Relatrm aredr R fom aSt A thset B wll se ay a

1e RCAxga elemeut
Subsetahe Cantesnn proluu AxB

elalto amelemeut bé TB.Ure qte waJe aR b hadad

aen
lo,b)eR.
dalrns
O Ma Omd honpe al a
he sdt all irsi elend
The domai ol a velaliA dephd a
urh belng to R amdu draday
o he oveenol pawy u
DomP Sa :(Gb)eR, ¥atAy he Se all setomd Jemeus
7heonye a relalien dmd os

w lurh bely to R aM d olelsnd a

ahe oden ed patny
RanpetP): fb:(4 a)eR, ¥heA}
obsouny DomCAOmd Rane B
Sme ba ne relalim
eleme aset A relhtn twlurh
) Empty elili i
b ho

Sct8 Them tue hblim R= a nulset-d=-[ ]

Oy eme
tKnoun au emy velalim
Univesal eluli (unany relatm)
i)
A bea nm empty samaR!AXp->R Suth
Doman a R Rorge o R =A
Them eladm un Called ttmsal helulon 'n A.

tn) Tdenuty relaivnls ih a relatim A dynd o o hmenpy

StA Sun tat
RIaa)/atA
7hem Ru culled an Hdentily elitrm In A.
t epresed by I(Y) =x , Vx EA
Represetathn lim
Jed1ow and) um to yallo.
Kittmg ovdend par Cu ut
al4er epresewharm.
RC AXB behe
b)nany ht ako A

ata
A DgA M e Jne to
h

ontec aRb by daaw)y

0 we CaM epres
m,
diag>g
e A. we.cn also use
c heluw on
h h y
LndheCose wh@e
A a (velire) 4y
6) set l nads
w kuph m t a
9 dr reute gaaph,
nodes
behurey the
kelalim
indvaulry a
0D2tbne

Cue udlustaley 4 mes gan exaple

B-O,0a) (03,0,),(9,»)/9R)
qhuly maliely. a t o CoUde pagnie
Nalite tudt the a u ue
fsUde o olagnw. wWene he Sourte amdl a h S t are chaJy

SpaTey a tuc une.

am a r uhe plane.
CC e cm aphested-a heluin om R a

The a compAnyrg duagpa heprstTA R,u heu eRyx+9

(B) mauafana)}> Suppaseedet 1A]=m, 18|=y,
Cam EpreseadR6ym My malhApts.
fer
M Brakuua (T; F). ket A-,,9,--4m) )B -&b-bn} Th
l , - MN )---)
ST arRb
Mu) Faheue
pmMM to use t,o inadeaaTF m(tJ) uhe emly
e kowomo rHh Galumh.
 ar 0orl
A ebe}. Thus A:(0ra)myy td qbety maix
abendean mabx ,ushana.
Fer eVe(mj for nbare/
unat.
o 4
Boraledn Ophalim amds ors7he bvaeay a phali to amd(A}
bnlea Matury Condeiut
the (ombrnin!
mel o(V) S 9pal hye bit
Sevena prupnies ol
ant
h e omel. Jeytes) Below
Veunred early So Jy aftu
0pnahitnThey (pm be bub 7hey
b be an beUneny
Theorembh Keta and

C)QAa=Q (V) aVb- 6 Va

(i a va= q. ) ovbv)=(avb) VC
) 9 n(bnc) =(9n b)nc v(bvd=(9nb)v(on)
vi)a
=(avb)alovd
W) qv(bncd hou dene fuo opalma oa
g heup-but-opuins we

meut he Joy o he boean maite A(aymm

Joln amd AVB -lnveg)
B-(er)mxn demted by AnBà demd a6y MX.
pleme oAyBd obdaned 6y o>ingue CaaPendry
anh
eea Aand B.The meut o A amB. devutedl sy AABu
dtnd by A B-(0r3 A btz)mxh eey Wemait AnB
ohtunel y mn the Gsnypruedeheu Aamd B
Pmd AVBamd AB
ovo VI_ 0
S A yB- IVO oVIL
AB AO OAOaA )7
OnI IA0 0ni
CrWeam pedutthYhe brulam p>»tluut alhe bvalea,
Malce A-(9) mxp amel B-(bc) pxh,deyahet 6y A0Bu
Maix c -[Cc) mxn whene Ce= (cJAb
Q1 12
b)V--vfarpm -vanbA
p b b 2 bj- byn C) Ci - CI7
Cin
a acz----gCp bt2--A6Uy
- CCn

- Cnmn
m 9m2-- -mP) p bp2 --bpy---brnCm CH
anel
Ftmd AOB and BOA,drmo.
alumna un A equul e hlumet
Sal) Sntehe humyber
o L n B, A OB dm
A OB o

(I)V(Dni)v(Iao)
A1)V(IAo)v [Ono) (onl)v(InoJv(ono)

) Number q taluMn U B 2 = humbery ouly tmA.hafer

BCA dm d ae

rA)v bno) (IAo) V(I A) (IN)VIAo)

i)vono) (IA o)VOAI) (IAN) V¢OAe)|
Lon)v (on0) (ond) V{0n1)

_
7he tnda mw Dve pure e boeun malIx OANaltm anl
uted ue faUMWl»y Therey
 Mabtx.
odean Power aBonleAM
bonleon matx aml n any porite tqu
t b e am Mx M
balewy Prlser e A,demde4. by depmol hechuktvel
The
adouy
CThe Joleley malbaix)
ATM
-A
ker Aa}7pde nand nt
af 0
Sh A A =AoA
O0o
0S)07 I07
t
maluik
Felabon
Fmd tue Feuim R Artue yallowny
MR

H e n MR a 3xy max Thus ket A-f0,,02,4s4 anel

A4, b. bs, bu} ts tmg &h e dm hd My=/ Ar,bs) eR
turd R (ob)(a»,bs), (a,bu),la, b), (43, ba) (as, bu)}
Drgaaph for kepreseuly dayy
Prckure a helalv on a sedu to
drav
An mermai buay to
ad»aw deaw a dgrapl a a eluim ong
idyaphe Je
o Vestrces b hep>etet the elema
st,wt fhe duwda
A e t (0,b)ER twecaaw am r o u (caled a dreted
edegel fre m a tob nly (o, a) eR 7hen >ue dryeded
ede Simply a dorop.
 4 Doraus due dhveded aph e lelulrw R &y aR
b
IaSct A,13,?and ondy0
S
C
lene heno2e
Nense helainoY hieu RChxR

oRy RaoR%
Plainly RC BxA
C PGm Pelaliwm hi RCAXB,Se BXC dne
exich. AEB ORb
SORCAxc 6y g(seRcThea
RC (0 a En) cEC)
dymt he helaliw
Aeth- J2,3,4} amd B.{3,V,JG,7}
eny a deude b, Hmd R, edom(R)
R by oRb.n
RDe (R)
SH R (a)a0),3)(3,6),49)
DomCR)2,3,u}R-ge CR)S3,M,6
h tA-f)23,0} dnd he helalim A3y 0Rb.an
yasb.End R, domtR) Rae(R)
SW Ru)ba0a)bu),I2)(23)2V)J33), (9,4)M)

to B-yz}
) mo R- 6 (-pare (R')7 an d R
Sul R)9D3)3)}
8) (R) R
 aRb nd ly %
sbmd only-y29
h e elema a R,S, RVS amd AD S
s R{(2),0%),09),(ho),P2)/+6),(2,), 010))
S (26){,9
AUS aa)=R
RDS S. BASED ON. PR6PERTIES
BINARY RELATIONS hlexe i
Sdhaulu
relalien R en a

A Reecey A in¥hi Cue 7he digaph a R h 4

a EA.
Coa) eR ral!
oop afench vender.
0 sb mut Sd
Ah3N7h
he kelalm
ba Shrw tht
heie.
oemd by aRb aned ndy
the helalm enR
bhebat
ob n t rlexe.

Sa)each eile hoy a dosp w ehue 0-0 4

a
henl humbe}
bnodeel t r any
n a - 4 <0

A elaim Rm A Oled Symmibur /udeneher

B Symmebrc
(o,b)eRThm We Muthav (b)R.The dgaph aa Smmeluc
hathne phpy dhd lukenevea itheat o elted
elatew
rdd thom atoo,Thet u also o derede edge fro btsa
ASymmtand Only-R-R-
 Sy mmeut
S bRC ane CRb So R Symm
h tRbehVeal nuwber ame Rbehe belbtin aRLiya
ny9<b shu dht R ht Symmbnt.
S
Avtisy mmtat ly A nelaton R On aSet A u culed
CBNdisyImeburtwhmeez. [a,b) ¬R an d atb Theb.)ER
The clrgeph alavand summabar reatrrn hos ue popiy dhd

betwem awy fioe Vcey catmout oneobreted *pt

edgt. R- adisymme RDRLA
AetN bethe St henney.ative inbgas.amd Rhe belah
ORbamdonly a dede 6.shrwHu R antisymmit
Sal Sup pose Chat a/p aud bgae Myut Shu had g-.
radeel by he denutrmd/sn,Thene xet posute
un K 2 K2 Suthtut b-k,9 amol g2k b,y. mplrey
Th a 0 -kaK,q amd hemte K22Sime ki8k2 are po
tepe. Then we mythae kj2ka.Hemme
G2b
Aet A 4,b)(,d} md R =[[9,4) 4,), tG&),d.d)S
Guat A d nat ansym eboe.
) 6RC am d CRb wih b#c
Traniveh A elaiw R m asct a Called Tandu
il wkeneA (ob) ER amd 6,) eR Then (4,) ER.Theolgaqp

aa tatrve helubm hu the pputy fhad bheuebea

enr q e dirette ecdpe o m atob and b toc Them
Tn
ene d abo a diested edpe ttm a fo c.
 Lct a, buthdy am R C9.a)(b0, C, b)(dhe) 3hr
ThRy n Mhilive
ER d(C,b) eR but C,b)£R
al Cb, c) ou
arb.a
Stmd-pels. amd
RHe elalim
Ketz z be dhe hamHte
Ode b. Shpuwhat R
Thene exit )tguns k, and K2
be.7hem
Suppese 9/T
S ky a urh meaj
Suchha baka N7 (k,b. Thus C k)
hay l e x e,SyMhebat amd
(EJ Equevatomte s Aelton mA.
Calleol am eqwvmlante velalrm
d a m r F u om a set Au
Cloyure a Aelulwn
extemry }he
aaeluim pug Smalet
The cleyure Suth a)
g centatn
Spetrprc phaply
helaben u thay
e r ithamnbuy
lhox} SymH
Repleo've clasure lelure Ralandn¥
eexe ebsue ola
lalim R he
lexIve,Thm kLR
t/RCRaml
RERT"ong R
R
h) Peramy el
ands
relnlion Shad silalrer h
Phat r ' u e Small et
Sct a t e . A t
due kte-Sn e/afm ontue
Act Rbe
h e umy a R and he
7hmthe elexwve V(R) al Re
S

tlaJUe al kelatrn
The dhbaph h e eeve
a

he belui y oddry a
alaayeAomthe oligaph o
Selp at ench eder me a veady na hau
Smaw dnd dhamntve clesue Can be dend Stmi/amly.
 Mmebt cduure
alo3ue aeluim RJa
AFlatim R tue SyMeirt
Cr) R'Symmtt
U) RCR Omd
V)-ramy reluion RcR" symmrt 7hau R'CR"
R
fuu Salup ) audltóij
Thatu A Smalleyr hdalin
y i tajure A kelatim Rbanhve q Velulim

R thnlti
i RCR ame R"dmnhve,hen ReR=
i) feromy eluim R",RCR"amd
on xhdtonbathe R
RAem he Smalle kelalim
oq larm un oltavineu
Theolyruph q the thamyive eaure
elalin adony fr eath orade
taew ue cligaaph oYhe.
dhr suun dae pa a one us alheady 'nat
pah ee ade
he
e A-$}2,3,4} and f hy2),134)}be aveatw
hUre Symmibut desUe
n . mdu l e ,

R-ftha)/20),.0)}
RePese cdeyure
A,23,4
Then the Sseta oluosponad patny
AS )P1),(33),t,}
Sathe eleiu esure A
RUA)2422)39, 0a,0u),)}
 Mwer t choruhe 4

TFhemRlf),15e),()
lae
So by denu Symint coture we
RUR-Sth2)a,1)/2,9,09,31), (u9}
Tmyire Cloaure >
A f1)l2,3) (3.1)}
we have
e(A) , 7h em

hmatrve eere RO
So

RURUR'vR'= {t12),|23),1314),03),2,4),
(,4)
z he helaum asbtmadn)
h Fho the Set}ndeus,
kelutm.
w a efu velute
4{Modh)
The Irelauhon t gb(msdn) ie ad puto
Sul =hp, pez
h e bytthut-a-b=mulkple
n
cB
Jut dhe giwy helarenu
For e u l a te vdabm,yeSheu
Dexe,Sy Mmucamd a m i + i

() Raeeu- det0 Ez 7h
0-4 =00.n =mubple )
a Ra
R eexine
t) Sy Mmeut tz,Thaa
ORb ebtmodn)0-b=np péz
-0 -n=h-P),-PeZ
 almocdn)
bR
R Sy Meat
ii) 1dannihe. 2et a, b, C 6z Ome
aRbq-b=hP) -D
bR b-t =nP2
O+ a-c(P+ Pe) Pr+2
gctmodn)
aRC
R J4Mnbu
HeMte dtu an eg wnalante helallin
A t A:z,ueSet ndegtA. elutos A d4nad aA
epu'lae helalrm
a60mod2) e clu)ile2
a-b
oa-b u muple al 2
th Rallexuuliy ktt 0eAThem

0-Q-0=0X[2) a mulbple 2

aRa
R hWexte.

ORb a b/msd a) aa-bu obwnLle by2

-b-aK, éz
- = -2k =2K-KEz
almeol 2)
bRa
R S mmeliwt
 aR -2 62 0
C2éZ
Rt b-c =2k
+122
C-C2tk)
C(moda)
aRC
R ttramne
os.
uw'nalme helalm
e heul humbebs
N
Hente tu qn eg aset a
om
nelalim P dymol
a mlist bh
aPb/+0b>o exiveand sy
rely
Showhat

Tam
e a R Thea
1+9>o
+9x9 =
a eR
Syul
keulnUmbes >
(9,9)ERxR
a Pa
P exrve

e a , b éN Th
C) aPb +05>0
'abb4 a, beR)
bPq
.R Smnebit betauic
dhamrie
TumM - Pnat
i
C EP Omd ep but()eP
R n UaMte.
Keta ledabvm R dernel astomd

R-3,),1, b), (3,9),(6,3),C) fc,d),l0,e),/dt),/0e)/te)loi)

AA)%
omol hme
hepres tulroM MR h e lulin
wbehe matx
-4we d a gwmpmte elaTm.
m a IrelulFn Ra)
Sal The Malktx tp>esndtnlis,givey

MR e 0 00

C) Rexie- epth oligonal e)emmutal Matn Mp u nenzer,

MeM 7hdt ewy elemet a eluted-ts utsalf. Hne R Aeleutme
i) Symment TheMalix MR andali daunspse MRare deritrcal,
hemte he eatm uù Symny
tm) 7àdnr-The Squa'hey MR giWmy
MR MR.

0006| OOl 00 o=00 T00 6=M

So.We Seo dhat MR MR= MR

Raleiin ramylT

femte ue giem pual+m ud aM epwulamte hellrw