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UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FINAL EXAMINATION (ANSWER SCHEME)

SEMESTER I
SESSION 2021/2022

COURSE NAME : STRUCTURAL DESIGN

COURSE CODE : BFC34702
PROGRAMME : 3 BFF
EXAMINATION DATE : JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2021
DURATION : 2 HOURS AND 30 MINUTES
INSTRUCTION : 1. OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION
2. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
3. DESIGN SHOULD BE BASED ON:
BS EN1990:2002+A1:2005
BS EN1991-1-1:2002
BS EN1992-1-1:2004
BS 8110: 1: 1997

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THIS PAPER CONSIST OF SIX (6) PAGES CONFIDENTIAL

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Q1 (a) Serviceability limit state (SLS) verification includes crack width control.
Explain the measurement required to control cracks in reinforced concrete according
to EC2.
Crack controls in EC2 Clause 7.3
- Reduce the stress in the reinforcement which will reduce mean strain
- Reduce the bar diameters which will reduce bar spacing and have the effect
of reducing the crack spacing
- Increase the effective reinforcement ratio
- Use high bond rather than plain bars

(4 marks)

(b) In ordinary reinforced concrete, steel bars are placed within the tension zones
of concrete members to carry the internal tensile forces across flexural cracks
to the supports. However, the reinforcement bars do not prevent the
development of tensile cracks in members. Suggest an alternative method to
control or prevent the development of cracks and explain the mechanism of
your suggested method on controlling or preventing the cracks development.
(5 marks)
Alternative method: Prestressed concrete
Reinforced concrete: Under the load, the reinforcement is paced in areas
where will develop under load. The reinforcement absorbs all the tension and
by limiting the stress in the reinforcement, the cracking of the concrete is kept
within acceptable limits.
Prestressed concrete: the compressive stresses introduced into areas where
tensile stress develop under load will resist or annul this tensile stress.
Concrete now behaves as if it had a high tensile strength of its own and
provided the tensile stresses do not exceed the precompression stresses,
cracking will not occur at the bottom of the beam.

((c) An architecture plan of first floor resident house is shown in Figure Q1(a). By
using appropriate approach, produce a complete engineering layout of floor
plan.
(8 marks)
Must show:
Gridlines (1m)
Dimension (2m)
Beam location (2m)
Colum location (2m)
1 or 2 way slab (1m)

(e) Based on the enginnering layout in (c), proposed suitable size of beam.
( 3 marks)
Solution:
Step1: to obtain h, say we use L/h =14:
5000/h = 14, hence h= 357.14mm
Step 2: to obtain b, say we use b/h = 0.4:
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b/357.14 = 0.4, hence b=142.85mm
Step 3: Compare b with bmin (Table 5.5), say duration of fire
resistance R60, bmin is 120mm, so calculated b can be used.
The beam size is 142.85 x 357.14mm, thus can be round up to 150 x 360 mm

(d) Figure Q1(b) shows part of first floor plan for of a reinforced concrete office
building. Dimensions of the beams is given in the diagram. Determine design
moment for beam 2/A-B by using the following data;
Slab sthickness
Ceiling and floor finishes
3 m high brickwall
Unit weight of concrete
Variable action (all slab)
(10 marks)

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Design action = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk

= 1.35 (29.78) + 1.5 (10.96)
= 56. 64 kN/m
Design moment = wl2/8 = 254.88 kNm

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Q2 Figure Q2(a) shows the structural layout plan at first floor for an office building. All
beams and slabs are reinforced concrete and the concrete is cast simultaneously.
Given the following data:

Beam size = 300 mm x 600 mm

Slab thickness = 110 mm
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Total characteristic permanent action = 15 kN/m
Total characteristic variable action = 6 kN/m

(i) All beams are simply supported flanged beam. Determine the effective flange
width of beam 3/A-D.
(9 marks)

(ii) Calculate the reactions of each support and sketch the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for beam 3/A-D by considering Load Set 2 arrangement of
Case 3 as shown in Figure Q2(b).
(17 marks)

(iii) Design the flexural reinforcement of end-span for beam 3/A-D. Use effective
depth of 520 mm.
(9 marks)

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' I

¥000
sooo
t t

3000
13801-13501-300
=

0-243507+0.1 (0.85×6000)
= 78020-215100)
= 780 < 5700

→ Chuang

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Qs in question

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Q3 (a) Wood is classified as anistropic where it has unique mechanical properties in
their three major axis. Describe what they are and how they affects in the
engineering properties of using wood in building construction.

(4 marks)

Longitudinal parallel to grain

Radial normal to annual rings and perpendicular to grain

Tangential tangent to annual rings and perpendicular to grain

For engineering purposes, design properties are referred to as parallel or

perpendicular to the grain. This means approximately parallel or perpendicular
to the faces of finished lumber or timbers. The wood fiber is not precisely
parallel or perpendicular to the faces of finished lumber because of natural
growth characteristics or sawmill tolerances. The angle between wood fiber
orientation and the faces of finished lumber is termed the slope of grain, and
its impact upon strength and stiffness is addressed in the lumber-grading rules.
Since the difference between radial and tangential annual ring orientation in a
given piece of lumber is normally random and the difference in properties
between radial and tangential orientation is relatively small, the engineer needs
only to consider properties perpendicular or parallel to the grain for design
purposes. Distinctly different properties between perpendicular and parallel to
the grain include the modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear, tension,
compression, and dimensional change due to wood moisture content variation.

(b) Timber floor joists spaced every 450 mm carry a timber flow over a timber
floor span of 4.5 m c/c. The floor is subjected to live load of 1.8kN/m2 and
carries dead load including it self weight of 0.40 kN/m2. The nominal size of
floor joist is 75x175mm. Type of timber used is Merpauh, less than 19%
moisture content.

(i) Verify the capacity and deflection of timber joist for bending and shear.

(20 marks)

Effective length, Le= 4.5m

Joist spacing, Js=450mm

Dimension (from table or calculate = 2m)

Joist dimension = 70x 165mm
Cross section are = 11,550 mm2
Ixx= 26,204,063 mm4

Loading (1m)
Dead load = 0.4kN/m2
Live load = 1.8 kN/m2
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Total load = (dead load + live load) x Js
= (1.8 + 0.4 ) x 0.45
= 0.99 kN/m

K factors (1m)
K1 = 1.0 (Table 5- long term)
K2 = 1.1
K3 = 1.0 (assume less than 75 mm)
K4= 1.0 (no notch)
K5 =1.0 ( rectangular cross section)

Grade stress for Merpauh (Table 2) (2 m)

Bending parallel to grain , = 15.1 N/mm2
Compression perpendicular to grain = 2.58 N/mm2
Shear parallel to grain, = 2.04 N/mm2
Mean modulus, = 15,400 N/mm2

Bending Check (5m)

Applied bending moment ,

= 2.50 kNm

Section modulus, mm3

Applied bending stress =

= 7.35 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress
= 15.1 x 1.0 x1.1x1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0
= 16.61 N/mm2
Applied bending stress < Permissisible bending stress O.K

Shear check (4 marks)

Applied shear force

Applied shear stress

Permissible shear stress

= 2.04 x 1.0 x1.1x1.0
= 2.24 N/mm2
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Applied shear stress < Permissisible shear stress O.K

Deflection due to bending (5m)

Deflection due to shear

Total deflection = 13.1 + 0.27 = 13.37 mm

Permissible deflection
Permissible deflection > total deflection OK

(ii) If the cross section of the timber is changed, how it affects the
deflection of the timber joist. Prove it.
(5 marks)
Say change to size 75 x 190 mm
Area, A = 13,300mm2
Ixx=40010833 mm2

Deflection due to bending (5m)

Deflection due to shear

Total deflection = 8.57 + 0.27 = 8.8 mm

Permissible deflection
Permissible deflection > total deflection OK

Based on the calculation above, if the cross section of beam is increased the deflection
reduced.

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1%
(c) A nominal 150mm square dressed sawn timber made of select structure grade 4, at 19%
moisture content is used as 5.0 meter column. The column is restrained at both end. Analyse
the maksimum axial load the column can carry.
↳ pin
(6 marks)
From table B4 pg 48 MS544 (1m)
B=140mm
= " ✗ "°
H=140mm
Area=19600mm2 '
r
Zxx= 32,013,333mm4
Radius of gyration = 40.41mm
, -

Check slenderness ratio =5000/40.41= 123 <180 OK (1m)

0
Grade stress , Sel SG4 from Table 4. (1m)
m,g,// =16.8
-
N/mm2
c,g,//=14.1 N/mm2 he =
0 -7L
Emin =11,000 N/mm2

"
K factors
K1, K2, K5,K6 = 1.0
K8 = ?

Using Table 10 to get K8. (1m)

E/ c,g,// = 11,000/14.1 = 780
=123
From interpolation k8= 0.27

c,adm// = / c,g,// x k1 x k2 x k8 (1m)

= 14.1 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.27
= 3.80 N/mm2
P= c,adm x A (1m)
= 3.80 x 19600
= 74 kN.

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