UNIT 1: SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE

I. VOCABULARY
A. WARNING LABELS
What do these warning labels mean? Match each label to the correct warning.
a. _______ highly flammable
b. _______ harmful
c. _______ explosive
d. _______ corrosive
e. _______ oxidizing
f. _______ toxic

1
B. SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Look at the pictures and match the safety equipment with its definition.

1.____a protective mask

a) b)
2._____safety shoes
3.______ear protectors
4._____ a protective apron
c) d)
5._____ a safety harness
6._____ safety gloves
7.____ a safety helmet
8.____ knee pads
9._____ a dorsal belt
10.____ a safety goggles
e) f) i)

j) k) l)

2
II. GRAMMAR: MUST, SHOULD
1.Form:

S + MUST/SHOULD +VERB (BARE-INFINITIVE)

E.g:
1. You should wear protective clothing in the workshop.
2. You must wear safety helmet because there is a danger of falling objects.

2. Study this list of unsafe environment condition (hazards). Write safety rules to
limit these hazards using the methods given above. For example:
Eg. Adequate lighting
Lighting must be adequate. or
Lighting should be adequate.
1. even floors
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. guarded machinery
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. tidy workplaces
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. well maintained machinery
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. carefully stored dangerous materials
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. machinery in poor condition
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3
 6. equipment operated by untrained personnel
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. apprentices working without supervision
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
III. READING COMPREHENSION

A. THE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

Study the safety instructions from a workshop below, and then answer the
following questions.
1.Wear protective clothing at all times.

2.Always wear eye protection when operating lathes, cutters, and grinders and ensure the
guard is in place.

3.Keep your workplace tidy.

4.The areas between benches and around machines must be kept clear.

5.Tools should be put away when not in use and any breakages and losses reported.

1.Who are these instructions for?

a. machine operatives
b. all employees
c. injured employees
2. Who wrote the instructions?
a. a medical staff
b. a company safety officer
c. a sales supervisor
3. What is the writer’s purpose?
a. to reduce the risk of accidents
b. to increase income
c. to warn about dangers

4
 B. A REPORT OF AN ACCIDENT

Read the accident investigation carefully, then do the tasks.

Whenever an accident occurs that results in an injury (medical case), damage of equipment
and material, or both, prompt accident investigation by the immediate manager is required.
A written preliminary investigation will be completed by the end of the particular shift or
business day on which the accident occurred.
In no event should there be a delay of more than 24 hours. Failure to comply with this
requirement may subject the immediate manager to disciplinary action up to and including
discharge.
Without adequate accident investigation data, the company may be subjected to costs,
claims, and legal action for which it has no defence.
As a minimum, the preliminary accident investigation report will include the following:
1. Name, occupation, and sex of injured worker.
2. Place and date/time of accident.
3. Description of how the accident happened.
4. Immediate causes of the accident – unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
5. Contributing causes – manager safety performance, level of worker training, inadequate
job procedure, poor protective maintenance, etc.
6. Witness (es) – name and department.
7. Corrective action taken – when.
The employee
1. Choose thewho was answers:
correct injured and any employee(s) who witnessed the incident should be
separately interviewed as soon as possible. A copy of the report must be submitted to the
Manager – Human
1. A written Resources
preliminary for review.
investigation willAnother copy ofbythe_______
be completed report isof
tothe
be retained
particularfor a
period of not less than the injured employee’s length of employment plus five years.
shift
A.the begin B.the end C.the middle

5
2.In no event should there be a delay of more than ___________.
A.42 hours B.24 minutes C.24 hours
3. The employee who was injured and any employee(s) who witnessed the incident
________be separately interviewed
A. shouldn’t B.should C.musn’t
4. According to the passage, a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime
or an accident. He/She is _____________.
A. a witness B.an actress C.a waitress

5. A copy of the report is to be retained for a period of not less than the injured
employee’s length of employment plus _________.

A. five years B.one year C.5 months

2. Study this brief report of an accident. In which points does it not meet company
policy on reporting accidents?

To: Name Department & Location Date

Manager Human Resources 17 May

From: Name Department & Location Tel.

D.Taylor Merch. Eng. Workshop 6200

Subject Preliminary Report, Accident, 12 May

While turning a brass component on Tuesday, last week, Kenneth Oliver,

machinist, received an injury to his eye. He was taken to the Eye Hospital
where I understand he was operated on. I believe the accident was due to
carelessness.

6
IV. PRACTICE:
A. Speaking
In these dialogues, Peter and Jane are talkin about dealing with a fire and an
evacuation prodedure. Working with a friend or classmate, take turns practicing
this role-play:

DEALING WITH A FIRE

Peter: What should I do if I notice a fire?

Jane: Raise the alarm by breaking the glass of the nearest fire alarm. Call Security, say
“ Fire” and give your name and exact location. At night you should phone the
fire service from the nearest telephone.

Peter: Should I try to put the fire out?

Jane: If you discover a small fire, you can try to put it out with a fire extinguisher but
only do this if you have been trained. Make sure you use the right extinguisher.
They are all colour – coded and contain different substances to put out the fire.

EVACUATION PROCEDURE

Jane: Could you just run through the evacuation procedure?

Peter: Yes, of course. When you hear the fire alarm, which is a very loud, continuous
ringing noise, you should go the the nearest fire exit or fire escape as quickly as
possible.

B. Exercise

Write sentences, using the prompts and then correct form of should/must
1.All workers/ receive training in basic safety because education can reduce accidents.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Jim/wear goggles for grinding and cutting.
_____________________________________________________________________

7
3.Your manager/provide safety gloves for workers because they prevent burns and
reduce the danger of cuts.
_____________________________________________________________________
4.You/wear safety shoes in this factory. They prevent the feet getting caught in
machinery.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. I /wear respirators in dusty conditions. Dust can damage the lungs.
_____________________________________________________________________

8
 UNIT 2. NAMES OF MECHANICAL TOOLS

I.VOCABULARY: TOOLS

1.Match each tool with the appropriate picture.

1.______ a chisel
2. _____ a spanner a b)
3. _____ a hammer
4. _____ an adjustable spanner
5. _____ a screwdriver
6. _____ a pair of pliers
7._____ a hacksaw
8. _____ a drill c) d)
9. _____ a vernier caliper
10. ____ a tape measure

e) f) g)

h) i) j)

9
2.Have a look at the sentences and match the correct verb from the box with its
definition and then find an appropriate tool from exercise 1 for each task.
draw/ drill/ saw/ loosen/ tighten/ measure

Verb Definition Tool

1 to become or make s.th.loose
2 to make a hole in a piece of metal or other material
3 find out the dimensions of a work piece
4 to cut wood or other hard material using a saw.
5 the opposite of “to loosen”
6 fix the look and the exact measurement of a work
piece on paper

II. GRAMMAR: TO BE CALLED

1.Form
It is called + a/an + singular noun. They are called + plural noun.
Affirmative Affirmative
It is called a hacksaw. They are called spanners.
Negative Negative
It isn’t call a hacksaw. They aren’t called spanners.
Interrogative Interrogative
Is it called a hacksaw? Are they called spanners?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

2.Exercise:
A. Make complete sentences.
1) It / called / spanner. __________________________________
2) They / called / vernier caliper. __________________________________

10
3) What /it /called? __________________________________
4) What / they/ called? __________________________________
5) They / not / called / chisels. __________________________________
B. Make questions for the underlined words.
1) It is called an adjustable spanner. __________________________________?
2) They are called hammers. ____________________________________?
3) It is called a tape measure. __________________________________?
4) They are called screwdrivers. __________________________________?
5) They are called drills. __________________________________?

III. READING COMPREHENSION

1.Read the passages carefully.

This is the new Multi Tool.

This is the new Multi Tool! Use it at home. Use it on
the building site. Use it when you travel. It has a
hammer and a pair of pliers. It also has a saw, a blade
and a can opener. The Multi Tool has everything you
need! Only £29.99. Buy one now!

11
 Product review: Survival Tool
This tool has ruler, a scredriver, a pick and a blade. It also
has two openers. One opens cans. The other opens bottles.
It has two wrenches. It doesn’t have a saw. And it doesn’t
have a hammer, because the tool is too small. It has a plastic
cover. The cover comes in three colours: black, blue or red.
2. Compare these two products.

Product comparison
Survival Tool Multi Tool
knife blade  
saw
screwdriver
ruler
wrench
hammer
pliers
pick

E.g: The Survial Tool has a ruler, but the Multi Tool doesn’t.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

12
 IV. PRACTICE
1. Put the dialogue into the correct order. Then practice the dialogue:
THE RIGHT TOOL FOR THE JOB

_____ No problem.
_____ Let’s have a look. Oh yes, you need a 10 mm ring spanner. Here you are. Just
leave it on the workbench when you finish.
__1__ Can you help me? This fitting has come loose and I need something to tighten
it up.
____ Thanks for your help.

2.Work in pairs. Look at the photo, ask and answer.

Is it called a vernier Yes, it is.

caliper?

13
3.Match the tool with its definition.

1. chisel a tool for turning screws, consisting of a handlejoined to

a metal rod shaped at one end to fit in the cut in the top of
the screw
2. spanner b. a tool or machine that makes holes
3. pliers c. a strip of plastic or metal used for measuring that can
be rolled up when not being used
4.tape measure d. a small tool with
two handles for holding or pulling small things like nails, or
for cutting wire
5.screwdriver e. a tool with a long metal blade that has a sharp edge for cutting
wood, stone,etc.
6.drill g. a metal tool with a shaped end, used to turn nuts and bolts

14
 UNIT 3. MECHANICAL MATERIALS
I. VOCABULARY: MECHANICAL MATERIALS
1.Match each material with a photo.

1.______ copper a) b)
2. _____ lead
3. _____ metal
4. _____ aluminum
5. _____ glass
c) d)
6. _____ plastic
7. _____ iron
8. _____steel
9. _____ rubber
10. _____ composite e) f)

g) h) i) j)

2.Match each material with its properties.

Material Property
1._____ 2.____ 3.____ 4.____
1.Steel a.Tough
2.Rubber b.Flexible 5._____ 6.___ 7.____8._____
3.Iron c.Heavy
4.Glass d.Clear
5.Concrete e.Hard
6.Steel f.Hard
7.Wood g.Bustible
8.Glass i.Light

15
3. Using suffixes –ness - ity -ility to make Nouns.
Adjectives Nouns
hard hardness
soft ___________________________
rough ___________________________
stiff ___________________________
tough ___________________________
ductile ductility
flexible ____________________________
elastic ____________________________
plastic ____________________________
intense ____________________________

II. GRAMMAR: TO BE MADE AND TO BE USED

1.Form:
S + be + used to + V(inf)
S + be + used for + Noun / Gerund (V-ing)

S + be + made of + noun

Eg: Aluminium is used to make aircraft.

Aircraft is made of aluminium because the aluminium is a light metal.
Aluminium is a light metal so it is used for making aircraft.
2.Exercise:
Arrange the words to make sentences.
1. highly/it/copper/be/highly/used for/ be/so/electric wiring.
_________________________________________________________________
2. steel / Be/ cars/ of/ made/ iron/ and.
_________________________________________________________________
3. teapots/make/ silver/some/and/ of/ be / some
_________________________________________________________________
4. watch/telling/for/used/be/the time/ made of/be/and/usually/glass/and/iron/silver.

16
__________________________________________________________________
5. diamond/ wedding rings/most/be/of/made/gold/and.
__________________________________________________________________

III. READING COMPREHENSION

Read the text carefully, then do the tasks.
Metals are used for a variety of engineering purposes, depending on the properties of
metal. Certain common metals have malleable ductible properties. If a metal is malleable
it can be hammered or pressed into a new shape. Copper is good example of this. It is
also ductile metal so it can be stretched into another shape. Lead also has these properties
also it is less ductile than copper.
Whereas copper is a good conductor of electricity and is frequently used for electrical
conductor, lead is not. Lead can be used for the sheaths on the electrical cables. Lead,
like copper and tin, will resist corrosion.
Tin and wrought iron can be stretched and also have malleable properties. The former is
corrosion resistant, but wrought iron easily corrodes. Wrought iron can be used for
chains and crane hooks. Neither of these two metals is a good conductor of electricity.
Cast iron is unlike the other metals because its shape cannot be altered by any
hammering, pressing or stretching and it is not corrosion resistant.

A. Choose the correct answer:

1.Metal ____________ be hammered or pressed into a new shape.
A. can’t B. musn’t C. can
2. Copper is a ductible metal ________ it can be stretched into another shape.
A.so B. but C. although
3. Lead is__________ ductible than copper.
A. more B. little C.less
4._______a good conductor of electricity and it frequently used for electrical conductor.
A. lead B. copper C.wood
5. Tin and wrought iron can be stretched and also have _______ properties.
A. soft B. plastic C.malleable
6.Wrought iron _________ corrodes.
A. easily B. hardly C. A&B are correct
B. Answer the questions:
1. What are properties of common metals?
__________________________________________________________________
2. When a metal is hammered or pressed, what will happen?

17
__________________________________________________________________
3. What do people use copper for?
__________________________________________________________________
4. What are the differences between cast iron and the other metals?
__________________________________________________________________
IV. PRACTICE:

1.Write a letter to your friend and tell about a hand tool that you have just
created in the workshop. Answer these questions:

What is it called? What is it made of? What is it used to do?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. In this dialogue, Peter and Jane are talkin about flamable materials. Working
with a friend or classmate, take turns practicing this role-play:

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

Peter: Is that a no-smoking sign?

Jane: Yes, it is. As you know, some of the
materials we use are highly-flammable so
we have a very strict non-smoking policy
in the factory.
Peter: What does that sign mean?
Jane: It means there must be no naked flames or
sparks anywhere near flammable
materials.
Peter: What will happen if the materials ignite?
Jane: If the materials ignite, it could cause a serious fire and the fumes they give off
can be very dangerous if you inhale them.

18
 UNIT 4. MECHANICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

I. VOCABULARY
A. Match each tool with the appropriate picture
1 ring gauge ________ 6 feeler gauge ________

2 metal tape ________ 7 gauge block ________

3 vernier caliper ________ 8 spirit level ________

4 hardness tester________ 9 indicator ________

5 micrometer ________ 10 steel ruler _______

a b c

d e f

g h i j

19
B. Match each tool with its appropriate function

Tools Functions
1. hardness tester a. measure dimensions of small things.
2. micrometer b. measure outer dimensions of objects
inside dimensions and depths
3. gauge block c. measure gap widths
4. vernier caliper d. measure in microns and to calibrate
other measuring tools.
5. feeler gauge e. evaluate the properties of materials
such as ductility, strength and wear
resistance.

C. Ask your partner the function of each tool in exercise B

What is the feeler It’s used to measure

gauge used for? the clearance
between 2 parts.

II. GRAMMAR

A. Imperative sentences

An imperative sentence gives a direct command. It can end in a period (full stop) or
an exclamation mark, depending on the forcefulness of the command.

Eg. Clean the table!

Give me the micrometer.

Stay away from rotating parts!

20
B. Preposition of places

A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or

someone is located.

Look the the picture. Let’s have a look at some basic prepositions of place.

21
The ball is behind the box.

The ball is in front of the box.

The ball is next to the box.

The ball is between the boxes.

The ball is near the box.

The ball is above the box.

The ball is below the box.

The ball is in the box.

The ball is on the box.

C. Exercise

Complete the given imperative sentences by filling in with appropriate words from the
choices provided.

1) ___________ the kids play.

a) Please
b) Let
c) Ronny please let
2) _______ your work.
a) Do
b) Does
c) Doing
3) __________ off the lights.
a) Switches
b) Switched
c) Switch
4) _________ well for the exams.
a) Study
b) Studies
c) Studied
5) _________ the jar full.
a) Fills
b) Filled
c) Fill

22
6) _________ the oven before you bake.
a) Preheats
b) Preheat
c) Preheated
7) __________ the hammer.
a) Pick up
b) Picked up
c) Picks up
8) __________ you workshop!
a) Cleans
b) Clean
c) Cleaned
9) __________ leave the classroom untidy.
a) Don’t
b) Please
c) Ronny
10) __________ to the rules.
a) Follow
b) Flout
c) Stick
11) _________ the shoes outside.
a) Removed
b) Remove
c) Removes
12) Please __________ this micrometer caliper for me!
a) held
b) holding
c) hold

23
III. READING COMPREHENSION

A VERNIER CALIPER

An ordinary vernier caliper has jaws

you can place around an object, and on
the other side jaws made to fit inside
an object. These secondary jaws are
used for measuring the inside diameter
of an object. Also, a stiff bar extends
from the caliper as you open it that can
be used to measure depth. Figure 1: Vernier caliper

Preparation to take the measurement

Loosen the locking screw and move the slider to check if the vernier scale works
properly. Before measuring, do make sure the caliper reads 0 when fully closed. If the
reading is not 0, adjust the caliper’s jaws until you get a 0 reading. If you can’t adjust the
caliper, you will have to remember to add or subtract the correct offset from your final
reading. Clean the measuring surfaces of both vernier caliper and the object, then you can
take the measurement.

Take the measurement

Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are measuring
something round, be sure the axis of the part is perpendicular to the caliper. Namely,
make sure you are measuring the full diameter.

Measure outer dimensions

The object is placed between the jaws, which are then moved together until they secure the
object. The screw clamp may then be tightened to ensure that the reading does not change
while the scale is being read.

The first significant figures are read immediately to the left of the zero of the vernier scale
and the remaining digits are taken as the vernier scale division that lines up with any main
scale division.
24
 In figure 2 below, the first
significant figures are taken as
the main scale reading to the left
of the vernier zero, i.e. 37 mm.
The remaining two digits are
taken from the vernier scale
reading that lines up with any
main scale reading, i.e. 46 on the
vernier scale. Thus the reading
is 37.46 mm.

Figure 2
Maintenance

Clean the surface of the vernier caliper with dry and clean cloth (or soaked with cleaning
oil) and stock in a dry environment if it stands idle for a long time.

A. Read the main text above and give your idea: True (T) or False (F)

a. A vernier caliper can be used to measure depth. (T)

b. Before taking the measurement, you should tighten the locking screw and
move the slider to check if the vernier scale works properly.
c. A vernier caliper is used for measuring the inside diameter of an object
d. Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure after completing
the task.
e. An ordinary caliper has jaws you can place around an object, and on the other
side jaws made to fit inside an object.
f. You can use a stiff bar extended from the caliper to measure the inside diameter
of an object.
g. When you are measuring something round, be sure the axis of the part is
perpendicular to the caliper.

25
B. Read the measuring values on the following Vernier Calipers

A.

The reading is ................ mm

B.

The reading is ................ mm

C.
The reading is ................ cm

D.

The reading is ................ cm

26
 E.

The reading is ................ cm

IV. PRACTICE

Imagine you are an apprentice at a workshop. Make a conversation with your trainer
about the functions of some measuring instruments and where they are. Using the
information in exercise B and table below to do this task.

Tool Position
Vernier caliper in the box
Micrometer next to the screwdriver
Gauge block on the desk
Hardness tester between the vernier caliper and micrometer
Feeler gauge in front of the milling machine
Sample conversation

A: Hi, John. Do you know where’s the feeler gauge?

B: Feeler gauge? Uhm.... Is this a feeler gauge?

A: Yes, where did you find it?

B: It’s in front of the milling machine.

A: Thank you. Do you know what it’s used for?

B: I don’t know, to cut something?

A: No, it’s used to measure the clearance between two parts.

B: I see...

27
 REVIEW (UNITS 1-4)

I. Label the pictures with correct word.

1.___________________ 2._______________ 3.___________________

_

4.__________________ 5.______________ 6.________________

7._________________ 8.__________________ 9.___________________

_

10.________________ 11._________________ 12._______________________

_

II. Choose the correct answers:

1.When it comes to using a _________, the first thing a worker has to do is to decide
where to measure.
a. hammer b. spanner c. vernier caliper
2.A metal tool with a shaped end, used to turn nuts and bolts. It is a __________
a. chisel b. screwdriver c. metal tape

28
3. _______________provide protection to the eyes.
a. safety harness b. safety goggles c. a protective mask
4.Workers ________clean machines after use.
a. shouldn’t b. musn’t c. should
5.Aluminium, which is light, soft, and _________, is used to make aircraft.
a. flammable b. ductile c. plastic
6. Be careful! There are often patches of tool _________ the floor.
a.in b. over c. on
7.We need to check the metal casing regularly for any signs of ____________.
a. corrosive b. corrosion c. corrode
8.There aren’t _________welding machines in the workshop.
a. some b.any c. a
9. __________ a drilling machine near the workbench.
a. There are b. There is c. There aren’t
10. You shouldn’t ________ a machine without checking the safety procedures first.
a. operates b.to operate c. operating
11. Mind you don’t burn yourself. The metal is very ________.
a. hottest b. heat c.hot
12. Mind you don’t trip. There are many ________ lying around.
a. tool b. tools c.oil
13. Never place a ladder _______ an electricity line.
a. near b. next c. near to
14._____________ has high corrosion resistance.
a. wood b. plastic c. lead
15.Tin and wrought iron _______be stretched and also have malleable properties.
a.can b.can’t c. musn’t
16. If a metal is malleable it can be hammered or pressed ______ a new shape.
a. on b. over c. into
17. You _________store chemicals in milk bottles or jam jars because someone may get
poisoned.
a. musn’t b. should c. must
18.___________is the opposite of “loosen”.
a. tighten b. tight c. loose
19. Safety helmets are ________ of ABS.
a. make b. made c. done
20.You can stretch this material and you can bend it, but it doesn’t break.
a. rubber b. glass c.aluminium

III. Reading comprehension

This is how you test the properties of the material. You put the material into the multi-test
machine. Then the machine does four tests on it. In the first test, a hammer strikes the
material with a 50 kg weight. In the second test, two pairs of jaws pull the material with a
29
weight of 80 kg. In the third test, a heavy weight of 100 kg presses the material down. In
the fourth test, two sharp knives scratch the material with weights of 10 and 20 kg.

OK, now I’m demonstrating the four tests in action. Watch carefully. Here’s the first test.
The hammer is striking the bar. Can you see? The bar isn’t breaking. Here’s the second
test. It’s starting now. The jaws are pulling the material. Can you see? The material isn’t
stretching. Now the third test is taking place. The heavy weight is pressing the material
down. Can you see that? The material isn’t breaking. And now here’s the fourth and final
test. The knives are scratching the material.

Choose the correct answer.

1.According to the passage, the machine does ________tests on it.

a. three b. four c. five
2.In the first test, a hammer _____________ the material with a 50 kg weight.
a. scratches b. pulls c. strikes
3.How does the properties of the material test?
a. You put the material into the shearing machine.
b. You put the material into the multi-test machine.
c.You put the material into the welding machine.
4. Tools which mentioned in the text are _______________.
a. hammer, two pairs of jaws and knives
b. hammer, material and machine
c. material, machine and knives
5.The word “pull” in bold refers to “_____________________”
a. to move something towards yourself
b.to break the surface of something
c.to make a picture of something or someone with a pencil or pen.

IV.Write full sentences, using the words or phrases provided. You can add some
words or make suitable changes.

1.supervision/work/should/apprentices/with.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. at all times/protective/wear/clothing.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

3.screwdrivers/called/they.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

4.used to/aluminium/aircraft/make

30
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.electricity/conductor/copper/good/of/a

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

6.can be/ crane hooks/chains/used for/wrought iron.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

7.the locking screw/ the slider/loosen/move/ to check/work/properly/the vernier scale/if.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

8.the fire alarm/when you hear/go/you/should/the nearest/ fire exit.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

31
 UNIT 5. MACHINES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
I. VOCABULARY: MACHINES
Match each machine with a picture:

1. ______ drilling machine

2. _______ lathe machine a) b)

3. _______ milling machine

4. _______ CNC lathe (turning)

5. _______ laser cutting machine

6. _______ hand grinder

c) d)
7. _______ shearing machine
8. ______ welding machine

9. ______ CNC milling machine

10. _____ wire EDM machine

e) f) g)

h) i) j)

32
II. GRAMMAR: THERE IS/THERE ARE …….

There is + a/an + Singular noun There are + Plural noun

Affirmative Affirmative

There is a milling machine in the workshop. There are some milling machines in
the shop.
Negative Negative

There isn’t a milling machine in the There aren’t any milling machines.
workshop.

Interrogative Interrogative

Is there a milling machine in the workshop? Are there any milling machines in the
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. workshop?
Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
a, some and any
1.We use a/an with singular nouns.
E.g: a hand grinder, a lathe machine
2.We use some with plural nouns in affirmative sentences.
E.g: He bought some welding machines.
3. We use any with plural nouns in negative sentences and in questions.
E.g: There aren’t any laser cutting machines in my workshop.
Are there any milling machines in your workshop?
A. Complete the sentences with There is or There are.
1.__________ two welding machines in my workshop.
2._________ 5 CNC milling machines in his factory.
3. _________ a wire EDM machine near the ladder.
4.________ a drilling machine near the workbench.
5.________ a hand grinder on the table.
B. Complete the sentences with a/an, some or any.

1.There’s ___________ drilling machine in the workshop.

2. Is there ________ hand grinder on the workbench?
3. There aren’t _________ CNC milling machines in my factory.
33
4. There is __________welding machine near the ladder.
5. Are there ________ shearing machines in our workshop?
III. READING COMPREHENSION
1. Read and complete the following training material for graduate engineers using
the words in the box.

drilling flame-cutting milling sawing shearing

MANUFACRURING TECHNIQUE EVALUATION: CUTTING

OPERATIONS

Key factors in determining the most appropriate cutting technique are: material
characteristics (notably hardness, and thermal and electrical properties), component
thickness, component shape and complexity, required edge quality, and production
volume. Select cutting options below for a detailed analysis of techniques.
CUTTING OPTIONS

1)_______: abrasive cutting, removing a part of material. Includes cutting with

toothed blades and abrasive wheels.
2)________: use of pressure on smooth-edged blades for guillotining and punching.
3)________: removal of material across the full diameter of a hole, or using hole –
saws for cutting circumferential kerfs.
4)________: removal of surface layers with multiple cutting wheel passes.
5)________: using oxy fuel (oxygen + combustible gas, often acetylene).

2. Complete the following definitions using the words in the box.

abrasive wheel guillotine hole – saw kerf punch toothed blade

1.A ________________ makes holes by applying pressure to shear the material.

2. A _______________ makes straight cuts by applying pressure to shear the material.
3. A ________________ is the width of the saw cut.
4. A _______________ has sharp edges for cutting or milling.
5. A _______________ has a hard, rough surface for cutting or grinding.
6. A _______________ cuts a circular piece to remove an intact core of material.

34
IV. PRACTICE
1.Complete the dialogue with the appropriate sentences from the box.

A. about 1500 metres per minute.

B.our newest machine.
C. a few problems
D.only installed last year

SPEED AND CAPACITY

Tom: OK, so this is (1)________________. It was (2)______________.
David: What’s the running speed of machine?
Tom: (3)____________________. It’s one of the fastest in the world. We had
(4)______________ with it after start-up but it’s running very well now.
David: And what’s the maximum output?
Tom: If we’re running at full capacity, it’s 160 000 tonnes per annum.
2.Work in pairs. Look at the photo, ask and answer.

Is there a shearing machine Yes, there is.

in the workshop?

35
3.Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

loosen tape stored round workbench check stock

facilities
Example: I’m afraid we don’t have that item in stock

1.That makes a total of 59 897 tonnes. Say, 60 000 tonnes if we _________it up to the
nearest thousand.
2. Please don’t take anything from the stores room today. I’m trying to do a stock
____________.
3. This is too tight, could you ___________ it a bit?
4. Where are the chemicals _____________________?
5. The new workshop will have better ________________________.
6. Don’t leave the tools lying on the __________! Put them away.
7. Have you seen my ___________________measure? I think I’ve lost it.

36
 UNIT 6. MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

I. VOCABULARY

A. Look at the hand tool kit bellow. List hand tools you can recognize.

What's in the Box?

 12pcs hex key inch: 1/4" -1/16"

 2pcs screwdriver
 1pc screwdriving handle
 6pcs precision screwdriver
 5pcs combination wrench
 30pcs screwdriver bits
 1pc magnetic holder 60mm
 1pc cutter
 1pc tape 3M
 77pcs fastener kit
 1pc 8Oz claw hammer
 1pc 6" long nose pliers
 9pcs 1/4" socket
 1pc 5M insulated tape

37
B. Match each tool with its appropriate function

Tools Functions
1. spanner a. to tighten or loosen screws.
2. screwdriver b. to tighten or loosen nuts and bolts
3. hammer c. to pull nails or cut wire
4. saw d. to cut wood or metal.
5. pliers e. to drive in nails

II. GRAMMAR

A. Conditional sentences type 1

Usage:

We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real and
possible.

Eg. If you don’t maintain the machine periodically, it’ll break down soon.

Structure:
If + simple present tense, S+ will/can/may/should+ infinitive

B. Adverbs of frequency

Usage:

We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do things, or how often things happen.

Eg. I usually check my car’s oil level.

I check my car’s oil level once a month.

38
Common adverbs of frequency
100%
always

usually

often

sometimes

seldom

rarely

never
0%

Adverbs of frequency are often used before ordinary verbs and after the verb be

Eg. I always clean the workshop.

I’m never bored working with CNC machines.

Other expressions

Once a week

Twice a week

Three times a week

Every day

Every 10 hours

Every Sunday

On Wednesdays

Eg. I check the oil level every eight hours of machine operation.

I often check all motor drive belts for deterioration, wear and tension every 1000
hours of machine operation

Structure sentence:
39
A: How often do you change the oil for your motorbike?

B: Every 2,000 kilometers

How often + do/does + S + Vbare….

C. Exercise

1. Look at the table. How often do you do the activities in your CNC workshop?
Complete table with adverbs of frequency.

Activity You Partner

Common activities
Clean the workshop
Use a spanner
Clean the machines
Your CNC machine
Check the lubricants
Check and clean filter on
the coolant tank
Check the headstock
Check the tailstock
Remove and clean chuck
and jaws
2. Matching halves of the sentences bellow with the other halves from a - e

1. If you don’t clean the workshop everyday,..........................................................

2. If you don’t check the lubricants periodically,....................................................

3. If you want to open this box,..............................................................................

4. If you want to tighten this nut,...........................................................................

5. If you don’t drive this nail,...............................................................................

a. you should use a screwdriver to loosen these screws first.

40
b. it will be messy and dirty.

c. you should use this M5 spanner.

d. you may have accidents with it.

e. your machine may break down soon.

III. READING COMPREHENSION

THE IMPORTANCE OF CNC MACHINE MAINTENANCE

CNC machine maintenance may seem like a boring chore compared to the other tasks of
running a successful machine shop. If a machine breaks down, it can cost a business
owner thousands of dollars, not only for the cost to repair the breakdown but in lost
profits too.

Daily CNC Machine Maintenance

These are the tips that keep your CNC machine tools out of the machine emergency
room. They sound simple, and they are. Doing a few minor checks at the end of each day
or each shift can help catch a problem before it snowballs into a major breakdown.
Therefore, we recommend the following daily maintenance schedule:

 Check those fluids. CNC machines require adequate fluid levels, such as lube and
hydraulic fluid. Working daily with your machines will give you a good baseline
for how quickly the fluids need to be replenished. When machines start using fluid
at a higher rate, have your machines checked. Excessive fluid use can be a sign of
problems.

 Give them grease. Grease is the smooth operator that keeps all the working parts
moving and grooving. Not all machine shops check grease points each day, but we
recommend looking at all moving parts for dry spots. A quick shot of grease goes a
long way to reducing unwanted wear.

41
  Renew with a Rag. Wipe down all the surfaces to show a little shine by cleaning
away the shop grime. Wiping the machine down daily will also keep the smaller
metal shavings from building up in damage-prone areas

Answer the questions

1. According to the author, what should we do to minimize the machine being broken
down?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. How many tips are recommended in the text?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. What kinds of fluid are mentioned in the text?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What is grease?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Why should we wipe the machine down every day?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

IV. PRACTICE

Work in groups and discuss the following questions

1. What is maintenance?

2. Is the maintenance important?

3. Why do we need maintenance?

4. What are the benefits of maintenance?

42
 UNIT 7. CORROSION
I.VOCABULARY: CORROSION OF METAL
1. corrosion (n) sự ăn mòn
2. dangerous (a) nguy hiểm
3. extremely(adv) vô cùng
4. collapse(v) sụp đổ
5. oil pipeline(n) ống dẫn dầu
6. leak(v) lỗ thủng, lỗ rò
7. threaten(v) đe dọa
8. radioactive(a) phóng xạ
9. electrochemical(a) thuộc điện hóa học
10. reaction(n) sự phản ứng
11. occur(v) xảy ra
12. atom(n) nguyên tử
13. surface(n) bề mặt
14. oxidize(v) oxy hóa
15. permanent(a) thường xuyên, vĩnh cửu
16. patina(n) lớp gỉ đồng
17. greenish(a) màu hơi lục
18. rust(n) gỉ(sắt, kim loại)
19. serious(a) nghiêm trọng
20. unstable(a) không bền vững

43
II.GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVES
1.Introduction to adjectives:

Adjectives are words like good, short, old, long, dangerous, electrical… Most adjectives
express quality; they tell us what something is like

2.The position of adjectives:

- An adjective can come before a noun.

adjective + noun

E.g: a long bridge, a ductile metal, a corrosive iron, radioactive waste

-It can also be a complement after be, look.

S + be/look + adjective.

E.g: The Statue of Liberty looks strong and permanent.

Copper is ductile and conductive.

3.Exercise:
A. Supply the correct form of the words in brackets
1.A _______substance causes damage by chemical action. (corrosion)
2.There is a danger of serious contamination from _______waste. (radioativity)
3. The Statue of Liberty looks _______ and permanent. (strength)
4. Sometimes this corrosion is harmless or even _________. (benefit)
5. Corrosion caused __________harm to this machine. (seriousness)
B. Match each adjective with its opposite.
1. dangerous a. light
2. serious b. weak
3. permanent c. safe
4. strong d. temporary
5. heavy e. unserious

44
III. READING COMPREHENSION

CORROSION

Corrosion is a dangerous and extremely costly problem. Because of it, buildings and
bridges can collapse, oil pipelines break, chemical plants leak, and bathrooms flood.
Corroded electrical contacts can cause fires and other problems, corroded medical implants
may lead to blood poisoning, and air pollution has caused corrosion damage to works of
art around the world. Corrosion threatens the safe disposal of radioactive waste that must
be stored in containers for tens of thousands of years.
The most common kinds of corrosion results from electrochemical reactions. General
corrosion occurs when most or all of the atoms on the same metal surface are oxidized,
damaging the entire surface. Most metals are easily oxidized: they tend to lose electrons to
oxygen (and other substances) in the air or in water. As oxygen is reduced (gains electrons),
it forms an oxide with the metal.
Take a metal structure such as the Statue of Liberty. It looks strong and permanent. Like
nearly all metal objects, however, it can become unstable as it reacts with substances in its
environment and deteriorates. Sometimes this corrosion is harmless or even beneficial: the
greenish patina that covers the statue’s copper skin protected the metal beneath from
weather damage. Inside the statue, however, corrosion caused serious harm over the years.
Its iron frame and copper skin acted like the electrodes of a huge galvanic cell, so that
nearly half of the frame had rusted away by 1986, the statue’s one hundredth anniversary.
A. Match the words with their meanings.

1.corrosion a.to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no

strength or support
2.damage b. reddish-brown substance that forms on the surface of iron
and steel
3.surface c.the process of corroding, or metal that has been corroded

4.rust d.the outer or top part or layer of something

5.collapse e.to harm or spoil something

B. Choose the correct answers:

1.Why is corrosion a dangerous and extremely costly problem?

a. Because of corrosion, building and bridges can collapse.

b. Because of corrosion, chemical plants leak.

c.Because of corrosion, oil pipelines break.

45
d. All are correct.

2.According to the passage, corrosion results from _____________.

a. greenish patina b. electrochemical reactions c. fire d. weather

3.What has caused corrosion damage to works of art around the world?

a. blood poisoning b. electrical contacts c.air pollution d. fire

4. Corrosion caused serious _____________over the years.

a. harmful b. harm c. dangerous d.safe

5.Which of the following is NOT true?

a. Most metals are easily oxidized.

b. Corroded electrical contacts can cause fires.

c. Corrosion threatens the safe disposal of radioactive waste.

d. all metal objects can become stable as it reacts with substances in its environment

IV. PRACTICE
In these dialogues, Peter and Jane are talking about common problems. Working
with a friend or classmate, take turns practicing this role-play:

COMMON PROBLEMS
Peter: What sort of problems do you have
with these machine?
Jane: They’re quite complex machines and
they have lot of different components.
Peter: Do you need to check?
Jane: We need to check the metal casing
regularly for any signs of corrosion.
Peter: Do you check the brushes?
Jane: Yes. We also check the brushes once a
fortnight to make sure they aren’t worn down.
Peter: Is there a canvas belt?
Jane: Yes, there is a canvas belt at the end of the assembly line. If it gets wet, it might rot
so we check that regularly too.
46
 UNIT 8. APPLYING FOR A JOB

I. VOCABULARY: APPLICATION

- applicant (n) người nộp đơn, ứng viên

- CV (curriculum vitae) (n) sơ yếu lý lịch
- letter of application (n) thư xin việc
- job advertisement (n) quảng cáo tuyển dụng
- profile (n) hồ sơ
- personal detail (n) thông tin cá nhân
- education (n) giáo dục
- educational background (n) nền tảng giáo dục
- qualification (n) bằng cấp
- certificate (n) giấy chứng nhận
- work experience (n) kinh nghiệm làm việc
- department (n) bộ phận
- reference (n) người chứng nhận
- previous (a) trước
- enclose (a) gửi kèm theo
- available (a) có sẵn
- considerable (n) đáng kể
- familiar with (adj) quen thuộc với…
- Personnel Department (n) phòng Nhân sự
- apprentice (n) người tập sự
- description (n) mô tả
- annual (adj) hàng năm
- conveyor (n) băng chuyền
- specialist (n) chuyên gia
- machinery (n) máy móc

47
II. GRAMMAR

1. Verbs followed by a gerund

- I'm good at keeping a team together and producing quality work in a team
environment.
- I am interested in making creative items.
- They postponed meeting her for interview yesterday.
- I denied applying this position

2. Verbs followed by an infinitive

- I want to make a difference and I'm willing to work hard to achieve this goal
- I would like to be more understanding.
- I think it's important to take some risks in new position.
- I'm very excited to join a company where I can help out.
There are certain verbs that can only be followed by one or the other, and these
verbs must be memorized. Many of these verbs are listed below:

Common verbs followed by a gerund Common verbs followed by an infinitive

admit : nhận agree : đồng ý

consider : xem xét afford : đáp ứng được
contribute to : đóng góp vào ask : yêu cầu
suggest : đề nghị expect : mong muốn
regret : tiếc want : muốn
avoid : tránh hope : hi vọng
practice : luyện tập promise : hứa
postpone : trì hoãn decide : quyết định
look forward to : trông chờ refuse : từ chối
be good/bad at : giỏi/tệ … manage : quản lý
be interested in : quan tâm đến… encourage : khuyến khích
be proficient in : thành thạo… would like : muốn
be responsible for : chịu trách nhiệm… be able : có thể

48
III. READING: A JOB ADVERTISEMENT

1. Study the job adversisement on the company’s website below

MECHANINAL MAINTENANCE STAFF

We require young, enthusisaitc people in the maintenance department to work in
conveyoring and specialist machinery. Applicants should have previous experience
working on a shop floor and be willing to work shifts with overtime. Annual salary
will be not less than £13,500.
Please apply in own handwriting enclosing CV to:
Ms. Thanh Nga – Personnel Department - CHETROVINA COMPANY 1
Nguyen Thanh Dang Road, Nhon Trach Industrial Zone, Dongnai
(Only applicants selected for interview will receive an an acknowledgement within
the next 3 weeks.)

49
Fill in the missing information

Company: .....................................................................................................................

Company address:.........................................................................................................

Department: ..................................................................................................................

Job:................................................................................................................................

Required personality: ....................................................................................................

Previous experience: Yes  No 

Work overtime: Yes  No 

Send CV to: ..................................................................................................................

Annual salary: ...............................................................................................................

2. Nguyen Tuan Anh decides to apply for the post. Read his CV and answer the
questions.

1. Which school did he graduate from?

2. Which company did he work as a team leader?

3. Which company did he work as a maintenance worker?

4. Who did he choose as his reference?

5. According to you, is he suitable for the posision in the job advertisement above? Why
or why not?

50
51
3. Read his letter of application.

Imagine you are Ms. Thanh Nga of Chemtrovina Company. List Tuan Anh’s strong
points and weak points. Will you give him an interview?

20 Phan Boi Chau

Long Thanh, Dong Nai

15 February, 2021

Ms. Thanh Nga

Personnel Department, Chemtrovina Company

1 Nguyen Thanh Dang

Nhon Trach Industrial Zone

Dong Nai

Dear Ms. Thanh Nga,

Re: Mechancal Maintenance staff

I would like to apply for the post of Mechancal Maintenance staff as the advertisement on The
Chemtrovina's website. I enclose my CV below.

You will note from my CV that I graduated from Lilama2 International Technology College with a
certificate in Mechanical Engineering (issued by City & Guilds (UK)). At present, I am studying
Mechanical Engineering at HCM University of Technology and Education.

My work at LOCK & LOCK Co., Ltd. means that I am familiar with maintenance job. As a
maintenance worker, I spent time learning how to maintain tools and equipment. After doing
maintenance, I felt happy because I could keep the company from buying new devices.

With the experience gained from the fisrt company, I strongly decided to work for OLYMPUS
company which is famous for its mechanical tools and equipment in Vietnam. As a team leader,
I sometimes consult my manager on how to save money and make more profits by simple
maintenance tasks. I am proud of what I have done to contribute to the development of the
company

I enjoyed my work at LOCK & LOCK and OLYMPUS but would like now to broaden my
experience, especially in the area of mechanical maintenace. I feel that CHEMTROVINA is the
best place for me to work and contribute my life.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,
Anh

Nguyen Tuan Anh

52
IV. PRACTICE: A JOB INTERVIEW
Tuan Anh is applying for a job at Chemtrovina Company. Mr. David is a manager
of engineering department. He’s going to interview Tuan Anh
Interviewer: Welcome to Chemtrovina Company,
Tuan Anh. I’m David

Interviewee: Good morning, sir. It’s nice to meet you.

Interviewer: Nice to meet you too. How are you

doing today?

Interviewee: Thank you. I am doing well. Shall we start?

Interviewer: Yeah, sure.

First of all, let me introduce myself. I am the manager of our engineering

department here and we have an open position, so we have been
interviewing applicants to fill the position as quickly as possible.

Interviewee: Yes, Sir. I read about the position on your website, and I think I can be
your choice.

Interviewer: We currently have several ongoing projects and the team is working hard.
We are hoping to keep busy for a long time.

Interviewee: What are the essential qualifications required for the position?

Interviewer: This is an entry – level engineering position, we do provide a lot of training

here. But we do require that you have at least a bachelor’s degree in
mechanical engineering. Previous experience in the field is a plus.

Interviewee: What kind of experience would you count as a work in the field?

Interviewer: Even though we provide training, it would be great if you had maintenance
experience, knowledge of mechanical engineering or skills on developing
applicants. Which school did you graduate from?

53
Interviewee: I was a student at Lilama2 College, and I graduated with a bachelor degree
in mechanical engineering. I worked as an apprentice in maintenance
department in Lock & Lock company for about 5 months.

Interviewer: That’s good to hear. What are you looking for in a job?

Interviewee: The job should definitely help me grow in my career. I will be happy to
learn and grow as I work in a passionate company like yours.

Interviewer: You are right. There is plenty of room for advancement in our company.
What are strengths? Why should I hire you?

Interviewee: I am a diligent person and a fast learner. I am very eager to learn. My

friends also find me very easy to work with.

Interviewer: Nam, It is nice to meet you. I can tell that you are a good candidate. Expect
to hear from us within a week or so about the job.

Interviewee: Nice meeting you too. Thank you for your time.

Interviewer: Thank you for coming.

54
 REVIEW 2 (UNITS 5 – 8)
I. Use “How often” to make questions for the underlined words.

1. We cleaned the workshop every day.

……………………………………………………………………………..

2. Tim cleans the filters on the coolant tank every 3 months or 500 hours.

……………………………………………………………………………..

3. We check the hydraulic pressure for our CNC machines every day.

……………………………………………………………………………..

4. John checks and greases the chain on the chip conveyor every 500 hours.

……………………………………………………………………………..

5. We check the tailstock every 2000 hours.

……………………………………………………………………………..

II. Match column A with column B to make complete sentences.

1. If you don’t wear a safety helmet at
work,
2. If you want to use this machine for
longer time,
3. If you don’t check the oil level
periodically,
4. If you want to fix this machine,
5. If your CNC machine has a cooling
system,
a. you need to ask Jim for help.
b. make sure the cooling unit level is
at the right operating level.
c. you should maintain it periodically.
d. your car will break down soon.
e. you will get injured.

III. Use a, an, some, any to complete the following sentences.

1. Do you have ______hex keys here? I need to open this box.

2. There are ______new machines in this workshop.

3. _______ old machines here need maintaining more often.

4. Is there _______M5 spanner in the tool box? – Let me check.

5. I have _____ 6-inch spanner here. Do you need it?

55
6. Using ______ broken grinder wheel can hurt people around you.

IV. Put the verbs in the bracket in the correct form.

1. He’s good at (operate) CNC machines.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

2. I’m interested in (work) with machines.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

3. I decided (sell) these machines because they were too out-of-date.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

4. I want you (clean) the room and machines every day, not every week.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

5. I would like (invite) you to the opening ceremony.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

6. They offer me a job as a maintenance worker. I am responsible for (maintain) all

machines in the workshop A.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

7. I suggest (buy) this machine instead of that one because it’s cheaper and more energy-
saving.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

8. I asked the manager (reduce) the working hours per day. It was too much and we were
exhausted.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

V. Reading comprehension

Three Important Elements

In order to get an efficient process and beautiful surface at the lathe machining, it is
important to adjust a rotating speed, a cutting depth and a sending speed. Please note that
the important elements cannot decide easily because these suitable values are quiet
different by materials, size and shapes of the part.

56
Note: A beginner of a lathe must operate with low rotating peed, small cutting depth and
low sending speed.

Figure 1. Three important elements

Rotating Speed
It expresses with the number of rotations (rpm) of the chuck of a lathe. When the rotating
speed is high, processing speed becomes quick, and a processing surface is finely finished.
However, since a little operation mistakes may lead to the serious accident, it is better to set
low rotating speed at the first stage.

Cutting Depth
The cutting depth of the tool affects to the processing speed and the roughness of surface.
When the cutting depth is big, the processing speed becomes quick, but the surface
temperature becomes high, and it has rough surface. Moreover, a life of byte also becomes
short. If you do not know a suitable cutting depth, it is better to set to small value.

Sending Speed (Feed)

The sending speed of the tool also affects to the processing speed and the roughness of
surface. When the sending speed is high, the processing speed becomes quick. When the
sending speed is low, the surface is finished beautiful. There are 'manual sending' which
turns and operates a handle, and 'automatic sending' which advances a byte automatically. A
beginner must use the manual sending beecause serious accidents may be caused, such as
touching the rotating chuck around the byte in automatic sending.

Answer the questions:

1. What are the three important elements when using a lathe machine?

57
……………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What happens if the rotating speed is high?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

3. What happens if the cutting depth is big?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What happens if the sending speed is high?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

5. What is “manual sending”?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

6. What is “automatic sending”?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

7. What is the advice for a beginner of a lathe?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

58