INTEL MICROPROCESSOR Intel 8008
• Founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon
Moore in 1968.
• An electronic component that is used by
computer to perform a given tasks.
• It is the brain of the computer which
contains arithmetic operation and
control circuitry necessary to perform
and execute instructions.
• It is also known as CPU or central
processing unit.
Intel 4004
• The world’s first microprocessor,
• 1971, created by Federico Faggin, Ted
Hoff, and Masatoshi Shima.
• Designed for Busicom Corp. for their
engineering prototype calculator in
March 1971.
• Used a limited application such as video
games (first microprocessor- controlled
pinball game).
• The first random logic circuit integrated
in one chip.
• packaged in a ceramic 16 pin dual in line
package.
• A 4-bit microprocessor with a maximum
memory of only up to 4096 with 4-bit
memory locations.
• It has 46 instructions set.
• It can execute instructions at 50KIPs (kilo
instruction per second)
• Register set contains 16 registers of 4
bits each.
• It has 2300 transistors count and the
circuit line width is about
• 10 microns or 10,000 nanometers.
• introduced in April 1972.
• It is an 8-bit microprocessor with an
external 14-bit address bus.
• It can address of up to 16KB of memory
• A byte is an 8-bit wide binary number
and K is 1024
• It has 48 instructions set and can execute
an ADD instruction in 20 microseconds.
• It has 3500 transistors in an 18 -pin dual
in line chip package with a circuit line
width of 10 micrometer.
• It was used in computer terminals,
calculators, bottling machines, ASEA
industrial robots, simple computers.
Intel 8080
• released in 1973 that can address of up
to 65536 bytes (64KB) of memory and
can execute ADD instruction in 2
microseconds only.
Intel 8085
• released in 1977 that can address of up
to 65536 bytes of memory and can
execute ADD instruction in 1.3
microseconds only.
• Also has built in clock generator, system
controller and higher clock frequency.
Intel has sold over 100 million of 8085
and was manufactured by many other
companies, meaning 200 million in
existence.
Only Intel and Motorola continue to create new
and improved microprocessors.
Zilog still manufactures microprocessor, which
also include microcontroller and embedded
controllers. Zilog corporation sold 500 million of
their 8-bit z80 microprocessors.
Intel 8086
• It is a 16-bit microprocessor released by
Intel in early June 1978.
• The 8086 gave rise to x86architecture
which became the most successful line
of processors.
• On June 5, 2018, Intel released a limited
edition of CPU celebrating the 40th
anniversary of Intel 8086 which is called
Intel Core i7-8086K.
• It has 40-pins DIL package and made up
of 29,000 transistors.
• A 20-bit external address bus provides a
1MB physical address space
• It can execute instruction in 400 ns (2.5
million of instructions per second).
• It also has multiplication and division.
• Another version is the 80286
microprocessor released in 1983 with an
update of 16MB of memory address
locations and can execute instructions in
as little as 250ns( 4.0MIPs)
Processor Characteristics/Technologies
Clock Speed: Current Intel and AMD processors
work with system buses that run at 1.8 GHz up to
more than 3.4 GHz
Processor speed - Processor core frequency is
measured in gigahertz, such as 3.3 GHz
Socket and chipset the processor can use: Intel
sockets and AMDs, and sockets
Processor architecture: hybrid processors,
which can process 64 bits or 32 bits at a time
older processors handled only 32 bits.
A hybrid processor can use a 32-bit operating
system or a 64-bit OS.
Most editions of Windows 7 come in either type
MULTIPROCESSING ABILITIES
Dual Processors: Motherboard might have two
processor sockets, called dual processors or a
multiprocessor platform.
Multicore processing: Multiple processors can
be installed in the same processor housing. A
processor package might contain up to eight
cores (dual-core, triple-core, quad-core, etc.)
Multithreading: Each processor or core
processes two threads at the same time. When
Windows hands off a task to the CPU it is called
a thread and might involve several instructions.
Memory cache: is random access memory
(RAM) that a computer microprocessor can
access more quickly than it can access regular
RAM.
Memory on the processor die (chip) is called
Level 1 cache (L1 cache).
Memory in the processor package, but not on
the processor die, is called Level 2 cache (L2)
Some processors use a third cache farther from
the processor core, but still in the processor
package, which is called Level 3 cache (L3 cache).
MULTICORE TECHNOLOGY
• A multicore Processor is a single
computing component with two or more
independent central processing unit.
• They have several independent cores
which works together in parallel.
• A term used to describe two or more
CPUs working together on the same
chip.
• It also refers to multiple dies packaged
together.
• A single integrated circuits is called DIE.
• Multicore enables the system to
perform more tasks with greater overall
system performance.
 DUAL-CORE
• a single chip containing two separate
processors (execution cores) in the same
IC.
• refers to a CPU that includes two
complete execution cores per physical
processor.
• It has combined two processors and
their caches and cache controllers onto
a single integrated circuit.
• Dual core chip is that tasks can be carried
out in parallel streams, decreasing
processing time.
QUAD CORE
• refers to a CPU that includes four
complete executions onto a single
integrated circuit (IC).
• The individual cores in a quad-core
processor can run multiple instructions
at the same time, increasing the overall
speed for programs compatible with
parallel processing
PENTA-CORE
• a CPU that includes five complete
execution cores per physical processor.
• Example: AMD Phenom and Intel i3,
Intel i5
HEXA-CORE
• a CPU that includes six complete
execution cores per physical processor.
• It has combined six processors and their
caches and cache controller onto a single
integrated chip.
• Example: AMD Phenom X6, Intel Core i7
OCTA-CORE
• a CPU that includes eight complete
execution cores per physical processor.
• Example: Intel Xenon
FUTURE OF MICROPROCESSORS
Intel Core i9-7900X- 10 cores.
Intel Core i9-10980XE- 18 cores.
Ryzen Thread- 8, 12 and 16-core processors
Krzanich reveal “Tangle Lake” - 49 quadbit test
chip. A quantum bit chip has the ability to hold
more information than other chips.
PROGRAMMING ADVANCEMENTS
• The first machine language was
constructed of ones and zeroes using
binary codes. – stored in the computer
memory system as groups of
instructions called PROGRAM.
• Mathematician John von Neumann first
developed a machine that accept
instructions and store to memory.
• Computers are often called von
Neumann machines.
• UNIVAC became available in early
1950’s, assembly language was used to
simplify entering binary code.
• Assembler allows programmer to use
mnemonic codes- such as ADD for
addition in place of binary number 0100
1111.
 Types of Programming Language Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

1. MACHINE LANGUAGE – primitive language • Performs addition, subtraction,

that the computer actually understands. multiplication, division or comparison of
numbers.
2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE- it uses abbreviation or
• Operands are brought to the processor
“mnemonics” in places of binary patterns in
• Stored in high-speed storage elements
order to make the task easier. Assembler
called registers.
3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE – it uses English like
Processor Registers
commands or instructions. Compiler
• Instruction Register-holds the current
4. 4GL LANGUAGE- it is designed with specific
instruction that is being executed
purpose such as development of commercial
business software. • Program counter-contains the memory
address of the next instruction to be
fetched or executed.
• General purpose registers- can holds
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
operands for processing and other
Main Memory or Primary Storage variety of functions.

• Fast memory that operates at electronic

speed
SYSTEM BUS
• consists of a large number of
semiconductor storage cells • a common group of wires that
representing one bit of information. interconnect components in a computer
• read or written in a fixed sized called system.
words. • Three busses exist: Address Bus, Data
• Addresses -provides easy access to any Bus, and Control Bus
word in memory • The ADDRESS BUS requests a memory
location from the memory or an I/O
Cache Memory
location from the I/o devices.
• Smaller and faster RAM unit • The DATA BUS transfers information
• Holds sections of program that are between the microprocessor ad its
currently being executed memory and I/O address space.
• CONTROL BUS LINES select and cause
Control Unit
memory or I/O to perform a read or
• Coordinates all actions write operation.
• Coordinated all the operation of other
units
• It is the nerve center that sends control
signals to the other units and senses
their states
• Generates timing signals that govern the
transfers
 8086 INTERNAL ARCHITECTURES
• 8086 has two blocks BIU and EU.
• The BIU handles all transactions of data
and addresses on the buses for EU.
• BIU performs all bus operations such as
instruction fetching, reading and writing
operands for memory and calculating
addresses of the memory operands.
• The instruction bytes are transferred to
the instruction queue.
• EU executes instructions from the
instruction system byte queue.
• Both units operate asynchronously to
give the 8086 an overlapping instruction
fetch and execution mechanism which is
called as PIPELINING.
• BIU contains Instruction queue,
Segment registers, Instruction pointer,
Address adder.
• EU contains Control circuitry, Instruction
decoder, ALU, Pointer and Index
register, Flag register.
MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND
PIN DIAGRAM
Computer
• is a programmable machine that
receives input, stores and manipulates
data/information, and provides output
in a useful format.
• Basic computer consists of CPU, memory
and I/O unit.
Microcomputer
• it is programmable machine that
responds to specific set of instructions
(program).
Microcontroller
• Silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory, and I/O in a
single package.
Microprocessor
• it is a programmable VLSI chip which
includes ALU, register circuits and
control circuits.
• it is called CPU.
• Controlling element in a
computer system.
• Controls memory and I/O
through connections called
buses.
-Buses select an I/O or memory
device, transfer data between
I/O
• Memory and I/O controlled via
instructions stored in memory,
executed by a microprocessor.
Internal Microprocessor Architecture
• Before a program is written, internal
configuration of the microprocessor
must be known.
• In a multi-core microprocessor, each
core contains the same programming
model.
• Each core runs a separate task or thread
simultaneously.
• Thread- consists of program counter, a
register set, and a task space.
Microprocessor performs three main tasks:
1.Data transfer between itself and the memory
or I/O system.
2. Simple arithmetic and logic operations
3.Program flow via simple decisions.
 How to fetch/read data from MM

1. The CPU first sends the address of the memory

location to be read.

2. The CPU then sends/issues a read signal to the

MM. the control signal is needed to fetch data
from MM.

3. The word is then read out from the memory

location and is loaded into the internal register
of CPU.

How to Write/store data from MM

1. The CPU first sends the address of the memory

location to be written.

2. The CPU then sends/issues a write signal

together with data or word to be written to
memory.

Memory Location and Addresses

• MM is organized so that the group of n
bits can be stored or retrieved in a single
instructions.
• The M addresses constitute the address
space in computer system
8086 PIN DIAGRAM
• Intel 8086 is a 16-bit HMOS
microprocessor.
• It is available in 40 pin DIP chip
• It uses a 5V DC supply for its operation
• uses 20-line address bus
• It has a 16-line data bus.
• The 20 lines of the address bus operate
in multiplexed mode
• The 16-low order address bus lines have
been multiplexed with data and 4 high-
order address bus lines have been
multiplexed with status signals.
AD0-AD15
• Address/Data bus.
• These are low order address bus.
• They are multiplexed with data.
• When AD lines are used to transmit
memory address the symbol A is used
instead of AD, for example A0-A15.
• When data are transmitted over AD lines
the symbol D is used in place of AD, for
example D0-D7, D8-D15 or D0-D15.
A16-A19
• High order address bus.
• These are multiplexed with status
signals.
A16/S3, A17/S4, A18/S5, A19/S6
• The specified address lines are
multiplexed with corresponding status
signals.