| I fea APCO | bras | ______Snfor mathion ‘Then aw =? | 4p ta a bone of —Ackonte whieh Atudis about communication: ~Exaanple= | Peshwow i [cavity | El) the (etter, ee eb’ Gagh Vasant aon a eee ee cannies (0) Semabin, — KK tb) Receien, = T All these thing ue Charmed - Remaah :- 7 LAb may pu inthi__m_tarmsg ox) (2) Made, of Atandhit fee can _alje be ; : 3) Re ° also co anaict, mirtahe—Becen “Tang? ble 4 vidible an L mods ofr semi APCO is Spite a —=— Se parbebeilitcs —tmtoloeal—in2encun,, > ‘Thw Chomarl_—1sal_—Recafvene ———————————__> Scheme ¢P_Communicetion _— oon > [sin i UW) _wkg faky aids Su WG | Truck / > Pes T fof AR Res Bihan Viste made i So Volts. Yoo Volts i ei aa cdres 7 ci a ae = Recluction yom go to YooU die to wel ke Husistance, because of Prot : ie] Ate le f omy wae J eth chanel channel in : oy tapeie nal ail Aaduecth Moi’se ‘a Ves UE : cide dfs vs ao Alpe Ex mm M1 oe \_ F ca) ane E= Gmtt Srauttitconal) v* force ow True ty only ome went A duitte encadeol the frequim ci Rtn corounnit inthe munhors “ : it fn “Til, thie tag cperyl whith decodeal ttre. PAL SAS tf pola to stone the fa ovat tostoxe [pe __—Coudte theta of eo _&& 4 SE bE | How, Rtn pusictiomes | two OU | Pony = KG ga Frcs “tien j om Sawle : | xd iste ood i Ce) = Gaya ree See 97 c i L | he ‘pe ae ry — Me 1 iA : \ iff. Hur the ic all an Acalang Gr tA gy rout tabienod const Or iy _univeutal) “Contant but k fh anbityary constant can be chonge Bus fo change. fe _madbiion) channel + i pe oa a oer| Probattlfty fa {A @ measure. OF COM Of The se | tafe Ae I s | [ota a 1 proauait of ala ny Lim) = T= (Pim) - [ey = °= bon [ T fh btn ant eee or oe Hoxt., fx) = ate; > we use f{x)= —bey x to ee hea & infremaitibn fn “Anony unit ok information J ore Boolean Akehva — v4 Bis Belton Algebra ofp if _b=yalAss} a) mle m pep + Ae B CCtoweol und f =) I pe: B + & uy P(A) 20 @__Plaua) = Pia) + P03) 3) pfs) = ie whine AwR-= Ang=-—APCO-—, Rana 4 () Gonaidn. Juve -e7udfooboble event 1 £2. | Ao, Ple,) 21 = P(E) Se = fp) = ie z =Ie(4) ! i #0: fel) lp tp fh Ag 03) — ; 4 Ble, 2 = 38xXh=3~APCO — @ ako —— 7 iL oy es off —mumages Hoot ‘Htre dounce, | would —dramamit. igs wn Kn] Samal het i purbobilities ok -beamsnthiaag ey Kang eM, PPG) Pt). Plisaid] et T= Gu) = £ (PQ) = Ley (B(jay)) kee, Pee Ogi cad 5 pT a2 (Ptah) ¢ (Ptet) 2 = EP iony top, (P1ruh) Tie =F hu boy by, where pe = P (Led) '(Peabpre—— pa) SE he| NOTATION = w | we ahalldeanate (hp {Phar Tk Sy= (Youd dpaSyor} al Sa = [Yeh 1qudp | be tise _Aeures« Ke rt | Gate ¥ oe : the combination ofp —Aaurce. S, and Zour | fn, ts coming fam case CL) ees (bra pa y-azen-po)-H Greymane gm) — el Pusproconnspnade gay anna an) — SY My fy — j—from__Awms_case 2)=—| aks B be fila af S of 1B he Booleam, “Bt Barlean Algebra of Sif ] ae tact | ava © B ¥_Ahe B mw a ep , ¥ AC : A__fanchion £1 BR tn called a. Act Function: Note: A act finchinn 22 B=» IR in additive f etpun) = A(p) + A(B) whiner A.B €B ond ANB= > Deffatton s Pacha ety Fun thton. — ee Agebo os AY. P2B— R in called o Probability finchien if (al P(E) >O ¥ EER wb) PE UE = P6E,) + AED) salt 6,6 EB with “E, NE, = > + 4—9- P(sd= I wore: (5,1,P)_ts__calleol_ —Poobakiltty Apacs 4 -| Wave fuer, | | Excumble— Examples « JA ta ---9 A = eLiow N 4 ni Sooies Toke B= PGs)__= Pow sdf ofS Define Pt 1B —> IR__as I P(e) = #(©) hae | #6) se Ce) = Wes af orl fe: ; I Rezo 4 Ee : ; I cam nur be gone i of = ll : Plewes) = # (EUG) = #(E,) + H#(Eo) ~ HCE 4 | a (s) #6) = #(E)t #CEED : I # CS)" ~ #(E) , iE) i #6) #@ i = Pte.) + P(E) i T Next, p(s) = #eG) 2 = t ] +#H(s) { (fin tt nadia oll tne contin —— a \ | 3Tigh ie 8 € B, thin 0B e B thy AS @E B pnb _- (oust) 6 2B “Axg = Ad Bo Rests tet (Ss, B, P) be o_paohability Apact: tet A,B EB be evils _- Thur-4— ton ?(Ave) = PCat P g~ A) ib) (pve) = pra) + Pte) — pcAoB) Rotten Aves. Ay'(B~a) = eu (A~a) 2 But An (e~a) => 2 (av (s~A)) eta) + PC R~ A) Tus, pCAuB) = BLA = BNA‘ do, Ang = Au (@nas) — =p —) hut Ap (6 nas) PCava) = P(A) + P(enas) cb) Es —o) ‘poB) v (Anat) = 8 Ao, (Ang) 0 @ nA) = Lil Ao P(e) = ptana) + P fan AS) ty) ing 3) de 4) nd P(nvB) = p(n) + P(e) - P(r ag)af 2 % dole Spee re ea mre will ocowe Con" 0 14 qhun, new sample spaw ts B+ vss Random Vaxtable —> ee coo at (s BP) be ao probebility Apace: [ 2 Gite IR” (Cn oy) ts called in cs pe Vaniahle —_dsocitea 2 Acmple ta a dice 4 S= {123,56} ———— Define. 1S —7 IR a4 KCw)_= J £ _, 2 ia cue 0, & ip odd.oll the event = jwes | x)= a} fA cleensittel boy. | Aan: Gi) Suemt Ewes | (w) ¢) ia dencteal by c: one __40_en= —Lxamble — Trnow _o dfe , ‘then = {y23,4.5,64 ‘ KiS— JR a4 x(w) = J 1 | w ia even Jo wo iA odd Xe 1 & eqssol “6 Yau oh K=O —ia_e te {13,8} a <4 i equal o_vrhole Lample_space $+ x <1 ta equal da 21.384a cha -APCO— , “i am i iii Probability Ma Tfundlian | ahi wine) = RG anos function of; vemdon variable Xx if #00) = Px=w) px ~eX6s) & = Pijwe $| xo) = x4) Note : KS) = fy Hay anny Mae | hme eg TR mn v T J i A fotpsen ts | Show (a) (x) po Ye j=1,2,--=.N oe J b> $04.) => 1 Sa : Panes ® 20) = 0 (X= m4) zo ve j=le oN : [ems Pavteabttity is —elasaays Ze J | et fe {wes | (wo) =}, fez, atl Hos, ~ S = U6 anol Ep E, = for — i cai N w wv | 2Z : <= Fl) z P (x= %%) a Pen) : > pC Ue) = pésj=1 [AW G4 oe 1 : i dlisjorat - So tay ; ee ga added 2 hence “ a “Aummaction ca" p oo came Tae ioe \ ‘ |Catat Probability Masa function —* Cite tel hel tivo ‘xKandom vartables and joint brchabi Vity apna fonction fle 4) A sian 'y T tay) = = C(X=x es) fe if aan G o Let X,Y be two andor vartable, and _z = FG) be_jotit__pmf. of X and _¥ J zs fexenple - acy [ 2 ie st ——i M |_ pt cane f ig COet fl) be amp af x: (a) | Mean ofp x = £ Cx) | Lx Xe | aut] tn | fo) | #4)| fO)|_ ~~ - =| £G) E(x) = 2 4 fet) a Exequemcy Dicethition z ag x [| Q qi , x 3 z “ ENs R Py q IMs] z ea) x | jz =| a a? Les > ' \ \s*| . bs a) fe = a ae aa Henly tae »— Lh 2_E OX) rs EO) al t orden, haut mean, e if ox Entropy —> TF Let (s,,P) be oo probability apa a foraidin pune — af debe Jhb 9 ths conditinms a OE: ee hy Gn 2p LF] het _p, = P(E) for bk =1,2,...,0 and = A pane Ipuj\ fs catleal a finite compte. par babii Achume + —__ Aomebions YE} com be also _wattten tn column —__. habe eae eee ee, ee Ce aed ao ae smal gk1 ae ARCO | | [P}_= [pray aaaan pn), whine py =P CE) ok fee eee ests te] : 2 a Oe ee _obsesuilians ov use fullners "Ga he bye fonanfin Ko to eallhiche sfyllneas_,_aarol ence — ve adopt it, ue dane change. te _impltentonst _|| ste (anpli Bal ie ca i (S,8, — => Pesabtltty Apacs» — a Ce) aS E he Exo E; = if iaj : 7 | th) z pa—=t _ | - % i . = PCE) ¥ | bea cE pal °) > prob aes oh (S38 E alg i ne 2 lay Ce m a | = le pro = = Loy ra R | ee tag bn + remattion —amactattig —ratth —— Q _euemt__ Ey — th — given ee ee TEx) = a f= 2) ==m- r | Argent ipostin inf Er = 227 tie Ha) = = 2b ha tant [er fem Pls) = ! Cie iheCie 3 APCO— oe an oases a pO ee Ee x dae %ay oor Xn} § = ptr, a. af a 2 sm IR xio= tt ws tA even 5 5APCO = ‘ ce Wage: ae (Yo 6 Be ott | be > | feck. ! Cenc He _auenags {nformastbion- of tha tysTena> Dl Ea) = = 2 be tay == Pa (3, FLY Ff 2 ES SLI PEIN TOI hy 1 oe co heme >| | 4 ; = IHL |-< ly Tt Pree . aM [ + ‘el Le ook Lb cy Mm iL (3) = 1 leg (92) + 1 dey (27) + | Ing +1 hess tPF si | 2) Loa gh (a) log (2) + Les 2 tH Mos, oF 4 3 x 2, Flea, (2) = - 4 a+ 7 cay ca) L = # ay ip ly 8 i nga eee ] = Berti pry a : 3 g & = 8¢ B+3 ah, | & A fat te fF on 8 s Ni |2 | fs APCO— a I ee a sos aT p ctulotes fos _the menus. off Au je Unewdatrity I uncectaiity . nO) = =p. = 2 puclog kel a fix) ie HC by po =—=> pa) = HC pi p2, === , HL bin pas Prrmnn spy ———aphraaapn) = ACPrapor ==) Pus 2a pty spa): [p3.| txtocn Extremal Prt a Tis_mariain alas ofp 2 = H1(r pea y aah pa) ——___oltained whim oll the —everild PE ae egal,py La) EP a Ce RY RE OT Wh Ga APCO ees, futeg P= fa =p (olcte_py= P(E) i [ dine ono ts taf 5 | i aie on, o fs Pada ket { Thus j= at jae n s I (Man fe Cp aay p= H(b sd, nate) : ral Addifiurty + E Tk Cp = (Pte Pe bias) be a finch. The H- dundign west to EcPs C, be ait by z= Hilprape ana fn) g 404 —pm—= 293 Do = Plea) = PCOF i yar f fai Aas = 2 PCR) = ZY J ae Fane ptr tou Bets s Ps ae ae eTNow, = finétin wrt

Al_the euwnli in [ee] = (EF) ore al i chispotat ! EsE, 1 Emfa= y Bi) ef). - - [EF ‘ ER JER £6 a etek oe —y_Tatel pa Wen fal Jet! 1 i Jesh Jer) EsFin __—rt{ He bre =| “Try harnactton COVES prbakitities= d ] Brey = Az Jen se [en zzv =] ae 2 | (pu pra a===fm— | papa ape (__(eces] = |: — i 1 y + i pry Pa ===- pom egal Pasay —= a Nelebion — (25) ——s ta aun of ee 2 nD) wk Peed = = Py 1s i | 1 1 kits ewe | Fg 5 : Me a | St 0 \ it? ni iad allg 2] | T44 be la |x ap | a (3 a | a 3 etl & a x 1s 1 See : | a -\—_| pele] = fe Ne) ENE ie eee feceley| = [PCele;) ele ter) lene] = fPlaexe Lt=35> Exon Yay tay fo Pele) = Pix=~ Jy y= yy} J. : Gf me) = az PR gb) Ing Pty loa) | Lncaly) 2 (ately) = 2 ncly) elyy | 2 = Pia Za Edel) tag Pel 9 i vuaE SE, Cyt Ptuilys} ey Pioilyi es ee pd vt dys 2 6% Pie yi) Los endysy RD 2-2 = Plurby + Log Aitlndy w(t x) = oi Pigs fy fag Cy Lath Rexult | Shao Go _HOx,4) = Adel) + HC) Ee o> Ha y= Hx) + HX) Pfs | piowlys| = Pier yet i Piyush | SST [amok Pavel ee] = Pees ach Plait | Tu, Pyar yey = Pde ly Pia. } | £ Phys Jarl Pdr en —tog Pte gs) = gt cls tow Po | a ei Lag Med tine) ay etaPave: No fc ncCxly¥) + HCy) 7. Sia} =f— PXmr yeh tog Ptoorl ys) \ +/— 2 Piyey SN A F oF (s Shey = = = 2 fy See bes lived RE, f Z I aia Pai stage flat fag Lyf [ a : 7 : | 2 PAG dag ed 9 e [ot Uping Nog P dmtly ct r ! [a jag py got ta ely L @: SIT J E I De een al - f Asay > Ph {) [eye Sosa lib es = a Pi ig Eh} | 4 = Frais | 2 2 5 ; I = Py j ley pj etl zy log Poy ch i Fa yy 2 Wag | i = by? ) FE py ci 7 wait d ine Epi ter py & [ajay Pty t aig Ire aa E wal J MT 2=e Epil hy ~ : J = hoy)a age 2 APCO Date : — PY rey Jog P Yoerh ie y =¢ FI - |S? Sys Tak 1 aoa ~P iH] ay Bz i £ T] |o2 of) EQ 3 D> i ¥ [3 ee be Tabi Lng Pouch [=> phar} tog Cort J ) + Ty Pera | Old J i 5 Z bye Ing 24x74 eg I" a iy log Po xe) J PY xy T 7 =2 = bi lebr + prep Pe ot * vi t ee Z bp = pat Pie) FE a) ote me st | ya 3D a zi od WW pe wr Selr be ya tert Pm: Loa tds J if 5 yi wy 2 stl fey poe — nlx y) 7 ies J 2 art ff A 4 cs z | ee | FO Y |z IN Sh 5 4 ae | =P a lara sp R y g- 3 =] | 2 4 fp rss a \2 1 ey 7 =p Fe Zyl & x oot i L FIle p Fue We 4 E Pe: a oC 4 1 tl | a. es a 4 Hence [maved =)eet Rababele vera yl - Ee: ! dy}—d ] da | gy a %1__oras} 0 ° ° : Xz |e-1o] _o-30| 0 ° I % [006 || wove [0 Hy, On| oO. 2-0S|_o-lo L % olo o-orlo iS Hix) = — pA*Zy Dog bifrezh | 1 wrt onl | i | 2 = bin x x 4 —p{x = pny} Fae blag — phat leg pb xed ice T om Fame! tte a ay = Rat b{aghiei =F plane yey = bi: | t vi Gent eS Ga te pe = _O+Q¢. pf = Osi +! 0-30 = Oro biwy = oo + 9-9 = Ole Tied : fo4 744 = 0-08 + o-lo = Ov |S" I pie} = Os 0” Jaus, HUCK) = = 0-80 no (ogc) = o-4o 0-4) — = O15 Ing ous) = oe des Casts) — orl i Z = =0-ac ta aa ales (oc) —_O+0s (oro) ) = eos Ca)/— 0:40 (-13219) — 0- 30(-2:734) — o-o¢ (4-322) se 20659 an ee eRe“het “! cy) wie libs tae find as | SES 7 © tan oe | Next nxt) SE Bg peels | —teoplealyt = bia) 2 oas i by) or3s i pity = pir) 2 Ore pies 0-34 | : ! pirly§ = 6 = pili ~ biel) =o yi + pare fy SK Nv o