles, cell phones, and cameras. To facilitate use
with smaller screws and components, they frequently have quite small tips.

HEX Screwdriver
The more common tools for loosing or tightening hex screws are Allen keys or
wrenches. However, hex-head screwdrivers are available for the same purpose,
and sets frequently include hex-head tools.

6.VISE
A vise, also spelled vice, is a holding mechanism
with two parallel jaws; one jaw is fixed and the
other is movable using a screw, lever, or cam.
The vise can be permanently fastened to a bench
when holding a workpiece during manual
operations like filing, hammering, or sawing.
7.CLAMPS
Tools that can hold work securely in place temporarily include clamps. Carpentry,
woodworking, furniture making, welding, construction, and metal working are
just a few of the many uses for them.

8.SNIPS
Snips, also referred to as shears, are hand tools used to cut through tough webs
like sheet metal. It's a cutting device. Workers use a variety of snips, including
straight and blended ones. In addition to straight cuts, the straight or bent being
can also be used for inside or concave curves.
9.SAWS
a saw is a tool used to cut solid materials into specific lengths or shapes. The
majority of saws come in the shape of a thin metal disk with teeth around the
edges or a thin metal strip with teeth on one edge.

10/DRILLS AND KNIVES

A rotating drill bit is used by a drill, a power tool. In a variety of materials,
including plastic, metal, and wood, it is used to drill holes. Drills are frequently
employed in the plumbing, electrical, carpentry, and construction industries.