MU123

Discovering Mathematics

UNIT 3 Numbers
 Unit 3 Numbers

 3 Irrational numbers and real numbers

 3.1 What is an irrational number?
 3.2 Roots of numbers
 3.3 Surds

 4 Ratios
 4.1 What is a ratio?
 3.1 What is an irrational number

 An irrational number is the opposite of a rational

number.
 i.e. A rational number 2.45555555555555555555…
 An irrational number 3.14159265358979323856…
 So, an irrational number is a number which can not be
remembered easily
 The irrational numbers and the rational numbers
together form what we call the real numbers.
 3.2 Roots of numbers

 A square root of a number is a number that

when multiplied by itself gives the original
number. Every positive number has two square
roots, a positive one and a negative one.
 i.e. The square root of 36 is 6, since 6 x 6 = 36
 Also, the square root of 36 is -6, since
(-6) x (-6) = 36
 The positive square root of a positive number is
denoted by the symbol

 i.e. 36 = 6
 A cube root ( 3 ) of a number is a number such
that if you multiply three ‘copies’ of it together, you
get the original number.

 i.e. The cube root of 64 is 4, since 4 x 4 x 4 = 64

 Also,
 the cube root of -64 is -4, since -4 x -4 x -4 = -64
 A forth root ( 4 ) of a number is a number
such that if you raise it to the power 4 you get
the original number.
 i.e. The fourth root of 625 is 5 and -5, since
5⁴=625 and (-5)⁴ = 625

 H.W. Solve Activity 28 page 152

 A square root of a product is the same as a product of
square roots;
 a square root of a quotient is the same as a quotient
of square roots:
a a
a´b = a ´ b, b
=
b
.

 H.W. Solve Activity 29 page 152

 3.3 Surds

 The square root of any natural number that is not a

perfect square is irrational.
 i.e. 2, 3, 5, 6. ( Not terminating decimals)
 Ex: Simplify the following surds, where possible.
 (a) 18
 (b) 10
 (c) 60
 (d) 80
 Ans:
 (a)
18 = 9´2 = 9 ´ 2 =3 2
 (b) This is its simplest form (surd)
10
 (c)
60 = 4´15 = 4´ 15=2 15
 (d) 80 = 16´5 = 16´ 5 =4 5
 H.W. Solve Activity 30 page 154
 Ex: Simplify the following surds, where
possible.

 (a) ( 3)
2

 (b) 2 5´4 5
 (c) 6´ 3
 (d) 5 2 ´3 10
 Ans:
 (a) ( 3)
2
= 3´ 3 =3

 (b)
2 5´4 5 =8 5 5 =8´5= 40
 (c) 6 ´ 3 = 6´3 = 18 = 9´2 = 9 ´ 2 =3 2

 (d) 5 2´3 10 =15 2´10 =15 20 =15 4´5 =15 4 5 =15´2 5 =30 5
 4 Ratios
4.1 What is a ratio?

 If you have made vinaigrette salad dressing, then

you may remember that the recipe is 3 parts oil to 1
part vinegar. So, for example, you could mix 30 ml
oil and 10 ml vinegar, or 120 ml oil and 40 ml
vinegar, or perhaps, if you need a lot of salad
dressing, 1.5 oil and 0.5 vinegar.
 We say that the ratio of oil to vinegar is 3: 1
 This ratio is equivalent to
30 : 10, and 120:40, and 1.5: 0.5
 To find a ratio equivalent to a given ratio
 Multiply or divide each number in the ratio by
the same non-zero number.
 Ex:
 Express the following ratios in their simplest form.
 (a) 9 : 12 : 6 (b) 0.5 : 1.25
 Ans:
 (a) 9 : 12 : 6 = 9/3 : 12/3 : 6/3 = 3 : 4 : 2
 (b) 0.5 : 1.25 = (4 × 0.5) : (4 × 1.25) = 2 : 5
 H.W. Solve Activity 36 page 160
 MU123
Discovering Mathematics

Trade and Cash

 Key Terms - Formulas

 Suggested retail price, catalog price, list price:

three common terms for the price which the
manufacturer suggests an item be sold to the
consumer.

 Discount rate: a percent of the list price.

 Trade discount: the amount of discount that
the wholesaler or retailer receives off the list
price or the difference between the list price
and the net price

 Net price: the price the manufacturer or

retailer pays or the list price minus the trade
discount.
  Trade discount = Rate × List price

 Net price = List price − Trade discount

 Ex:
 Find the Trade discount for a cd player that retails at
$120 and has a Trade discount rate of 35%.
 Ans:
 Trade discount = 0.35 × $120 = $42
 What does ($42) mean?!
 It means that the wholesaler or retailer will NOT pay
$42 of the $120 list price.
 Ex:
 Find the Net price of a desk that lists for $320 and
has a Trade discount of 30%
 Ans:
 Trade discount = Rate × List price = 0.30 × $320= $96
 Net price = List price − Trade discount
 = $320 − $96
 = $224
 Ex: Find the Trade discount for a rug that lists
for $290 and has a Trade discount rate of 30%
 Ans: $87

 Ex: Find the Net price of a patio table that lists

for $460 and has a Trade discount of 20%
 Ans: $368
The net price using Complement of
percent

 Complement of percent

 100% - single trade discount rate

 The difference between 100% and the given

percent
 Ex:
 Find the net price of a coffee maker that lists
for $20 and has a trade discount rate of 20%

 Ans:
 80% is the complement of 20%
 Net price = $20 × 0.80 = $16
 Ex: Find the net price of a set of golf clubs
that lists for $1,500 and has a trade discount
rate of 15%
 Ans: $1275

 Ex: Find the net price of a bicycle that lists for

$102 and has a trade discount rate of 30%
 Ans: $71.40
 Trade discount series

 Trade discount series or chain discount:

 Additional discount that are deducted one

after another from the list price.
 i.e. An item lists for $400 and has a discount of 20%
 $400 × 0.2 = $80
 $400 − $80 = $320

 An additional discount of 10% is taken on the

previous price
 $320 × 0.1 = $32
 $320 − $32 = $288 ⥤
⥤
 An additional discount of 5% is taken on the
previous price.
 $288 × 0.05 = $14.40
 $288 − $14.40 = $273.60

 The final price is $273.60

 Can you add the discount together and apply
it as one?
 i.e. If the item has three discounts of 20%, 10%,
and 5%, can you add them together and apply
35% discount?

 The answer is NO
 The net decimal equivalent

 To find the net decimal equivalent,

 multiply the decimal form of the complement of each
trade rate in a series.

 Net amount you pay = Net decimal equivalent × list price

 Ex: Find the net price of an order with a list price of
$800 and a trade discount series of 20, 10, and 5.

 Ans:
 The net decimal equivalent is 0.8 × 0.9 × 0.95 = 0.684
 Apply the net decimal equivalent to the list price
 NP = 0.684 × $800 = $547.20
 Ex: A tool set list for $325 and has a trade discount
series of 20, 10, and 10. Find the Net price
 Ans: $210.60

 Ex: A dress shirt lists for $125 and has a trade

discount series of 15, 10, and 7.5. Find the Net price
 Ans: $88.45