 Improved human condition
as its main goal
Research- Identify and define
problems, collect data,
analyze results,
disseminate findings to
contribute to
generalization knowledge.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 SYSTEMATIC PROBLEM
SOLVING - identifies
variables and tests
relationships.
 LOGICAL - can be duplicated
or understood by others.
 EMPIRICAL - decisions are
based on data collected.
 REDUCTIVE - a small sample
which can be generalized to a
larger population.
 REPLICABLE - the findings by
repeating it.
REASONS FOR DOING RESEARCH
 Gain Knowledge
 Make reliable decisions
 Problem solving
 Measure benefits
BASIC RESEARCH
 Curiosity Driven
 Knowledge expansion
 Results has no commercial
value
APPLIED RESEARCH
 Designed to solve problems
 Results has commercial
value
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
 To gain familiarity with a
phenomenon or to achieve
new insights into it.
 To portray accurately the
characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a
group.
 To determine the frequency
with which something
occurs.
 To test a hypothesis of a
causal relationship between
variables.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Applied vs. Fundamental
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Conceptual vs. Empirical
Descriptive research includes
survey
and fact-finding inquiries of
different
kinds. We quite often use the
term Ex
post facto research for
descriptive
research studies.
Analytical research use facts or
information already available.
 Applied research finding a Background of the study
solution Statement of the problem
for an immediate problem facing Significance of the Study
a Objectives of the Study
society. Time and place of the Study
Scope and limitations
Fundamental research is
mainly Research Title
concerned with generalizations
and  Short, easy to remember,
with the formulation of a theory. and can easily be indexed
and
Quantitative research retrieved.
measurement
of quantity or amount.
Before Title: Problem First!
Qualitative research is  Is the problem interesting?
concerned  Is the problem new?
with qualitative phenomenon.
Statement of the Problem
Conceptual research is that
related to  discuss the problem by
some abstract idea(s) or theory. giving information on what
exactly is the problem.
Empirical research relies on  previous work or reviews
experience or observation alone.
relevant to the problem
may be cited.
Significance of the Study
FIVE MAJOR SECTIONS  Possible usefulness to
issues and problems in
I. INTRODUCTION planning and policy
II. REVIEW OF RELATED making.
LITERATURE Objectives of the Study
III. METHODOLOGY SMART GUIDE (specific,
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
measurable, achievable,
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUTIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS
relevant, and time-bound)

INTRODUCTION
Time and Place of the Study

 The Place where and when

the study will be
conducted.
 How long the study will be
conducted.
Scope and Limitation

 Describes the extent of the

study
 Limit of the number of
respondent
 Duration of the study

SELECTING YOUR TOPIC
 You have to be specific.
 Choose a topic that is not
a duplication of previous
THE STATEMENT OF THE
studies.
PROBLEM
WRITING THE TITLE
 It must be precise, clear,
and concise.
 Generally, it is written in
capital letters. Others use
caps lock only for first
letter in each word.
 The title must reflect what
sub-problems are included
in the thesis/dissertation.
PREPARING YOUR THESIS
PROPOSAL
 Get a copy of your school’s
thesis format.
 Write your proposal in the
future tense.
THE INTRODUCTION
 Explain what your study is
all about.
 Do not include background
in the introduction.
 a poorly written
introduction will turn-off
any reader.
 It answers the questions:
what, where, when, and
how much.
 clearly identifies the future
state that we wish to
achieve.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
 how people will benefit
from your study.
 how your study is going to
help solve the problem
mentioned in the study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Terms should be defined
operationally.
 Only terms, words, or RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
phrases which have special  Choose a research instrument
or unique meanings in that is appropriate to your
the study. study.
 Definitions should be brief,  Make it sure that the
clear, and unequivocal as instrument can be understood
by your respondents.
possible.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

 Pre-testing your instrument will

make sure it is easily
RESEARCH DESIGN - usually understood.
found in the  your instrument is reviewed
and approved by your adviser.
statement of the problems.
DATA ANALYSIS
RESEARCH SAMPLING
You need to identify the
 Descriptive research – 10
statistical tool that will be used
percent of the population.
 Correlational research – 30 to measure the different
subjects variables.
 Ex post facto research – 15
subjects
 Experimental research – 15
subjects per group.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

 Your respondents are your

selected sample.
 you must explain very
clearly how you will select
your sample.
 more credible.

HOW TO MAKE CONCEPTUAL

WHAT IS BACKGROUND OF THE
FRAMEWORK: 4 STEPS
STUDY?
Compilation of relevant information
Identify the important variables of
that is based on the analysis of the your study
problem or proposed argument/title.
There are two important variables
4 EASY STEPS IN FORMULATING THE
that you must identify in your
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
study: the independent and the
dependent variables.
1. SET THE CONTEXT AND
BACKGROUND
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. PRESENT THE RESEARCH GAP
 You can use it as your basis in
3. DISCUSS THE GOAL OF THE
making CF
RESEARCH
 Literature review and studies
4. PRESENT THE RATIONALE OF THE
How to illustrate clearly?
RESEARCH
Thru research paradigm
A method, model, or pattern for
conducting research.
A conceptual framework shows the
 Variables should be put into
relationship of the variables of your
rectangles.
study.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Why Should Research Be Given a
 It pertains to diagrammatically
Conceptual Framework?
The conceptual framework keeps you presentation of your study
(Illustration or model)
on track
by presenting and simplifying the  There are three common types
relationship used in research: IPO, IV-DV,
between the variables. Concept map.

How to do it?  Other types used:

we must conduct comprehensive Predictor-Criterion Model
review of Used when relating or assessing the
literature to support our framework influence between to or more
and to be variable
  -P model
Common Types of research
paradigm
 IV – DV MODEL
 This line segment indicates the
direct
relationship between these variables.
 This is used in experiment-
based studies
 Situation-relating questions
USING THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
(IPO)
MODEL - Is the appropriate visual
diagram for your
conceptual framework.
FACTOR ISOLATING QUESTIONS -
they isolate, categorize, describe, or
name
factors or situations.
TO CREATE YOUR VISUAL DIAGRAM
USING THE
IPO MODEL, FOLLOW THESE STEPS:
→ Administering questionnaires
→ Tabulation of students’ responses
→ Statistical analysis of data.
STATE THE RESEARCH OUTPUT
Indicate what you are expecting after
you
conduct the research.
USING CONCEPT MAP
If you think that the two models
presented
previously are not enough to
summarize the
concepts of your study, you may use a
concept map for your visual diagram.

 Determine the INPUTS of your

study
Usually, your independent
variables are also the inputs of
your research.

OUTLINE YOUR RESEARCH PROCESS

Using our example above, the

research
process should be like this:

→ Data collection of student profiles


the part of the thesis
where there is extensive reference to related
research and theory in your field.
WHY IS IT VITAL COMPONENT OF
RESEARCH?
 Literature review helps to
formulate research questions and
identify relevant theories and
methods.
 The literature assists you in the
analysis and interpretation of your
data.
THE STRUCTURE OF A
LITERATURE REVIEW
 A literature review should be
structured like any other essay or
story.
 It should have an introduction, a
middle or main body, and a
conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
The introduction should:
 define your topic and provide an
appropriate context for reviewing
the literature;
 establish your reasons
MAIN BODY
The middle or main body should:
 organize the literature according to
common themes;
 provide insight into the relation
between your chosen topic and the
wider subject
CONCLUSION
The conclusion should:
 summaries the important aspects of
the existing body of literature;
 outline areas for future study.
HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES
AND CITATION
 For papers published in journals,
you must provide the date, title,
journal name, volume number,
and page numbers.
 For books you need the
publication date, title, publisher
and place of publication.
Do’s
citing literature in the body of your
essay:
 When it has two authors e.g.
Hurts et.al. (1996)
 If the paper is cited in one of
your references
 When single author e.g. Haig
(1993)
DONT’S
 Avoid plagiarism
 Using someone’s words, art, data, or
ideas and passing them as your own
 Never use Wikipedia as your
source!!

Population is the entire group that
you want to draw conclusions about.
Sample is the specific small group
that you will collect data.
 sample is the subset of the
population.
 size of the sample is always
less than the total size of the
population.
There are different ways in choosing
sample from population it is known
as sampling method
Why do we get samples from the
population?
 because usually cannot gather
data from the entire
population.
TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD
1. Probability sampling method
It involves
random selection.
2. Non-probability sampling
Involves non- random selection
based on convenience or other
criteria allowing.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (FISH
BALL TECHNIQUE)
all the members of the population are
given equal chance to be selected as
respondents.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Individuals are selected at regular
intervals from the sampling frame.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
A probability sampling option where
the population is broken
down/separated into strata like
segments or sections.
STEPS
 Identify your population
 Group it into strata or
subgroups
 Apply sampling, like simple
random sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY
- Involves non-random selection
based on convenience or other
criteria allowing you to easily
collect data.
Convenience sampling- the
easiest, Simplest, least expensive
method of sampling.
 Why do we use convenience the researcher to all the people
sampling? who could potentially
participate in the study
 When you are on a tight
 Participants are
budget
recruit/endorse other people to
 When you don’t have the
become participants
access
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
QUOTA SAMPLING
is a way of explaining how a
 A fast and inexpensive way to
researcher intends to carry out their
conduct a research
research.
 Somewhat similar to stratified
sampling RESEARCH DESIGN

JUDGEMENT OR PURPOSIVE is a strategy for answering your

SAMPLING research question using empirical
data.
 Participants are chosen based
on the purpose of the study SPECIFIC TYPES OF RESEARCH
 A non-probability technique  Case study
where the researchers rely on
 Experimental
their discretion to
 Non-experimental
choose for the sample
 Historical
population
 Descriptive
HOW TO CONDUCT? EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TYPES
 True experimental
 Set the research or goals
 Quasi experimental
 Spell out the qualifying
 Pre experimental
conditions or criteria for the
NON EXPERIMENTAL TYPES
research sample.
 Comparative
SNOWBALL SAMPLING  Correlational
 Developmental
 A non-probability sampling in
 Evaluation studies
which the initial subject refers
  Meta Analysis
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 It deals with the cause and
effect relationships
 Utilizes the method of
difference research principle
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
Respondents are those individuals
who complete a survey or interview
for the researcher, or who provide
data to be analyzed for the research
study.

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

These criteria are present:

The researcher has a control over the

variables. treatment/intervention and
the subjects

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

In this design, it is either no control

group or the subject are not randomly
assigned to groups.

PRE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

DESIGN

 In this design the researcher

has little control over the
research which makes this
design to be weak.
 Often happens before a true
experiment is conducted

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This discusses the place or setting of

the study.