empty class interval: it is a class which is having no frequency X17A16A1:AA17A1:Z16A16A1:AA17A1:AA15A16A1

open end casclass interval: it is a series in which the lower limit of the first clss interval and the upper limit of the last class
ex:
less than 10
10-20
20-30
more than 30

close end series: it is a series in which all the class intervals are clearly specified
ex:
10-20
20-30
30-40

TABULATION OF DATA:
A statistical table is the logical listing of related quantitative data in vertical columns and horizontal rows of numbers with

parts of the table:

table number
title
head notes and prefatory note
captions and stubs
body of the tabl
foot note
source note

Table number: the table number is given in a logical sequence for proper identification and easy and ready reference for fu

TITLE: every table must be given a sutaible title, ehich appears at the top of the table(below the table no or next to the tab

headnote: Headnote: it is given just below theHeadnote:

title in aitprominent
is given just
type
below
ususally
the
Headnote:
title
centered
in aHeadnote:
itprominent
isand
given
encloed
just
Headnote:
it type
isbelow
given
inususally
brackets
just
the
it istitle
below
given
centere
forinur
ju
th
a
ex: unit of measurement ( in millions in rupees, in tons)

captions and stubs : captions are the headings for the vertical columns and stubs are the headings for the horizontal rows

Body of the table: the arrangement of the data according to the descriptions gieven in the captions and stubs forms of the

footnote: when some characteristic or feature or item of the table has not been adequately explained and needs further e
footnote is placed at the bottom of the yable direct;y below the body of the table. Footnotes are identified by symbols.

source note: the source note is required if the secondary data is used. It must be given at the bottom of the table, below t

sub headingscaptions Column4 Column5 Column2 Column3 Column32 Column1 total

sub head sub head
column head column head column head

body of the table

total

footnote:
sourcenote:

in a sample study about coffee habits in two towns, the following info was received
town a
females were 40%, total coffee drinkers were 45%, and male non coffee drinkers were 20%

town b
males were 55%, male non coffee drinkers were 30% and female coffee drinkers were 15%
present the data in a tabular form.

Table no.1
title: coffee drinking habits in two towns
Town A %' Town B
male feamle total male female
coffee 40 5 45 25 15
non coffee 20 35 55 30 30
total 60 40 100 55 45

footnote
sourcenote:

a no of workers n a large factory in 2006 was 540 of whivh 30% were females and rest males
in 2008 the strength of the workers incr by 100 females and 200 males
in 2010 the total no of workers inc by 25% on its value in 2008
the female workers were 340. tabulate the info

table no 2
no of workers in a large factory in diff years

2006 2008 2010

male 162 262 340
female 378 578 710
total 540 840 1050

footnote:
source note: problem discussed in the class

2006: no of females= 30*540/100=162

2010: no of workers = 840+25/100=1050

present the following info in a suitable tabular form supplying the figures not directly given:
in 1995 out of total 2000 workers in a factory, 1550 were members of a trade union. The number of women emploted was
 table showitable no: 3

1995 2000
union non union total union non union
men 1500 250 1750 1600 225
women 50 200 250 125 155
total 1550 450 2000 1725 380

foot note:
source note: problem discuseed in class

in 1990 out of total of 2000 students in a college 1400 were for graduation and the rest for thr post graduation.
out of 1400 graduate stds 100 were girls. However in all there were 600 girls in the clg
in 1995 no of gra stds increased to 1700 out of which 250 were girls but the no of pg students fell to 500 of which only 50
in 2000, out of 800 girls, 650 were for graduation, whereas the total no of graduates was 2200. the no of boys and girls in p
also calcu the % increase in the no of graduate stds in 200 as compared to 1990.

table 4
no of students in the clg

1990
graduate p.g total

girls 100 500 600

boys 1300 100 1400

total 1400 600 2000

footnote: *pg- post graduation

source note: discussed in class

No of graduate students in 1990- 1440

no of graduate students in 2000- 2200

% increase=(2200-1400)/1400*100=57.1428

out of total no of 2807 women who were interviewed for employment in a textile factory,
912 were from textile areas and the rest from non textile areas. Amongst the married women
who bwlong to textile areas, 347 were having some work experience and 173 did not work have work experience.
while for non textile areas the corresponding fig were 199 and 670 respectively.
the total no of women having no experience was 1841 of whom 311 resided in textile areas.
of the total no of women 1418 were unmarried and of these the no of women having experience in the textile and non tex
tabualte the info.
 table no 5
table showing the no of workers in a textile f

textile non ttextile

exp non- exp total exp
married 347 173 520 199
unmarried 254 138 392 166

total 601 311 912 365

footnote:
* exp- experienced
sourcenote: copied from vidhur

DIAGRAM:
MEANING: a diagram is a visual form for presentation of a statistical data, highlighting their basic facts and relationship.
if we draw diagrams on the basis of data collected they will easily be understood and appreciated by all. It is readily intelle

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIAGRAMS:

THEY ARE ATTRACTIVE AND IMPRESSIVE

THEY MAKE DATA MORE SIMPLE AND INTELLEGIBLE
THEY FACILITATE COMPARISON
THEY HAVE GREAT MEMORIZING EFFECT

rules for constructing the diagram:

* a diagram should be neatly drawn in an attractuve number
* every diagram must have a precise and suitable heading
* appropriate scale has to be defined to present the diagram as per size of the paper
* the scale should be mentioned in the diagram
* mention the values of independent variable along x axis and the values of dependent variable along the y axis
* false based lines may be used in x axis and y axis if required
* legends should be given for x axis, y axis and each category of the independent variable to show the difff
* foot notes can be given at the bottom of the diagram if necessary.

types of diagrams:
* one dimensional diagrams: simple bar, multiple bar, sub divided, sub divided percentage bar.
* two dimensional: rectangles, squares, circles.
* three dimensional: cubes, cylinders, blocks
* others: pictograms and cartograms

1. Multiple bar diagram:

* it is also known as compound bar diagram
* these diagrams are used when two or more phenomena over a no of years are compared with each other.

year 1class 2 class 3 class fail

 2006 100 300 500 300
2007 120 400 600 280
2008 100 500 700 300
Ch
multiple bar diagram showing the results of a no. of students.
2500

700
2000
700
600
1500
600
500 500
500 1000
no of students.

400
400
300 300 280 500 300
300
0
200 year 1class
100 120 100
100 Row 201

0
2006 2007 2008

years

1. present the following data using multiple bar diagram.

years profits('000 rupees)
company A company B
1994-95 120 90
1995-96 135 95
1996-97 140 108
1997-98 160 120
1998-99 175 130

multiple bar diagram showing profits

175
180 160
160 135 140
130
140 120 120
profits(000 rupees)

108
120 90 95
100
80
60
40
20
0
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99
years

profits('000 rupees) company A company B

 0
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99
years

profits('000 rupees) company A company B

2. percentage bar diagram

* these diagrams are used to depict the values of variables in %
* all the bars look equal in heights representing the value 100 as %

No of students pg class of a university is given below:

year science humanties commerce
2003-4 240 560 220
2004-5 280 610 280
2005-6 340 570 370

present the data by a % bar diagram

year 2003-4 % 2003-4 2004-5 % 2004-5 2005-6 % 2005-6

science 240 23.53 23.53 280 23.93 23.93 340 26.56 26.56
humanties 560 54.90 78.43 610 52.14 76.07 570 44.53 71.09
commerce 220 21.57 100.00 280 23.93 100.00 370 28.91 100
total 1020 100 1170 100 1280 100

% bar diagram showing no of pg students in % in

university
100%
90%
80%
100.00 100.00 100
70%
60% commerce
Percentage

humanties
50%
science
40%
30% 78.43 76.07 71.09
20%
10% 26.56
23.53 23.93
0%
2003-4 2004-5 2005-6
years

month cost no of shre total

1 10 120 1200
2 12 100 1200
3 15 80 1200
4 20 60 1200
5 25 50 1200
 1:AA17A1:AA15A16A1:AA17A1:AB15A16A1:AA17A1:AC13A1:AB13A1:AA13A1:Z14A1:Y15A1:Y16A1:X16A1:X17A1:X16A1:W
per limit of the last class interval are not specified. It begins with the word less than and end with the word more than.

al rows of numbers with sufficient explanatory and qualifying words, phrases and statements in the form of titles , heading, and notes

nd ready reference for future. The table number should be place at the top of the table either in the centre or above the title or in the

ble no or next to the table no). Thr title should be self explanatory. It should precisely describe the nature of the data.

Headnote: Headnote:
it is given just
Headnote:
it isbelow
given just
the
Headnote:
it istitle
below
givenin just
the
aHeadnote:
itprominent
istitle
below
givenin just
the
aHeadnote:
itprominent
type
istitle
below
given
ususally
in just
the
aHeadnote:
itprominent
type
istitle
below
given
centered
ususally
in just
the
aitprominent
type
isand
title
below
given
centered
ususally
encloed
in just
the
a prominent
type
and
title
below
centered
inususally
encloed
brackets
in the
a prominent
type
and
title
centered
infor
ususally
encloed
brackets
inurther
a prominent
type
and
centered
in
descripti
for
ususally
encloe
bracke
urthty

for the horizontal rows. They should be brief, concise anfd self explanatory.

s and stubs forms of the body of the table. It contains the numerical info. Totals must be given for each separate class/ category below

ned and needs further elaboration or when some additional or extra info is required for its complete description, footnotes are used f
dentified by symbols.

om of the table, below the footnote.

 the fe+N58male workers were 340.F53:I61

H45A79H50:I61H41:I61A79H50:IF53:I61

total
40
60
100

of women emploted was 250 out of which 200 did not belong to any trade union. In 2000, the number of union workers was 1725 of w
 table no: 3

total
1825
280
2105

t graduation.

to 500 of which only 50 were boys.

e no of boys and girls in pg classes was equal. Represent the info in tabular form.

1995 2000
g pg total g pg total

250 450 700 650 150 800

1450 50 1500 1550 150 1700

1700 500 2200 2200 300 2500

ork experience.

n the textile and non textile areas was 254 and 166 respectively.
o of workers in a textile factory.

non ttextile
non-exp total exp non exp total
670 869 546 843 1389
860 1026 450 998 1418

1530 1895 966 1841 2807

c facts and relationship.

by all. It is readily intellegible and save a considerable amount of time and energy.

ong the y axis

 Chart Title
ents.
700

1class
2 class
300
3 class
fail
1class 2 class 3 class fail

Row 201 Row 202 Row 203

175

130

1998-99
1998-99
 :X16A1:X17A1:X16A1:W16A1:X16A1:X17A1:X16

titles , heading, and notes to make clear the full meaning if data and their origin.

or above the title or in the side of the title.

the title in a prominent type ususally centered and encloed in brackets for urther description of the contents of the tabl.

arate class/ category below the columns or against the rows/ columns shoukd also be given.

ption, footnotes are used for this purpose.

kers were 340.F53:I61

on workers was 1725 of which 1600 were men. The no of non union workers was 380, among which 155 were women.
ts of the tabl.
 total

mean= 420/6= 70

weighted mean = 1020/14

a contractor employs 3 types of workers

x
30
20
10
total 60

mean= 60/3=

weighted mean=

COMBINE AIRTHMENTIC MEAN:

TWO OR MORE MEANS ARE COMBINED TOGETHER FORMING A

month cost
1 10
2 12
3 15
4 20
5 25

the mean of marks in stats of 100 students in a class was 72

the mean of marks of boys was 75, whilw their no was 70. find
 mean=
72= summation x/100
sumx= 72*100=7200

boys:
75= sumx/70
sumx= 75*70
sumx= 5250

girls:
mean= sumx/30
sumx= 30x

boys+girls

7200= 5250+30x
7200-5250=
1950/30= x
x(girls)= 65

properties of ar mean:

x (x-x.)
10 -20
30 0
20 -10
50 20
40 10
total 150 0
xbar= 150/5
xbar= 30

* the sum of dev of the items from ar mean is 0

* sum of sqaures of dev of the itmes from ar mean is min or least
sum(x-x.)2 is least

merits of ar
*it is simple to understand
*it is easy to cal
*it is based on all obs
*it is suitable for further mathemetical treatment
* it is rigidly defined.

demerits:
* extreme itmes affect the avrege fig dispropotionately
*it may not be an item among the given values of the variable. It may represent fractional fig
* it may give wrong impression, if proper weights are not given
* in the case of open end class intervals, midpoits are arrived by making assumptions, which may be wrong
*it cannot be determined y inspection, nor can it be loacated graphically.

MEDIAN:
MEDIAN IS A POSITIONA;L AVERAGE
*median is the value of that item in a series which divides the array into 2 equal parts, one consisting of all the v
* it is denoted by the symbol Md

median for raw data

median= size of (n+1)/2th item

calculate the median for the following data:

12 36 8
1 2 3

in order: 7 8
md= size(7+1)/2=4th item= 14

20 45 32
1 2 3
16 18

median= size ( 8+1)/2=4.5th item

md= (20+26)/2=23

IN A CLASS OF 15 STUDENTS 5 STUDENTS FAILED IN A TEST. THE MARKS OF 10 STU WHO HAVE PASSED WERE
9 6 7
WHAT IS THE MEDIAN MARK OF ALL STUDENTS.
IN ORDER: 4 5 6
OBS-6 7 8

MD= SIZE(15+1)/2= 8
MD= 6

median for discrete freq distribution:

md= size(N+1)/2th

where N is the total of the frequency.

calculate the median for the following data:

MARKS NO OF STUDENTS(F) LESS THAN CF

10 10 10
 20 16 26
30 18 44
40 13 57
50 6 63
60 3 66
70 8 74
80 4 78
90 6 84
100 6 90
TOTAL 90

MD= SIZE(90+1)/2TH=45.5
MD= 40

CALCULATE THE MEDIAN FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

VALUES F LESS THAN CF

5 3 3
15 9 12
25 8 20
35 5 25
45 5 30

MD= SIZE(30+1)/2=15.5
MD=25

MEDIAN FOR CONTINOUS FREQ DIST

MD= l+ (n/2-m)
_________ *c
f

l= lower limit of the median class

n=total of frequency
m= cumulative freq of the class precedIing thr median class interval
f= freq of the median class interval
c= width of the median class interval

CALCULATE THE MEDIAN FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

MARKS OBT NO OF STUDENTS LESS THAN CF

0-10 22 22
10_20 34 56
20-30 52 108
30-40 87 195
40-50 44 239
50-60 49 288
60-70 40 328
 70-80 34 362
80-90 44 406
90-100 24 430
TOTAL 430

MD= N/2= 430/2= 215

MD= L+(N/2)-M
_________ *C
F

40+(215-195)/22*10= 44.5

calculate the median age for the following data:

age no of person
below 10 2
below 20 5
below30 9
below 40 12

convert the less than freq table to normal freq table.

age cf f
0-10 2 2
10_20 5 3
20-30 9 3
30-40 12 3
40-50 14 4
50-60 15 1
60-70 15.5 0.5
70 & over 15.6 0.1

N/2= 15.6/2= 7.8

MD= 20+ 7.8-5/4 *10

MD= 27

MEDIAN IS A SUITABLE MEASURE WHEN THE CLASS INTERVALS ARE OPEN END.

CALCUALTE THE MEDIAN FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

IN A GROUP OF THOUSAND WAGE EARNERS THE MONTHLY WAGES OF 4% ARE BELOW RS 60 AND THOSE OF 15% ARE UN
GOT RS 100 AND OVER. FIND THE MEDIAN WAGES.

NO OF WORKERS
BELOW 60 4%
UNDER 62.5 15%

95 AND OVER 15%

100 AND OVER 5%
TOTAL 1000 TOTAL

N/2= 1000/2= 500

MEDIAN = 62.5 + ( 500-150)/700* 32.5

MEDIAN= 78.75

THE MEDIAN WAGE OF THE WORKERS= 78.5

PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN:
THE SUM OF DEVIATIONS OF THE ITEMS FROM THE MEDIAN ( IGNORING THE -VE SIGNS) WILL BW THE LEAST O
IT IS ONLY A POSITIONAL AVERAGE CALCULATED WITH THE HELP 0F MATHEMATICAL FORMULA BASED ON INT

MERITS OF MEDIAN:
IT IS SIMPLE TO UNDERSTAND AND EASY TO CALCULATE
IT ELIMINIATES THE EFFECTS OF EXTREME VALUES TO VARIABLE BY WHICH IT IS NOT AFFECTED
IT IS CAPABLE OF FURTHER ALGEBRAIC TREATMENT FOR ANALYZING ORDER MEASURES
IT CAN BE DETERMINED JUST BY INSPECTION OF THE ARRAYED DATA.
IT CAN BE DETERMINED GRAPHICALLY WITH THE HELP OF OGIVES

LIMITATIOMNS:

IT MAY NOT ALWAYS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ITMES AS IT IGNORES THE EXTREME VALUES
IT CANNOT BE DETERMINED PRECISELY WHEN ITS SIZE FALLS B/W THE 2 VALUES
IT REQUIRES THE DATA TO BE ARRAYED, BEFORE IT CAN BE DTERMINED, WHICH INVOLVES A CONSIDERABLE AM

MODE:

MODE IS THE VALUE WHICH OCCURS WITH THE MAXIMUM FREQ.

IT IS DENOTED BY SYMBOL Z
IF EACH OF THE OBS OCCURS THE SAME NO OF TIMES, THERE IS NO MODE

EX :10 20 30
THERE IS NO MODE

*IF THERE IS A SINGLE OBS WHICH OCCURS MOST NO OF TIMES, IT IS UNI-MODAL.

*EX: 5 15 10
MODE: 20

*if 2 obs occur the same no of times, it is bi modal.

ex: 20 30 10
mode; 10 and 20

if three or more obs occur the same no of times it is multi modal

 ex: 5 10 15
mode: 5,10,15

*Mode is said to be ill- defined when the data is bi modal or multi modal.

MODE FOR DISCRETE FREQ DISTRIBUTION:

*the modal value for discrete freq dist can be obtained just by inspection.

marks no of students
10 6
20 5
30 15
40 11
50 8

weight no of stu
60 5
62 7
64 15
66 21
68 36
70 15

MODE FOR CONTINOUS FREQ DIST:

𝐿_((+Δ_(1×𝐶))/
(Δ_1+Δ⋅2))

CALCULATE THE MODE FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

MARKS OBT NO OF STUDENTS

0-10 22
10_20 34
20-30 52 f0
30-40 87 F1
40-50 44 f2
50-60 49
60-70 40
70-80 34
80-90 44
90-100 24

∆1= f1-f0
87-52=35
calculate the mode for the following data:

income freq
less than 50 97
less than 45 95
less than 40 90
less than 35 80
less than 30 60
less than 25 30
less than 20 12
less than 15 4

convert the less than freq table to normal freq table

∆1= 30-18=12
∆2= 30-20= 10

mode= 25+( 12/22)*5

mode= 27.72

RELATIONSHIP B/W MEAN MODE MEDIAN

FOR SYMMTRICAL DATA MEAN=MEDIAN =MODE

ASSYMETRICAL DATA
MODE= 3 MEDIAN- 2 MEAN

YOU NEED TO FIND OUT THE MODE VALUE WHEN MEAN AND MEDIAN VALUES ARE GIVEN:
IF THE MEAN AND MEDIAN IS 26.8 AND 27.9

MODE= 3 MEDIAN-2 MEAN

3(27.9)- 2(26.8)
83.7-53.6
30.1

MODE= 32.1 AND MEAN IS 35.4 FIND MEDIAN

MODE= 3 MEDIAN-2MEAN
32.1=3 MEDIAN- 2MEDIAN
32.1= 3 MEDIAN-2(35.4)
32.1= 3 MEDIAN-70.8
32.1+70.8=N 3 MEDIAN
102.9= 3 MEDIAN
MEDIAN = 34.3

WHICH AVERAGE WOULD BE SUITABLE IN THE FOLLOWING CASES

1. AVERAGE SIZE OF READYMADE GARMENTS:= MODE
2. AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE OF STU IN A CLASS= MEDIAN
3. AVERAGE PRODUCTION IN A FACTORY PER SHIFT= MEAN
4.AVERAGE WAGE IN A INDUSTRIAL CONCERN= MEAN
5.WHEN THE SUM OF ABSOLUTE DEVIATIONS FROM AVERAGE IS LEAST= MEAN
6. WHEN THE QUANTITIES OF THE VARIABLE ARE IN RATIOS= MEDIAN
7. IN CASE OF OPEN ENDED FREQ DIST= MEDIAN

AN AVERAGE MEANS SINGLE VALUE WHERE ALL THE VALUES LIE NEAR BY THAT VALUE.

DISPERSION/ DEVIATIONS MEASURES

RANGE
QUARTILE DEVIATION
MEAN DEVIATION
STD DEVIATION( BEST MEASURE)

DISPERSION MEANS SCATTEREDNESS

the term dispersion or variation is studied with referrence to two meausres: absolute or relative
* absolute measure are expressed in terms of original units and they are not suitable for comparative studies
* relative measures are expressed in ratios or % and they are suitable for comparative studies.

RANGE:
range for raw data
range is denoted by R
R= largest value- shortest value

co-eff of range= L-S/ L+S

CALCULATE RANGE AND ITS CO-EFF FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

7 9 6

R= L-S
R=11-4= 7

COEFF OF R= L-S/L+S'
R= 7/15= 0.47

RANGE FOR DISCRETE FREQ DIST

NOTE: IN FINDING RANGE THE FREQ ARE NEVER TAKEN TAKEN INTO A/C

MARKS STU
10 15
20 18
30 25
 40 30
50 16
60 10
70 9

RANGE= L-S= 70-10= 60

CO EFF OF R= L-S/ L+S= 70-10/70+10

60/80= 0.75

RANGE FOR CONTINOUS FREQ DIST:

NOTE: IN FINDING THE RANGE THE FREQ ARE NOT TAKEN INTO AN A/C

MARKS STU
10_20 4
20-30 10
30-40 16
40-50 22
50-60 20
60-70 28
70-80 8
80-90 2
90-100 5

R= L-S
R= 100-10 = 90

CO-EFF OF R= 100-10-/100+10
90/110= 0.818

MERITS OF RANGE:
* IT IS SIMPLEST MEASURE OF DISPERSION
* IT IS RIGIDLY DEFINED
*IT IS USEFUL IN STATISTICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES
* IT IS USEFUL IN STUDYING THE VARIATIONS IN THE PRICES OF SHARES AND STOCKS
*IT IS USEFUL IN STUDYING WEATHER CONDTIONS WHERE MINIMUM AND MAX TEMP IS IDENTIFIED

DEMERITS OF RANGE;
* IT IS NOT STABLE MEASURE OF DISPERSON BECAUSE IT IS AFFECTED BY EXTREME VALUES ONLY
* IT IS NOT A SUITABLE MEASURE OF DISP WHEN CI ARE OPEN ENDED
* IN FINDING RANGE, FREQ ARE NEVER TAKEN INTO AN A/C

QUARTILE DEVIATION:
* IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SEMI INTER QUARTILE RANGE.
IT IS DENOTED BY QD
 QD= Q3-Q1
______ ( ABSOLUTE MEASURE)
2

COEFF OF QD= Q3 -Q1

______ ( RELATIVE MEASURE)
Q3+Q1

calculate qd and its co eff for the following dataB659:D696:

find the inter quartile range, qd and coeff of qd

CI F CF
0-15 8 8
15-30 26 34
30-45 30 64
45-60 45 109
60-75 20 129
75-90 17 146
90-105 4 150
150

N/4= 150/4= 37.5

q1= l1+ n/4- m1

_______ *c
f1

30+ 37.5-34
______ *15
30

Q1= 31.75

3N/4
3*37.5= 112.5

Q3= l3+ 3N/4 - m3

________ *c
f3

Q3= 62.625

QD= Q3-Q1= 15.4375

_____
2
 COEFF OF QD= Q3-Q1= 0.327152318
______
Q3+Q1

CALCULATE QD AND ITS COEFF FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

CI F CF
140-150 4 4
150-160 6 10
160-170 10 20
170-180 18 38
180-190 9 47
190-200 3 50

N/4= 50/4= 12.5

q1= l1+ n/4- m1

_______ *c
f1

q1= 162.5

3N/4= 3*12.5= 37.5

Q3= l3+ 3N/4 - m3

________ *c
f3

Q3= 179.722222222222

QD= 8.61

CO EFF OF QD= 0.050324058651986

MERITS OF QD

* IT IS EASY TO Calculate
* it is not affected by extreme values of the variables as it is concerned with the central half portion of the dist.
* it is not at all affected by open end intervals
 demerits of QD:
*IT IS THE ONLY POSITIONAL AVERAGE, BUT NOT A MATHEMATICAL AVERAGE
* IT IGNORES COMPLETELY THE PORTIONS BELOW THE LOWER QUARTILE AND ABOVE THE UPPER QUARTILE
* IT IS NOT CAPABLE OF FURTHER MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT.

MEAN DEVIATION:
* mean deviation is the average diff among the itmes in a series from mean or mode or median
* mean is supposed to be the suitable central tendency for calculating deviations because the sum of deviations

𝑀𝐷=(∑128▒|𝑑| )/𝑛
( absolute average)

* coeff of mean dev= mean dev

________________
mean/mode/ median

calculate mean deviation and its coeff for the following data from mean:
x d
100 269
150 219
200 169
250 119
360 9
490 121
500 131
600 231
671 302
total: 3321 1570
mean 369

MD= 174.444444444444

COEFF OF MEAN DEVIA= 0.472747967

calculate mean deviation from median.

59 32 67
|x-47| 12 15 20
 Md= 16.9090909090909

coeff of md= 0.359768085106383

mode for discrete freq dist

𝑀𝐷=𝛴𝑓|ⅆ|/𝑛

coeff of MD= MD
_________________
MEAN/MODE/MEDIAN

WHERE N, IS THE TOTAL OF THE FREQ

CALCULATE MD AND ITS CO EFF FROM MODE

X F |X-30| F|X-30|
10 4 20 80
20 7 10 70
30 15 0 0
40 8 10 80
50 7 20 140
60 2 30 60
total 43 430
MODE = 30

MD= b

COEFF OF MD= 0.333333333333333

CALCULATE MD AND ITS COEFF FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA:

AGE NO OF PERSONS CF
18 12 12
20 15 27
22 20 47
24 25 72
26 18 90
28 10 100
30 8 108
TOTAL 108

SINCE NOTHING IS SPECIFIED IN THE QUESTION ABOUT CENTRAL TENDENCIES, CALCULATE THE MD FROM MEDIAN

MEDIAN=SIZE OF(N+1)/2TH ITEM

 54.5

MEDIAN= 24

MD 2.74074074074

COEFF OF MD 0.114166666666667

MD FOR CONTINOUS FREQ DIST.

𝑀𝐷=(∑128▒𝑓|ⅆ| )/𝑁

COEFF OF MD= MD
_____________
Mean/mode/median

calculate mean deviation and its coeff from mean

marks frequency x
10_20 5 15
20-30 10 25
30-40 16 35
40-50 20 45
50-60 25 55
60-70 20 65
70-80 18 75
80-90 12 85
80-100 6 95
total 132

mean= 56.0606060606

md 16.6758484848
coeff 0.29746108108

calculate md and its co eff for the following data:

ci f cf
140-150 4 4
150-160 6 10
160-170 10 20
 170-180 18 38
180-190 9 47
190-200 3 50
50

SINCE NOTHING IS SPECIFIED IN THE QUESTION ABOUT CENTRAL TENDENCIES, CALCULATE THE MD FROM MEDIAN

STD DEVIATION FOR DISCRETE DATA

√((𝛴𝑓(𝑥−𝑥)^2)/(∑128▒𝑓))

FIND OUT WHICH OF THE 2 GROUP IS MORE VARIABLE IN AGE.

AGE BOYS SEC FX X-12.0806 X-X^2 F(X-X)2

10 11 110 -2.0806 4.32890 47.61785996

11 14 154 -1.0806 1.16770 16.34774904
12 14 168 -0.0806 0.00650 0.09094904
13 10 130 0.9194 0.84530 8.4529636
14 8 112 1.9194 3.68410 29.47277088
15 5 75 2.9194 8.52290 42.6144818
TOTAL 62 749 144.5967743

MEAN 12.0806451613

SD 1.52715632848

CV= SD/MEAN*100
CV 12.6413474454

boys section is more vairable in age since the cv is more.

SD ( CONTINOUS FREQ)

SD=

TO CHECK THE QUALITY OF 2 BRANDS OF LIGHT BULBS, THEIR LIFE IN BURNING HOURS WAS ESTIMATED AS UN

1) WHICH BRAND GIVES HIGHER LIFE

2) WHICH BRAND IS MORE DEPENDABLE

LIFE no of bulbs (a) x fx x-134.5

0-50 15 25 375 -109.5
50-100 20 75 1500 -59.5
 100-150 18 125 2250 -9.5
150-200 25 175 4375 40.5
200-250 22 225 4950 90.5
total 100 13450

mean= 134.5

SD= 68.8095

CV= 51.1595

1) brand b has higher life sine the mean is more

2) brand b is more dependable because cv is less than brand a

an analysis of the month;y wages paid to workers in two firms A and B. belonging to the same factory. Give the
firm a firm b
no of wages eaeners 550 650
av monthly wages in 00 rs 50 45
sd of dist of wages in 00 rs.

ans the following questions with priper justifications

a) which firm A or B pays larger amount as monthly wages.
b) in which firm A and B is the greater variablity in ind wages

SKEWNESS
* skewness means lack of symmetry
*it is denoted by Sk
* a distribution is said to be skewed if:
* mean mode median fall at diff points, mean is not eq to median is not eq to mode
* quartiles are not equidistant from median
* the curve drawn with the help of the given data is not symmetrical but stretched more to one side than to oth

for symetrical distribution:

mean= mode = median

methods of measuring skewness

* karl pearsons coeff of skewness
* bowleys coeff of skewness
 karl pearsons coeff of skewness

skewness= mean-mode
__________
sigma

skewness:
* but quite often, mode is ill-defined and quite difficult to locate
* in such a situation, the emphirical relnship b/w the mean, mode, median, for a moderately assymetrical dist

i.e, mode= 3 median-2mean is used

* karl pearsons coeff of skewness lies between +/- 3.

* dispersion studies the degree of variation in the given dist, whereas skewness attempts at studyung the directi
* extreme variations towards higher values of the variable give a positively skewed dist, while a negatively skew

calculate karl pearsons coeff os skewness for the data:

x x-19 x-x2
10 -9 81
12 -7 49
12 -7 49
12 -7 49
15 -4 16
20 1 1
25 6 36
26 7 49
28 9 81
30 11 121
total 190 532

sk= ( mean -mode)/sd

mean= 19
mode= 12
sd= 7.2938

sk= 0.9597
it is positively skewed data.

skewness for discrete freq dist.

measurement freq fx x-12.4333 x-x2

 10 2 20 -2.4333 5.92094889
11 4 44 -1.4333 2.05434889
12 10 120 -0.433299999999999 0.18774889
13 8 104 0.566700000000001 0.32114889
14 5 70 1.5667 2.45454889
15 1 15 2.5667 6.58794889
total 30 373 17.5267

mean= 12.4333

mode= 12

sd= 1.2023

sk= 0.3604

it is a postively skewed data.

calculate karl pearsons coeff of skewness for the following data:

weight no of wrkers x fx x-24.5

0-10 15 5 75 -19.5
10_20 20 15 300 -9.5
20-30 30 25 750 0.5
30-40 25 35 875 10.5
40-50 10 45 450 20.5
100 2450

mean= 24.5

mode= l+ ∆1
_____ *c
∆1+ ∆2

delta1 = f1-f0 10
delta2- f1-f2 5

26.6667

sd= 12.0312094155

bowleys coeff of skewness.

sk= (Q3+Q1-2Q2)
___________
( Q3-Q1)
 CONTIONOUS:
Q1= SIZE OF (N+1/4)TH ITEM Q1: l+ n/4- m1
Q2= SIZE OF 2(N+1/4)TH ITEM _______ *c
Q3= SIZE OF 3(N+1)/4TH ITEM f1

PROPERTIES OF BOWLEYS COEFF OF SKEWNESS

B COEFF OF SKEWNESS RANGES FROM -1 TO+1
* B MEASURE IS USEFUL WHEN THE DIST HAS OPEN END CLASSES OR UNEQUAL CI
* THE ONLY LIMITATION OF BOWLEY MEASURE IS THAT IS BASED ON THE CENTRAL 50% OF THE DATA AND IGN

calculate bowleys coeff of skewness for the following data:

10,12,12,12,15,20,25,26,28,30

Q1: SIZE OF (11/4)TH ITEM Q2= SIZE OF 11/2 ITEM

Q1= 2.75 Q2= 5.5

Q1= 12+0.75(0)= 12 Q2= 15+0.5(20-15)= 17.5

SK= 0.2414

skewness for discrete freq dist:

calculate b coeff of skewness for the following data:

measurement frequency cf q1= size of(30+1)/4th item

10 2 2
11 4 6
12 10 16
13 8 24 q2= size od 2*7.75
14 5 29
15 1 30

sk= 1 q3= size of 3*7.75 item

calculate bowlyes coeff of skewness for the following data:

wages no of workers cf
0-10 15 15 M1
10_20 20 35 Q1
20-30 30 65 Q2
30-40 25 90
40-50 10 100

MARKS NO OF STUDENTS CF
0-10 10 10
10_20 15 25
20-30 24 49
30-40 25 74
40-50 10 84
50-60 10 94
60-70 6 100
100

IT IS POSITIVELY SKEWED DATA

FIND THE MISSING FREQUENCY FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA WHEN THE MEAN IS GIVEN AS 79.60

WAGES NO OF STUDENTS fx
50 1 50
60 3 180
70 ?(A) 70A
80 ?(B) 80B
90 6 540
100 2 200
110 1 110
25 1080+70A+80B

LET THE MISSING FREQ BE A AND B

eq= 13+ A+B=25

A+B= 2
mean=
79.60= 1080+70A+80B/25
79.60/25= 1990= 1080+70A+ 80B
1990-1080= 910= 70A+80B
7A+8B= 91

INCOMPLETE

CONTINOUS FREQ DISTRIBUTION:

∑128▒𝑓𝑥/𝑛
x=

where f is the freq

n is the total of freq
x is the mid value of class interval

calculate the mean for the following data:

marks obtained no of students x fx

0-10 22 5 110
10_20 34 15 510
20-30 52 25 1300
30-40 87 35 3045
40-50 44 45 1980
50-60 49 55 2695
60-70 40 65 2600
70-80 34 75 2550
80-90 44 85 3740
90-100 24 95 2280
430 500 20810
mean= 48.39534883721

calculate the mean for the following data:

size freq x fx
0-25 10 12.5 125
25-50 15 37.5 562.5
50-75 14 62.5 875
75-100 11 87.5 962.5
50 2525

mean: 50.5

CALCULATE THE MEAN FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA

CI FREQ CI F X FX
50-59 1 _0.5-9.5 3 4.5 13.5
40-49 3 9.5-19.5 15 14.5 217.5
30-39 8 19.5-29.5 10 24.5 245
20-29 10 29.5-39.5 8 34.5 276
10_19 15 39.5-49.5 3 44.5 133.5
0-9 3 49.5-59.5 1 54.5 54.5
TOTAL 40 940
CONVERT THE INCLUSIVE CLASS INTERVALS TO EXCLUSIVE FORM AND WRITE IT IN ASCENDING ORDER

MEAN: 23.5

CALCULATE THE MEAN FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA

MARKS BELOW NO OF STUDENTS CI X F FX

10 18 0_10 5 18 90
20 35 10_20 15 17 255
30 58 20-30 25 23 575
40 73 30-40 35 15 525
50 80 40-50 45 7 315
60 96 50-60 55 16 880
70 100 60-70 65 4 260
TOTAL 100 2900
CONVERT THE LESS THAN CUMULATIVE FREQ TABLE TO NORMAL FREQ TABLE

MEAN= 29

FIND OUT THE MSIING FREQ WHEN THE MEAN IS 25

CI FREQ X FX
0-10 5 5 25
10_20 ?(A) 15 15A
20-30 15 25 375
30-40 ?(B) 35 35B
 40-50 5 45 225
TOTAL 625+15A+35B

25+a+b=25
A+B=20 ( A= 20-B)

25= 625+15A+ 35B/45

25*45= 625+15A+35B
1125 625+15A+35B

1125-625= 15A+35B
500= 15A+ 35B
100= 3A+ 7B( DIVIDE BY 5)
100= 3( 20-B)+ 7B
100= 60-3B+7B
100-60= 4B
40=4B
B=10

A= 20-B
20_10
A= 10

FIND OUT THE MISSING FREQ WHEN THE MEAN IS 19

MARKS NO OF STU X XF
5_10 2 7.5 15
10_15 2 12.5 25
15_20 A 17.5 17.5A
20_25 4 22.5 90
25_30 4 27.5 110
12+ A 240+ 17.5A

19= 240+17.5A/12+A
19(12+A)= 240+ 17.5A
228+ 19A= 240+17.5A
228-240= 17.5A- 19A
_12=1.5A
A= 12/1.5
A= 12/1.5
A=8

WEIGHTED AR MEAN
* WEIGHTS ARE NO OR % WHICH STAND FOR RELATIVE IMP OF ITMES
* MEAN( RAW DATA)
(∑128▒𝑤𝑥)/(∑128▒𝑤)
 A CANDIDATE OBTAINS FOLLOWING MARKS. ENGLISH-60, KANNADA-50, PHYSICS-80, CHEM-70, MATHS 90, BIO-70. ADMIS
RE GIVEN AS 1,2,3,3,3 AND 2 RESPECTIVELY. FIND OUT THE WEIGHTED MEAN MARKS and also the mean marks.

x W wx
60 1 60
50 2 100
80 3 240
70 3 210
90 3 270
70 2 140
420 14 1020

ean= 420/6= 70

eighted mean = 1020/14

72.8571428571

contractor employs 3 types of workers. Male, female and children. To a male worker he pays rupees 30 per day. To a female worker ru

w wx
20 600
15 300
5 50
40 950

20

950/40
23.75

ARE COMBINED TOGETHER FORMING A SINGLE AVERAGE IS CALLED COMBINED MEAN.

no of shre total
120 1200
100 1200 Mean= 14.63
80 1200
60 1200
50 1200
410 6000

ats of 100 students in a class was 72

oys was 75, whilw their no was 70. find out mean marks of girls in the class
ummation x/100
2*100=7200

30x

x-x.2
400
0
100
400
100
1000

present fractional fig

assumptions, which may be wrong

2 equal parts, one consisting of all the values more than it

median
7 14 19 45 14
4 5 6 7

12 14 19 36

median
14 16 18 26 58 23
4 5 6 7 8
20 26 32 45 58

OF 10 STU WHO HAVE PASSED WERE

8 9 6 5 4 7 8

6 7 7 8 8 9 9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15

ESS THAN CF
SS THAN CF

ESS THAN CF
 age no of person
below 50 14
below 60 15
below 70 15.5
70 and over 15.6

OW RS 60 AND THOSE OF 15% ARE UNDER RS 62.50. 15% EARNED RS 95 AND OVER AND 5%

WAGES NO OF WORKERS CF
0-60 40 40
 60-62.5 110 150
62.5-95 700 850
95-100 100 950
100 QND OVER 50 1000
1000

THE -VE SIGNS) WILL BW THE LEAST OR SMALLER THEN THE ONE OBTAINED FROM ANY OTHER VALUE.
THEMATICAL FORMULA BASED ON INTERPOLATION.

ICH IT IS NOT AFFECTED

DER MEASURES

E EXTREME VALUES

WHICH INVOLVES A CONSIDERABLE AMT OF WORK.

40 90 5

25 20 30 20 60 20

20 10 40 10 20
 20 15 10 5 40 5 15 10

mode: 30

mode: 68
 income freq
0-15 4
15-20 8
20-25 18 f0
25-30 30 f1
30-35 20 f2
35-40 10
40-45 5
45-50 2
97

VALUES ARE GIVEN:

BY THAT VALUE.

res: absolute or relative

e not suitable for comparative studies
or comparative studies.

8 11 10 4
AND STOCKS
ND MAX TEMP IS IDENTIFIED

Y EXTREME VALUES ONLY

RELATIVE MEASURE)

M1
Q1 CLASS
M3
Q3 CLASS
 M1
Q1 M3
Q3

with the central half portion of the dist.

E AND ABOVE THE UPPER QUARTILE

an or mode or median
eviations because the sum of deviations from median is less than the sum of dev from the mean.

absolute average)

_______________
ean/mode/ median

43 22 17 64 55 47 80 25
4 25 30 17 8 0 33 22
 |X-24| f|d|
6 72
4 60
2 40
0 0
2 36
4 40
6 48
296

LCULATE THE MD FROM MEDIAN

 fx |x-56.0606 f|x-56.0606|
75 41.0606 205.303 =
250 31.0606 310.606
560 21.0606 336.9696
900 11.0606 221.212
1375 1.0606 26.515
1300 8.9394 178.788
1350 18.9394 340.9092
1020 28.9394 347.2728
570 38.9394 233.6364
7400 2201.212
LCULATE THE MD FROM MEDIAN

GIRLS SEC FX x-11.7719 x-x2 f(x-x)2

13 130 -1.7719 3.13963 40.815185

15 165 -0.7719 0.59583 8.9374442
12 144 0.2281 0.05203 0.6243553
9 117 1.2281 1.50823 13.574066
5 70 2.2281 4.96443 24.822148
3 45 3.2281 10.42063 31.261889
57 671 120.03509

mean= 11.77192982456

SD 1.451164612581

CV= 12.32732979391

RNING HOURS WAS ESTIMATED AS UNDER FOR 100 BULBS OF EACH BRAND

x-x2 f(x-x)2 no of bulbs(b) FX x-136.5 x-x2 f(x-x)2

11990.25 179853.75 2 50 -111.5 12432.25 24864.5
3540.25 70805 8 600 -61.5 3782.25 30258
 90.25 1624.5 60 7500 -11.5 132.25 7935
1640.25 41006.25 25 4375 38.5 1482.25 37056.25
8190.25 180185.5 5 1125 88.5 7832.25 39161.25
473475 100 13650 139275

mean= 136.5

sd= 37.3196

cv= 27.3403

elonging to the same factory. Give the following results:

eq to mode

stretched more to one side than to other.

an, for a moderately assymetrical dist

ewness attempts at studyung the direction of variation

ly skewed dist, while a negatively skewed dist, the extreme variations are towards the lower values of variable.

f(x-x)2
 11.8419
8.2174
1.8775
2.5692
12.2727
6.5879
43.3667

x-x2 f(x-x)2
380.25 5703.75
90.25 1805
0.25 7.5
110.25 2756.25
420.25 4202.5
1001.25 14475
E CENTRAL 50% OF THE DATA AND IGNORES THE REMining 50% TOWARDS THE EXTREME.

Q3= SIZE OF 3*2.75

Q3= 8.25

Q3= 26+ 0.25(2)= 26.5

q1= size of(30+1)/4th item

q1= 7.75
q1=12

q2= size od 2*7.75

q2=15.5
q2=12

q3= size of 3*7.75 item

q3= 23.25
q3= 13

N/4= 100/4= 25
Q1= 15
 2*25= 50
Q2= 25

Q3= 3*25=75

N/4 25
Q1= 20

2*N/4 50
Q2 30.4

3*N/4 75
Q3= 41

SK= 0.009523809524

IT IS POSITIVELY SKEWED DATA

, MATHS 90, BIO-70. ADMISSION TO A SCI INSTITUTE ARE BASED ON WEIGHTED MEAN OF THE MARKS SCORED, WHERE WEIGHTS FOR
he mean marks.

day. To a female worker rupees 20 per day and to a child worker rupees 10 per day. Calculate the average wage as well as the weighte
 median=47
186
 ED, WHERE WEIGHTS FOR DIFF SUBJECTS

wage as well as the weighted average wage assuming the no of workers employed are male=20, female=15, and children=5