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Nutraceuticals: History, Classification and Market Demand

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_2

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Chapter 2
Nutraceuticals: History, Classification
and Market Demand

Onyeka Kingsley Nwosu and Kingsley Ikechukwu Ubaoji

2.1  Introduction

Over the past few years, an increasing number of dietary supplements have become
available in supermarkets and health food shops and even also available for pur-
chase in pharmaceutical shops.
The term “nutraceutical” is used to define these nutritionally or medicinally
functional foods. Nutraceuticals, which have also been called medical foods,
designer foods, functional foods, phytochemicals and nutritional supplements,
comprise such everyday products as “bio” yoghurts and fortified breakfast cereals,
as well as vitamins, herbal remedies and even genetically/living modified foods and
supplements. Many different terms and meanings are used in different countries,
which can result in confusion. Nutraceuticals is a comprehensive umbrella term that
is used to define any product resulting from food sources with extra health benefits
in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. They can be considered
non-specific biological therapies used to promote general well-being, prevent
malignant processes and control symptoms. Generally, nutraceutical is said to be a
“food, or parts of a food, that provide health benefits, including the prevention and
treatment of disease (Cencic and Chingwaru 2010).
In recent times, nutraceuticals have attracted substantial interest owing to their
prospective nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. They could have a role in a
plethora of biological processes, including gene expression, antioxidant defenses,
cell proliferation, and maintenance the integrity of the mitochondria.
Nutraceuticals therefore, may be used to improve health, avoid chronic diseases,
delay the aging process (and in turn increase life expectancy), or just maintain

O. K. Nwosu (*)
National Biosafety Management Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
K. I. Ubaoji
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 13

C. Egbuna, G. Dable-Tupas (eds.), Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_2
14 O. K. Nwosu and K. I. Ubaoji

f­unctions and integrity of the body. They are considered to be healthy sources for
prevention of life threatening diseases such as diabetes, renal and gastrointestinal
disorders, as well as diverse infections.
A wide range of nutraceuticals have been shown to enforce vital roles in immune
status and vulnerability to certain disease states. They also reveal diseases adjusting
indications related to oxidative stress including allergy, Alzheimer’s disease, car-
diovascular diseases, cancer, eye conditions, Parkinson’s diseases and obesity
(Pandey et al. 2010).

2.2  Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals refers to foods having a medicinal effect on health of human beings.

The word ‘nutraceuticals’ comprises of ‘Nutrients’ and ‘Pharmaceuticals’.
According to AAFCO 1996, ‘Nutrient’ means a feed constituent in a form and at a
level that will aid, sustain a life of human being or animal while ‘Nutraceutical’
means any non-toxic food constituent that has scientifically proven health benefits
together with prevention and treatment of diseases. Products isolated or purified
from food are sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food. A nutraceu-
tical has a functional benefit that provides protection against chronic diseases.
These nutraceuticals include food supplements, herbal products, probiotics and
prebiotics, and medical foods meant for prevention and treatment of diseases. Key
nutraceuticals possess multiple therapeutic effect hence attract more consumer
interest. Increased awareness towards preventive therapies and cumulative dispos-
able income, promising pricing environment growth in pharma retail chain and rise
in healthcare spending are mainly responsible for the driving force increasing mar-
ket demands for nutraceuticals.

2.2.1  History

The concept of Nutraceuticals went back as far as 3000 years ago. Hippocrates

(460–377 B.C) stated ‘let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food ’. In the
early 1900s the United States of America food manufacturers started adding
small quantity of iodine to salt to prevent goiter. The term nutraceuticals was
coined in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice who was the Chairman and Founder of the
Foundation for Innovation in Medicine, Cranford, New Jersey (Bieselkl 2001).
According to DeFelice, nutraceutical can be said to be “a food (or part of a food)
that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treat-
ment of a disease.” However, the term nutraceutical as commonly used in market-
ing has no regulatory definition (Zeisel 1999).
In England, Japan and other countries, nutraceuticals are already becoming
part of dietary landscape. Diet was first considered by Germany, France and
2  Nutraceuticals: History, Classification and Market Demand 15

the United Kingdom as a more important factor than exercise or hereditary fac-
tors in achieving good health. Canada defined them as ‘product of foods but
sold in pills, powders, (potions) and other medicinal forms not normally asso-
ciated with food’. In India, nutraceuticals are seen as the food components
made from herbal or botanical raw materials, which are used for preventing or
treating different types of chronic and acute maladies (Thakur et  al. 2010).
Nowadays, nutraceuticals are one of the most rapidly growing segments of the
industry with an expected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5%
(Healthcare Packaging 2019). The global nutraceutical market is estimated to
increase from $241 billion market in 2019 to $373 billion in 2025 (Healthcare
Packaging 2019). The definite use of nutraceuticals has been to achieve desir-
able therapeutic outcomes with reduced side effects. Herbal Nutraceuticals are
powerful instruments in sustaining health and act contrary to nutritionally
induced acute and chronic diseases by promoting optimal health, longevity and
quality of life.

2.2.2  Scope

The philosophy behind nutraceuticals is focused on prevention. Most times it can be

used in the context of Dietary supplements and/or functional food.
(a) Dietary Supplements: Dietary supplements are products envisioned to com-
plement the diet that accepts or contains one or more of the following dietary
ingredients: a mineral, a vitamin, an amino acid, a herb or other botanical, con-
stituent, metabolite, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet
by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, extract, or combinations of
these ingredients (Zeisel 1999). Dietary supplements are not intended to treat or
remedy disease whereas nutraceuticals emphasize more on the expected results
of these products, such as prevention or treatment of diseases.
(b) Functional Food: As defined by the United States of America Institute of
Medicine’s Food and Nutrition Board, functional food is “any food or food
ingredient that may offer a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it
contains”. The functional food concept is – “Food products to be taken as part
of the usual diet in order to have helpful effects that go beyond basic nutritional
function”. Functional foods contain physiologically active components obtained
either from plants or animal sources (Ernst 2001).

2.2.3  Classification

Nutraceuticals or functional foods can be classified on the basis of their sources:

natural or traditional and unnatural or non-traditional.
16 O. K. Nwosu and K. I. Ubaoji

(a) On the basis of natural source, it can be classified as the products obtained from
plants, animals, minerals, or microbial sources. This classification can be
referred to as Traditional Nutraceuticals.
(b) Nutraceuticals as prepared via biotechnology: this classification can be referred
to as Non-Traditional Nutraceuticals.

2.2.3.1  Traditional Nutraceuticals

They are natural products with no changes to the food. They contain numerous natu-
ral components that convey benefits beyond basic nutrition, like omega-3 fatty acids
in salmon, saponins in soy or lycopene in tomatoes. The traditional nutraceuticals
can be divided on the basis of:
(a) Chemical Constituents.
(i) Nutrients.
(ii) Herbals.
(iii) Phytochemicals.
(b) Nutraceutical Enzymes.
(i) Chemical Constituents.
(c) Probiotic Microorganisms.
Nutrients  The nutrients include amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins
with recognized nutritional functions. Most foods contain vitamins that aid in cur-
ing diseases like stroke, cataracts, osteoporosis and heart diseases. Minerals found
in plants, animals and dairy products are useful in osteoporosis, anemia and in
building strong bones, teeth, muscles, and improve nerve impulses and heart rhythm.
Foods that contain fatty acids like omega-3 PUFAs are potent regulators of the
inflammatory processes, maintenance of brain function and reduction in cholesterol
deposition (Chauhan et al. 2013).
Herbals  Herbal nutraceuticals help to improve health and avert chronic diseases.
Most of these are analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antipyretic and antiar-
thritic. Some of the herbals contain flavonoids like apiol, psoralen that are diuretic,
carminative and antipyretic. Peppermint (Menthapiperita) contains menthol as an
active component that help cure cold and flu (Ehrlich 2009). Some of the plants
contain tannin which is claimed to aid in the management of depression, cold,
stress, cough, hypertension and asthma while proanthocyanadin found in some
herbals are useful in the treatment or prevention of cancer, ulcers and urinary tract
infections (Chauhan et al. 2013).
Phytochemicals  Phytochemicals are plant nutrients with particular biological
activities that promote human health (Zhao 2007). They are also referred to as
Phytonutrients. They work by serving as substrate for biochemical reactions,
2  Nutraceuticals: History, Classification and Market Demand 17

c­ ofactors or inhibitors of enzymatic reactions, absorbents that bind to and eradicate

unwanted constituent in the intestine and improve the absorption and/or stability of
indispensable nutrients among others (Zhao 2007).
Nutraceutical Enzymes  These are enzymes that are derived from plant, animal
and microbial sources. Enzymes are an essential part of life, without which our bod-
ies would cease to function optimally. Medical conditions such as blood sugar dis-
orders, digestive problems and obesity have their symptoms eliminated by enzyme
supplements in the diet.
Probiotic Microorganisms  Probiotics mean ‘for life’. They are defined as
live microorganisms, which when consumed in tolerable amounts, confer a
health effect on the host (Michail et  al. 2006). These microorganisms are
responsive bacteria that promote healthy digestion and absorption of some
nutrients. They most importantly act to mob out pathogens, like yeasts and
other bacteria and viruses that may cause disease and develop a communally
advantageous symbiosis with the human gastrointestinal tract (Holzapfel et al.
2001). They possess an antimicrobial effect through altering the microflora,
averting adhesion of pathogens to the intestinal epithelium, competing for
nutrients necessary for pathogen survival, producing an antitoxin effect and
retrogressing some of the consequences of infection on the intestinal epithe-
lium, such as secretory changes and neutrophil migration. For instance, probi-
otics can cure lactose intolerance by enhancing the production of a specific
enzyme (ß-galactosidase) that can hydrolyze the offending lactose into its com-
ponent sugars (Oak and Jha 2019).

2.2.3.2  Non-Traditional Nutraceuticals

These are the artificial foods developed via biotechnology. The bioactive compo-
nents in food samples are engineered to produce products for human-wellness. They
can be grouped into fortified nutraceuticals and recombinant nutraceuticals.
Fortified Nutraceuticals  These are nutraceuticals from agrarian breeding or added
nutrients and/or ingredients. Examples include cereals with added vitamins or min-
erals, milk fortified with cholecalciferol used in vitamin D deficiency, flour with
added folic acid, prebiotic and probiotic fortified milk with Bifidobacteriumlactis
HN019 used in diarrhea, respiratory infections and severe illnesses, in children
(Sazawal et al. 2010), and orange juice fortified with calcium.
Recombinant Nutraceuticals  Recombinant nutraceuticals include the making of
probiotics and the extraction of bioactive components by enzyme/fermentation
technologies as well as genetic engineering technology. Also, energy-providing
foods, such as bread, alcohol, fermented starch, yoghurt, cheese, vinegar, and others
are produced using modern biotechnology. Examples include cows with lactoferrin
18 O. K. Nwosu and K. I. Ubaoji

deficiency is engineered with recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLf) to be able to

solve the lactoferrin deficiency (Hyvonen et al. 2006).

2.3  Herbals as Nutraceuticals

Herbs play a significant role in the maintenance of the quality of human life through
the abundant source of  bio-constituents. The herbal bioactive constituents are an
essential category of nutraceuticals which have plenty of health promoting medici-
nal properties in addition to minerals, vitamins and other active compounds. The
herbs harbor a widespread variety of active phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpe-
noids, saponin, and polyphenols. These herbal bioactives are most times commonly
used by people who seek conventional health care as a food supplement. In this
regard, it is seen as using herbs as nutraceutical (Chauhan et al. 2013). Example of
herbs used as nutraceuticals are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1  The common herbals used as nutraceuticals

Common Part of Bioactive
Biological Name Name the Plant compounds Benefits to Health
1 Zingiber officinale Ginger Rhizomes Zingiberene and Hyperglycemia, chronic
(Zingiberaceae.) gingerols bronchitis, stimulant and
throat ache
2 Panax ginseng Ginseng Root Ginsenosides Stimulating immune and
(Araliaceae) and Panaxosides nervous system
3 Allium sativum Garlic Bulbs Alliin and Antibacterial, anti-­
(Liliaceae) Allicin inflammatory,
antifungal, antigout,
antithrombotic,
hypotensive,
antihyperlipidemic
4 Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera Gel Aloins and Dilates capillaries,
Mill. (Liliaceae) aloesin anti-inflammatory,
emollient, wound
healing properties
5 Curcuma Longa Turmeric Rhizome Curcumin Anticancer, anti-­
(Zingiberacae) inflammatory, antiseptic,
antiarthritic.
6 Allium cepa Linn. Onion Bulb Allicin and alliin Hypoglycemic activity,
(Liliaceae) antibiotic and
antiatherosclerosis
7 Ginkgo biloba Maiden Leaves Ginkgolide and Antioxidant, memory
(Ginkgoacea) Hair Tree bilobalide enhancer, increased
peripheral blood flow,
treatment of post-­
thrombotic syndrome
(continued)
2  Nutraceuticals: History, Classification and Market Demand 19

Table 2.1 (continued)
Common Part of Bioactive
Biological Name Name the Plant compounds Benefits to Health
8 Cassia angustifolia Senna Leaves Sennosides Purgative
(Leguminosae)
9 Echinacea purpurea Echinacea Leaves Alkylamide and Antiviral, anti-­
(Asteraceae) echinacoside inflammatory and
immunomodulator
10 Glycyrrhizaglabra Liquorice Root Glycyrrhizin and Anti-inflammatory and
(leguminosae) liquirtin anti-allergic.
11 Hydrastiscanadensis Goldenseal Root Hydrastine Antimicrobial,
L. (Ranunculaceae) berberine and astringent,
canadine antihemorrhagic,
treatment of mucosal
inflammation, dyspepsia,
gastritis
12 Marrubiumvulgare Horehound Whole 11-oxomarrubiin Expectorant, antitussive,
L. (Lamiaceae) plant and choleretic
vulgarcoside A
13 Salix alba White Bark Salicin Antiinflammatory,
L. (Salicaceae) Willow analgesic, antipyretic,
astringent, treatment of
rheumatic and arthritic.
14 Hypericumperforatum St. John’s Aerial Hypericin and Antidepressant, against
(Hypericaceae) wort part hyperforin HIV and hepatitis-c
virus
15 Valerianaofficinalis Valeriana Root Valerenic acid Menstrual pain,
Linn. (Valerianaceae) and valerate intestinal cramps,
bronchial spasm,
tranquillizer, migraine
16 Aeglemarmelos Corr. Bael Unripe Marmelosin Treatment of diarrhea
(Rutaceae) fruits and dysentery, digestive,
appetizer.
Source: Modified from Chauhan et al. (2013). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

2.3.1  Herbal Nutraceutical Safety and Regulation

The processes of manufacturing and the quality of plant material used for herbal
nutraceuticals are under the regulations of food laws, which are deficient of the
specificity required for botanical drugs. This indeed may have serious consequences.
Toxin contamination like fungal and bacterial toxins, adulterations and numerous
other types of impurity of herbal nutraceuticals conceivably remain undetected sim-
ply because there is an almost total absence of specific quality control. Lack of
quality control not only increases the potential threats to the consumer, it may also
result in a total lack of the drive to conduct suitable research that determines the
possible benefits of nutraceuticals or ensures their safety (Ernst 2001).
20 O. K. Nwosu and K. I. Ubaoji

Food and medicine regulation is intended to protect consumer’s health, increase

economic viability, and harmonize well-being and the engendering fair trade on
foods within and between nations. If indeed an assertion was made that implied
medicinal benefit concerning a herbal nutraceutical product, the product would be
required to conform with the regulatory requirements for medicinal products, in
respect of safety, efficacy, and quality testing and marketing authorization proce-
dures (Pandey et al. 2010). For herbal nutraceutical industries, two challenges are
apparent; regulatory uncertainty and integrity of labeling claims.
For years, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated dietary supple-
ments as foods to ensure that they were safe and wholesome and also ensure that the
labeling was truthful and not deceptive. The FDA may establish good manufactur-
ing practices for nutraceuticals as long as these regulations are molded after the less
strict regulations for foods as divergent to those for drugs.
The Indian government in 2006 passed Food Safety and Standard Act to incor-
porate and streamline the many regulations covering foods, dietary supplements
and nutraceuticals. The act recommended the creation of the Food Safety and
Standards Authority (FSSA). The FSSA was expected to unify the existing eight
laws i.e. harmonization of the laws to align with the international regulations and
science-based standards, maintain clarity and uniformity on novel food areas and
also help curb corruptions.
Importance of Herbal Nutraceutical Regulation:
(I) Allows better legal security and more predictable environment.
(II) Supports innovation (food, herbal and drink products).
(III) Prevents imbalanced competition from manufacturers using untruthful or mis-
leading claims.
(IV) If confident claims cannot be made, the regulation does not gratify anyone to
make negative claims about the product.

2.3.2  Global Market/Demands of Herbal Nutraceutical

The nutraceutical industry is divided into two main segments which include dietary
supplements and herbal/natural products. In the Global market, nutraceutical has
become a multi-billion dollar industry with about USD 117 billion (INR 5148 bil-
lion) as estimated cost of investment (Rishi 2006). According to a report, India is
growing at 21% per  annum in her total market for nutraceuticals. As of 2014, it
appreciated at INR 44bn (€621 m), but could be worth more than INR 95bn in the
following 4 years (http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particle/characteriza-
tion/applications/nutraceuticals). In Canada, the nutraceutical industry has an esti-
mated potential to grow up to 50 billion US dollars. According to the nutrition
business journal in 2017, the United States of America (USA) is the largest market
in the world followed by Japan which has a steady average growth rate of 9.6%
per annum. The nutrition business journal generally classified the contributions of
2  Nutraceuticals: History, Classification and Market Demand 21

the different countries in the nutraceutical market – USA 37%, Europe 33%, Japan
18% and rest of the world as 12%. These two rapidly increasing sectors of the indus-
try were at 19.5% per year for dietary supplements and 11.6% per year natural/
herbal products (Chauhan et al. 2013). Table 2.2 shows some commercially avail-
able nutraceuticals.

2.4  The Future Prospects of Nutraceutical Industry

The world is becoming more sophisticated and interesting. Foods are becoming
more attractive, appealing and fortified to meet the increasing demand of healthy
nutrition. With the invention and recent advances in Living Modified Organisms
(LMOs) and Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs), food for all agenda in the future
will be attained or rather malnutrition would soon be history but new challenges
may ensue. With the popping-in of tablets as nutrients to provide the body with
complete Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) including fiber to ensure intes-
tinal or bowel emptying, the prospects of nutraceuticals are limitless. The target of
food and nutrition societies for a world rid of hunger in the future is possible with
the potentials of nutraceuticals. At the core of the value-added market performance
is the increasing responsiveness on the part of consumers as to how nutraceuticals

Table 2.2  Some commercially marketed nutraceuticals

Product Group Content Company
Calcirol D-3® Calcium Calcium and vitamins Cadilla healthcare
supplement limited, India
Coral calcium Calcium Calcium and trace Nature’s answer,
supplement minerals Hauppauge, NY, USA
WelLife® Amino acid Granulated-L-glutamine Daesang America Inc.,
supplement Hackensach, NJ, USA
Proteinex® Protein Predigested proteins, Pfizer ltd., Mumbai,
supplement vitamins, India
Daytime restore & Restful sleep Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Xigo health
nighttime repose
CogniSure Amino acid Proline-rich polypeptide Metagenics Inc
supplement complex
Omega woman Immune Antioxidants, vitamins and Wassen, Surrey, U.K.
supplement phytochemicals
PNerplusTM Neuropathic pain Vitamin and other natural NeuroHelp, San
supplement supplement Antonio, Texas, USA
GRD Nutritional Proteins, vitamins, ZydusCadila Ltd.
supplement minerals and Ahmedabad, India
carbohydrates
BiovincaTM Neurotonic Vinpocetine Cyvex nutrition, Irvine,
CA, USA
Source: Modified from Chauhan et al. 2013. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
 22 O. K. Nwosu and K. I. Ubaoji

can contribute to good health. With the established growing consumer demand for
nutraceuticals, not only will consumers in nearby future use supplement products to
support overall dietary intake, they are more likely to regard supplementation as an
effective way to improve health. The undertone is, would the leading world eco-
nomic nations not consider the economic politics and drown this vision or would it
be given the attention it so deserves?

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