THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ANNEALING ON THE ELECTRICAL

RESISTIVITY OF CuxZn1-xSe ALLOY THIN FILMS

BY

AKINADE KEHINDE VICTOR

MATRIC NO.: 17886403

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,

FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO-EKITI,
EKITI STATE, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) IN PHYSICS

DECEMBER, 2022

i
 DECLEARATION

I hereby declare that this project research titled "THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
AND ANNEALING ON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF Cu xZn1-xSe ALLOY
THIN FILMS" is a record of my original work and to the best of my knowledge, no
part of it has been presented to any other institution for the award of any
degree.

_____________________________ ________________________
STUDENT'S SIGNATURE DATE

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 CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this project research titled "THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
AND ANNEALING ON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF Cu xZn1-xSe ALLOY
THIN FILMS" was carried out by AKINADE KEHINDE VICTOR, Matriculation number
178864003, in the partial fulfilment for the award of B.Sc. (Hons.) in the Department of
Physics, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.

______________________ __________________
PROF. A.I. MUKOLU DATE
SUPERVISOR

____________________ __________________
DR. E. A. OYEDELE DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project research to God Almighty the giver of wisdom, knowledge and
understanding, for his grace and mercy that see me through my academic years in EKSU. I
also dedicate this work to my family and to the department of Physics EKSU.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty, for His love, divine protection and care during
my academic period in Ekiti State University.

My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor in person of Prof. A.I. Mukolu, a great father
indeed for his guidance, continuous encouragement and providing all the resources for the
successful completion of my project research. Thank you so much sir may God Almighty
bless you in all your endeavours.

To the Head of the Department in person of Dr. E.A Oyedele and to all my distinguished
lecturers in the Department of Physics who have imparted me positively during my course of
study in EKSU I really appreciate you all, I pray May God reward you gracefully.

I will never forget the love, support and care from my Mum, Mrs. Akinade you are one in a
million ma, I love you so much ma. And also support of my siblings; Miss Hannah, Olutaiwo
and Oga Joe you are the best. Thanks for your love and support, may Almighty God bless
you in Jesus name.

I also recognize the love from my uncle and his family (Fabiyi Family) I really appreciate
you all, May God Almighty be with you and your family

I appreciate all my friends and course mates and everyone who have contributed to the
success of my programme in EKSU, especially Eke Walter and Ige Muyideen. God bless you
all, I say a big thank you to you all.

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 ABSTRACT

The behaviour of Zinc Selenide doped with Copper was investigated, it is revealed that the
annealed and unannealed sample behave very similarly as temperature is increased.
Measurements of the current flow in the samples is taken as the sample temperature is
increased along with the voltage across it, which had been recorded from three samples
containing CuxZn1-xSe in concentrations (Cu0.25Zn0.75Se, Cu0.30Zn0.70Se and Cu0.40Zn0.60Se). The
results showed that the I-V characteristics of the samples obeys the ohm’s law and that their
resistivity decreases with increase in the temperature of the sample.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLE ix

LIST OF FIGURE x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.2 RESISTIVITY 5

2.2.1 THE RESISTIVITY OF A MATERIAL DEPENDS ON SOME

INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL 5

2.2.2 RESISTIVITY AND MATERIAL SELECTION 6

2.3 ALLOYS 6

2.3.1 USES OF ALLOYS 7

2.3.2 EXAMPLES OF ALLOYS 8

2.4 ANNEALING 9

2.4.1 REASONS FOR METAL ANNEALED 9

CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 10

3.1.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION 10

3.1.2 INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

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 WITH TEMPERATURE. 11

3.2 PROPERTIES OF ZnSe 12

3.2.1 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC SELENIDE (ZnSe) 12

3.2.2 STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITIONS OF ZINC SELENIDE (ZnSe) 13
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULTS 23

4.2 DISCUSSION 23

4.3 CONCLUSION 24

REFERENCES 25

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 LSIT OF TABLES
Table 3.1: The composition by weight of the constituent elements in the various
samples of (CuxZn1-x)1-ySey alloy. 11

Table 4.1: I-V characteristics of annealed and unannealed Cu0.25Zn0.75Se sample

at various temperatures 15

Table 4.2: I-V characteristics of annealed and unannealed Cu0.30Zn0.70Se sample

at various temperatures 17

Table 4.3: I-V characteristics of annealed and unannealed Cu0.40Zn0.60Se sample

at various temperatures 19

Table 4.4: Variation of the resistivity of CuxZn1-xSe samples with temperature.21

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1 I-V characteristic of annealed and unanealed Cu0.25Zn0.755Se
samples at different temperatures. 16

Figure 4.2 I-V characteristic of annealed and unanealed Cu0.30Zn0.70Se samples

at different temperatures. 18

Figure 4.3 I-V characteristic of annealed and unanealed Cu0.40Zn0.60Se samples

at different temperatures. 20

Figure 4.4 A plot of log resistivity against inverse of temperature for CuXZn1-x
samples 22