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DRRR q1 Module 16 Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption 08082020
DRRR q1 Module 16 Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption 08082020
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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Grade 11/12 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
ii
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
iii
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What I Know
Pre-test
Direction: Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the
correct answer on extra sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is true?
I. People shall not be alarmed if a small change in tiltmeters is
observed.
II. Increasing sustained number of quakes indicates the volcano is
about to erupt.
III. Increasing number of thermal vents shall be monitored
continuously.
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III
10. What do you call the molten rocks found beneath the Earth?
A. elements
B. lava
C. magma
D. minerals
11. People residing near volcanoes may detect premonitory events before a
volcanic eruption. Which of the following senses is not used?
A. auditory
B. gustatory
C. tactile
D. visual
12. Which of the following events does not indicate an impending eruption?
A. drying up of hot springs around the volcano
B. eroded area of the volcano after a heavy rain
B. drying up of the vegetation around the volcano
C. variation in the chemical content of the lakes and springs around
the volcano
14. Which of the following substances is responsible for a rotten egg smell?
A. helium
B. magnesium
C. silica
D. sulfur
Lesson
Signs of Impending
1 Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic eruption is one of the most dangerous natural events because of the
different hazards that it may bring as discussed previously. While volcanoes
may give off several warning signs they are about to blow, some are taken
more seriously by volcanologists who alert and advise government officials
regarding when evacuations need to take place. These early warning signs
make it easier for people to prepare and prevent damages to properties and
loss of lives.
What’s In
What are the different related hazards brought by a volcanic eruption? What
are their effects? Differentiate each and one of them.
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What’s New
1. UQKAE 6 5
2. EATSM 12 5
3. MMAAG 3 3
4. IFNALITON 2 9
5. LLNDASDIES 9 4
6. VEEGTITOAN 1 7
7. TAMPUEERTRE 11 6
8. CMIECHAL 8 8
9. SGPINR 10
10. TEARHML 12 3
What is It
What are the natural signs of an impending volcanic eruption? The following
are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These
precursors may vary from volcano to volcano.
Source: Zoback, Mary Lou, Eric Geist, John Pallister, David P. Hill, Simon Young, and Wendy McCausland.
"Advances in natural hazard science and assessment, 1963–2013." Geological society of America, special
papers 501 (2013): 81-154.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2003), Volcano Hazards Program – Heat/Thermal, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/thermal.html
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2013.), Glossary – Lava Lake, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/lavalake.html
Crater glow can be observed when the magma finally reaches the surface,
and thus referred as lava.
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to
magma intrusion
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2011), Glossary – Fissure, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/fissure.html
Moving magma, gases, and other volcanic fluids tend to cause the surface
of the Earth to bulge upward (inflate) or spread apart which can eventually
lead to ground fissuring or cracking.
5. Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the summit area
that are not attributed to heavy rains
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (1980), Volcano Hazards – Volcanic Landslides, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/landslides.html
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2012), Monitoring efforts at Mount St. Helens, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/st_helens/st_helens_gallery_31.html
As the magma rises, the temperature of the volcano also increases. The
heat brought by the rising magma if high enough, can dry up the
vegetation.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2019), Imperial Geyser looking south, Yellowstone, July 20, 2020, retrieved
from https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/imperial-geyser-looking-south-yellowstone
10
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2011), Volcano Hazards Program – Gas and Water, July 20, 2020, retrieved
from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/gas_types.html#:~:text=Water%20chemistry%20changes%20can%20be,from
%20a%20deeper%20volcanic%20source.
11
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (2019), Contrasting photos of Heart Spring from 1988 and 2019 Yellowstone,
July 20, 2020, retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/contrasting-photos-heart-spring-1988-
and-2019-yellowstone
Source: U.S. Geological Survey (1973), Glossary – Fumarole, July 20, 2020, retrieved from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/fumarole.html
12
2. Seismic Activity – when magma rises up, it breaks rock along the way.
Thus, earthquakes are generated. Monitoring of quakes/tremors is
done by using a seismometer that determines which patterns of seismic
waves precede an eruption.
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What’s More
Case Study # 1
For 123 years, Mount St. Helens remained dormant. The large sleeping
volcano was a favorite spot for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. Thousands of
people of visited the national park to fish, camp, and play.
On March 16th, 1980, three small earthquakes were measured at the park
ranger station. The earthquakes were so small most visitors did not notice
them. Each day after that, the number of earthquakes steadily increased. By
the week of March 26th, an average of 10 earthquakes was occurring daily.
On March 27th a helicopter tourist company flew a group around the crater
of the still dormant volcano. During flight, the group observed a small steam
explosion blow a 15 meter hole in the top of the mountain. The group took
pictures and passed them to the United States Geological Service when they
returned. For the next two weeks, small spots of steam could be seen shooting
out of the top of the volcano. By April 22nd, however, all steam activity ceased.
Because there were no small steam eruptions, the park rangers believed the
volcano was returning to dormancy and did not issue an evacuation.
Geologists, however, started to notice a bulge forming in part of the mountain.
Like the mountain was growing fatter, they could see part of it growing in size.
By May 17th, the bulge was growing at 2 meters per day. Finally, on May
18th, a final earthquake occurred followed by the immediate eruption of the
volcano. The blast from the volcano was so large the ash cloud circled the
Earth for 15 days. 57 people died.
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Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation,
June 08, 2020, retrieved from https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files
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Case Study # 2
Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation, June
08, 2020, retrieved from https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files
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Case Study # 3
Source: Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films (n.d.), Educator Guide: Volcanoes, The fires of creation,
June 08, 2020, retrieved from https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files
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Can you recognize what sign was observed by the main narrator of each story?
Were the signs observed by the narrators the same?
What are the characteristics and conditions of a volcano you must look for to
predict an eruption? Are there visible changes after the volcano erupted? Do
all of these warning signals appear to work equally well in predicting
eruptions.
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2. Draw a volcano as it looks after erupting (label the signs). Describe the
details that you will draw.
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Direction: You will be given a set of data from different volcanoes. Graph
the data over time on the graphs below. Answer the following questions
using the provided data.
MOUNT PINATUBO
Earthquake Phreatic or
Day Tiltmeter
Count Steam ejection
1 1 22 2
2 1 22 2
3 2 22 2
4 1 22 2
5 1 22 2
6 0 22 2
7 1 22 2
8 2 22 2
18
9 2 22 2
10 2 22 2
11 2 22 4
12 2 23 6
13 2 24 6
14 3 25 4
15 3 26 4
16 4 26 6
17 5 26 5
18 6 26 6
19 7 27 6
20 7 27 6
21 9 27 6
22 8 27 6
23 9 27 10
24 11 27 10
25 10 27 10
26 12 27 11
27 15 27 12
28 16 27 15
29 17 27 15
30 18 27 15
MOUNT MAYON
Earthquake Phreatic or
Day Tiltmeter
Count Steam ejection
1 2 15 6
2 1 15 6
3 2 14 6
4 0 15 6
5 0 15 6
6 0 15 6
7 0 15 6
8 1 14 6
9 0 15 6
10 0 15 6
11 2 15 6
12 3 15 6
13 4 14 6
14 5 15 6
15 6 15 6
16 5 15 6
17 4 15 6
19
18 3 15 6
19 2 15 6
20 1 15 6
21 2 15 6
22 2 15 6
23 3 15 6
24 4 15 6
25 2 15 6
26 1 15 6
27 2 15 6
28 5 15 6
29 2 15 6
30 1 15 6
MOUNT TAAL
Earthquake Phreatic or
Day Tiltmeter
Count Steam Ejection
1 0 30 2
2 0 30 2
3 0 30 2
4 1 31 2
5 2 31 2
6 2 31 4
7 2 31 2
8 2 31 2
9 2 31 2
10 3 31 2
11 4 32 5
12 6 32 6
13 8 33 0
14 7 33 0
15 10 33 0
16 10 34 0
17 11 34 0
18 12 35 0
19 10 35 0
20 11 36 0
21 ACTIVE
22 ACTIVE
23 ACTIVE
24 ACTIVE
25 ACTIVE
26 ACTIVE
20
27 ACTIVE
28 ACTIVE
29 ACTIVE
30 ACTIVE
MOUNT HIBOK-HIBOK
Earthquake Phreatic or
Day Tiltmeter
Count Steam ejection
1 3 33 3
2 2 33 3
3 3 33 3
4 3 33 3
5 3 33 3
6 3 33 3
7 3 33 3
8 3 33 3
9 3 33 3
10 3 34 4
11 3 33 4
12 4 35 6
13 5 36 6
14 6 38 6
15 8 38 6
16 8 38 6
17 9 38 8
18 8 38 8
19 9 38 8
20 8 38 4
21 9 38 12
22 11 38 10
23 15 38 9
24 16 38 12
25 15 38 10
26 ACTIVE
27 ACTIVE
28 ACTIVE
29 ACTIVE
30 ACTIVE
21
Number of Earthquakes
0 15 20 25 30
(days)
0 15 20 25 30
(days)
22
0 15 20 25 30
(days)
How many people do you think live near an active volcano? Why it is important
to evacuate neighboring towns before the eruption begins? What do you think
are the consequences of evacuating a town too early or causing a false alarm?
Explain your answer using the data given and interpreting your graph.
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____________________________________________________________________
Explain your answer using the data given and interpreting your graph.
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Some of the early warning signs for an impending volcanic eruption are
increased in frequency of (4) _______________ with rumbling sounds; change
in steam color from (5) _______________ to (6) _______________; and crater glow
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What I Can Do
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Assessment
Post Test
Direction: Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the
correct answer on extra sheet of paper.
1. What do you call the molten rocks found beneath the Earth?
A. elements
B. lava
C. magma
D. minerals
26
A. I and III
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. II and IV
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III
A. I, III, IV
B. II, III, IV
C. III only
D. IV only
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15. Which of the following events does not indicate an impending eruption?
A. drying up of hot springs around the volcano
B. eroded area of the volcano after a heavy rain
B. drying up of the vegetation around the volcano
C. variation in the chemical content of the lakes and springs around
the volcano
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Additional Activities
Enrichment Activity
5 4 3 2 1
Sufficiently Limited
Substantial, Minimal Irrelevant
developed content with
specific, content and content and
content with less
illustrative, minimal no creativity
adequate creativity
and creative creativity
creativity and
content
and inadequate
demonstrating
explanation explanation
strong
of ideas
development
of ideas
29
References
Discovery Place Education Studio & SK Films. Educator Guide: Volcanoes The fires
of creation, n.d. Accessed June 08, 2020from
https://www.fleetscience.org/sites/default/files/files/Volcanoes%20Educatio
n%20Guide%20-%2027-08-2018.pdf
Rimando, Rolly E. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, First ed. Quezon
City: Rex Bookstore. 2015.
U.S. Geological Survey (1973), Glossary – Fumarole. Accessed July 20, 2020,
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/fumarole.html
U.S. Geological Survey (1980), Volcano Hazards – Volcanic Landslides. Accessed July
20, 2020, https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/landslides.html
U.S. Geological Survey (2011), Glossary – Fissure. Accessed July 20, 2020,
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/fissure.html
U.S. Geological Survey (2011), Volcano Hazards Program – Gas and Water. Accessed
July 20, 2020,
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/gas_types.html#:~:text=Water%20chemistry%20c
hanges%20can%20be,from%20a%20deeper%20volcanic%20source.
U.S. Geological Survey (2012), Monitoring efforts at Mount St. Helens. Accessed July
20,
2020,https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/st_helens/st_helens_gallery_31.html
U.S. Geological Survey (2013.), Glossary – Lava Lake. Accessed July 20, 2020,
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/lavalake.html
U.S. Geological Survey (2019), Contrasting photos of Heart Spring from 1988 and
2019 Yellowstone. Accessed July 20,
2020,https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/contrasting-photos-heart-spring-1988-
and-2019-yellowstone
U.S. Geological Survey (2019), Imperial Geyser looking south, Yellowstone. Accessed
July 20, 2020, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/imperial-geyser-looking-
south-yellowstone
Zoback, Mary Lou, Eric Geist, John Pallister, David P. Hill, Simon Young, and Wendy
McCausland. "Advances in natural hazard science and assessment, 1963–2013."
Geological society of America, special papers 501 (2013): 81-154.
32
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