THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL the Spaniards.

Their social structure is ranked

into three groups:
Why do we need to study Jose Rizal’s Life?

 Republic Act 1425: Rizal Law

- An act to include in the curricula of all public
and private schools, colleges and universities
courses on the life, works and writings of
jose rizal, particularly his novels noli me
tangere and el filibusterismo, authorizing the
printing nd distribution thereof, and for
other purposes
Social Structure: Highest Class
Is Jose Rizal the Philippines National Hero? - NO
Highest class - the people that belong in this class
National Heroes Commission include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars. They
have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos.
- Through Executive Order No. 75 issued on March They enjoyed their positions and do what they want.
28, 1993, former president Fidel Ramos created
the National Heroes Commission, which is 1. The Spanish officials
tasked to study and recommend national heroes 2. The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in
to be recognized for their character and Spain). They held the most important
contributions to the country. government jobs, and made up the smallest
number of the population.
CRITERIA TO BE A NATIONAL HERO 3. The Friars are members of any of certain
religious orders of men, especially the four
1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation,
mendicant orders (Augustinians, Jesuits,
and aspire and struggle for the nation's freedom
Dominicans, and Franciscans).
2. Heroes define and contribute to a system or life
of freedom and order for a nation
 AUGUSTINIANS
3. Heroes contribute to the quality of life and
 Augustine of Hippo
destiny of a nation
- Several mendicant Orders of friars,
4. Heroes are part of the people's expression
who lived a mixed religious life of
5. Heroes think of the future, especially of the
contemplation and apostolic ministry
future generations
and follow the Rule of St. Augustine.
6. The choice of heroes involves the entire process
 DOMINICANS
that made a particular person a hero
 Saint Dominic
PERSONS SELECTED FOR RECOMMENDATION - The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo
NATIONAL HEROES Praedicatorum), more commonly
known after the 15th century as the
 Jose Rizal
Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a
 Andres Bonifacio
Roman Catholic religious order
 Emilio Aguinaldo
founded by Saint Dominic de
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Guzman in France and approved by
 Juan Luna
Pope Honorius III (1216-27) on 22
 Apolinario Mabini
December 1216.
 Marcela Aquino
 FRANCISCAN
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY: RIZAL’S  Coat of Arm
CONTEXT  Saint Francis of Assisi
- The most prominent group is the
Topics for Discussion: Order of Friars Minor, commonly
called simply the "Franciscans." They
 The Social Structure
seek to follow most directly the
 The Political System
manner of life that Saint Francis led.
 The Educational System
 JESUIT
 Economic Development
 Ignatius of Loyola
- The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas
 THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE
lesu, S.J., SJ or SI) is a Christian male
Early Filipinos Social Structure religious order the Roman Catholic
Church. The members are called
- The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered Jesuits and are also known
from feudalistic and master slave relationship by colloquially as "God's Marines"
 Social Structure: Middle Class
Middle class - the people that belongs into this class
includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos.
1. Natives - the pure Filipinos
2. The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed
indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese
ancestry.
Three Types of Mestizos
1. Mestizos de Sangley - Person of mixed Chinese
and Filipino ancestry.
2. Mestizos de Española - Person of mixed Spanish
and Filipino ancestry.
3. Tornatras - Person of mixed Spanish, Filipino and
Chinese ancestry.
Social Structure: Lowest Class
Lowest class - this class includes the Filipinos only.
Natives - the pure Filipinos
1. The Indios are the poor people having pure
blood Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards.
 THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Central Government Under Spain
 Spain established ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
in the Philippines.
 Many independent barangays of our ancestors
disappeared. One government alone ruled most
of the country. Thus, for the first time in history,
we became united as one nation called
"FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to
know our country by that name.
 Since Spain was far from the country, the
Spanish king ruled the Islands through the
viceroy of Mexico, which was then another
Spanish colony
 When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the
Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a
Governor General.
 Governor General (Diego de los Rios, Miguel Lopez
de Legaz)
- The King's representative and the highest
ranking official in the Philippines.
- He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to
appoint and dismiss public officials, except those
personally chosen by the King. He was the
commander in chief of the colonial armed
forces.
- He was also the president of the Royal
Audiencia. (Like the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court today)
- The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and
the last was Diego de los Rios
- The Governor General and other government
officials had so much power that it was
commonly abused. To investigate the abuses,
there were bodies created:
1. Residencia
2. Visitador General
3. Royal Audiencia
Residencia
- This was a special judicial court that investigates
the performance of a Governor General who was
about to be replaced.
- The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor
General was usually a member, submitted a
report of its findings to the King.
Visitador General
- The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a
government official called the Visitador General
to observe the conditions of the colony.
- The Visitador General reported his findings
directly to the king.
- José de Gálvez became one of the Visitador
General here in the Philippines.
Royal Audiencia
- Considered to be the highest court in the land
during the Spanish Regime.
- Served as an advisory body to the Governor
General and had the power to check and report
his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the
expenditures of the colonial government and
send an annual report to Spain.
 - The Archbishop and other government officials 3. the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of
could also report the abuses of the colonial the fields)
govenrment. 4. the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the
livestock)
Local Government : Provincial
Gobernadorcillo
 The Spaniards created Local Government Units
(LGU) for the provinces. There were two types - They had SMALL SALARIES but were exempted
of local government units: from PAYINGTAXES.
- QUALIFICATIONS:
1. Any Native or Chinese Meztizo
2. 25 years old
3. Literate in ORAL or WRITTEN SPANISH
4. Cabezade Barangay for 4 years
 Though they were paid a small salary, they
Ex: Emilio Aguinaldo
enjoyed privileges such as the INDULTO DE
COMERCIO or the right to participate in the Cabeza de Barangay
Galleon Trade.
 The ALCADIA, led by the Alcalde Mayor - Served as the Barrio Administrator or Barangay
governed the provinces. Captain
- Responsible for the peace and order of the
DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR: barrio and were recruited men for public works
- QUALIFICATIONS:
1. Represented the Spanish king and the
1. Cabezas should be literate in Spanish.
Governor-General
2. Have good moral character and
2. Managed the day-to-day operations of
property.
the provincial government
3. Cabezas who served for 25 years were
3. Implemented laws and supervised the
exempted from forced labor.
collection of taxes

 The Educational System

 The CORREGIMIENTO headed by Corregidor
governed the provinces that were not entirely
under Spanish control.
 Example of Philippine CORREGIMIENTO
Provinces are Bataan and Mindoro
Local Government : City
 Larger towns became cities called
AYUNTAMIENTO. It became the center of trade
and industry.
 The ayuntamiento had a city council called the
CABILDO which is composed of:
1. Alcalde (mayor)
2. Regidores (councillors)
3. Alguacil mayor (police chief)
4. Escribando (secretary)
Local Government : Municipal
 Each province was divided into several towns or
pueblos headed by GOBERNADORCILLOS (Little
Governor)
 MAIN DUTIES. Efficient governance and tax
collection.
FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE
GOVERNARDORCILLO:
1. the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant).
2. the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),
Education
- Basic education was rendered by parochial schools,
established primarily for religious instructions. The
first one was established in CEBU
- In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de Salazar ordered
that every town must have one school for boys and
also, one for girls.
 In 1589, The first college for boys the COLLEGE
OF MANILA later change to COLLEGE OF SAN
IGNACIO. And in 1621, it was named UNIVERSITY
OF SAN IGNACIO by Pope Gregory XV.
Unfortunately, This school was closed in 1768.
 In 1611, the COLEGIO DE NUESTRA SENORA DEL
SANTISSIMO ROSARIO was established by FRAY
MIGUEL BENAVIDES. Later named UNIVERSIDAD
DE SANTO TOMASIN1645 by Pope Innocent X.
 The Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Letran
College, or simply Letran is a private Roman
Catholic institution of learning located in
Intramuros, Manila, in the Philippines. The
college was founded in 1620.
- Colegio De San Juan De Letran established
to take care of orphaned Spanish boys.
 The girls also given special education. The
schools were of two kinds: the COLEGIO, which
is the regular school for girls, and the beaterio, a
combined school and nunnery.
 Royal College of Santa Potenciana: The oldest
school for young girls, its was established by
 Philip II upon the urging of Manila bishop,
Domingo de Salazar, OP and the Franciscans
 The COLLEGE OF SANTA ISABEL is now the
oldest existing college for girls in the country.
- It was built to care the spanish orphaned
girls. Eventually, it became an exclusive
school for the daughters of affluent
Spaniards.
Philippine Economy Under the Spanish
 On April 27, 1565, Spanish troops numbering a
mere 500 soldiers invaded the archipelago and
attacked the defiant Tupas, son of Humabon,
and Tupas was made to sign an agreement after
his defeat and effectively placing the Philippines
under Spain.
 1565, Feb 13. With four ships and 380 men,
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrives in the
Philippines.
 1565, May 8. The Island of Cebu is surrendered to
Legaspi by its ruler King Tupas. Legaspi
establishes the first permanent Spanish
settlement on Cebu and becomes the first
Spanish Governor General.
PHILIPPINES UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN
System of Government
- Centralized form of government.
- Frailocracia
Religion
- Christianity's Introduction
Social Structures
- Principalia
- Ilustrados
Educational System
- Educational Decree 1863
- focused on theChristian Doctrines
System of Writing
- Latin alphabet
Economy
- The Spaniards implemented economic programs
which are mainly about land ownership and
taxes. The programs are encomienda, hacienda,
imposition of different kinds of taxes, galleon
trade, monopoly and polo y servicios.
Encomienda
- The encomienda is a land ownership system with
the use of titulo as proof of ownership. These
are the lands given by the King of Span to its
soldiers who joined the military expeditions.
- The landlords are called encomendero. They are
the ones who collect the taxes or rent from the
residents of their land. It is his obligation to
protect the residents from any danger or threat
like bandits and invaders. But as depicted in the
picture, the contrary was happening.
Taxation
- To support the colony, several forms of taxes
and monopolies were imposed.
Direct:
- The tithe is the payment of the 10% of an
individual's annual income to the government.
The sanctorum is the tax being paid as support
to the church. The tribute(buwis) is the tax or
rent given to the landlord a resident is under. It
may be in cash or in kind (tobacco,chickens,
produce, golc blankets, cotton, rice, etc.,
depending on the region of the country), fixed
at 8 reales and later increased to 15 reales.
 Tributo= 10 reales
 Diezmos prediales (tithes or 1/10) = 1 real
 Treasury = 1 real
 Sanctorum tax (church tax) = 3 reales
All in all, an average Filipino will pay 15 reales,
Indirect:
- Also collected was the bandalâ, an annual
enforced sale and requisitioning of goods such
as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also
collected.
- By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the Cedula
personal, wherein colonists were required to
pay for personal identification. Everyone over
the age of 18 was obliged to pay. The local
gobernadorcillos had been responsible for
collection of the tribute. Under the cedula
system, however, taxpayers were individually
responsible to Spanish authorities for payment
of the tax, and were subject to summary arrest
for failure to show a cedula receipt.
Forced Labor (Polo y servicio)
- Polo y servicio is the forced labor for 40 days of
men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age who
were obligated to give personal services to
community projects. One could be exempted
from polo by paying the falla, a daily fine of one
and a half real.
- In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo
system was patterned after the Mexican
repartimento, selection for forced labor
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
 - The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main
source of income for the colony during its early
years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and
continued into the early 19th century.
- The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain
and silk from China by way of Manila. This way,
the Philippines earned its income through buy
and sell - that is, they bought silk from China for
resale to New Spain and then bought American
silver for resale to China.
- The trade was very prosperous. But It neglected
the development of the colony's local industries
which affected the Indios since agriculture was
their main source of income. In addition, the
building and operation of galleons put too much
burden on the colonists' annual polo y servicio,
resulted in cultural and commercial exchanges
between Asia and the Americas that led to the
introduction of new crops and animals to the
Philippines notably tobacco that gave the colony
its first real income which benefit extended to
the common Indio.
- The trade lasted for over two hundred years,
and ceased in 1821 with the secession of
American colonies from Spain.
Royal Society of Friends of the Country
- Established by Jose de Basco y Vargas, the
society was tasked to explore and exploit the
island's natural bounties.
- The society led to the creation of Plan General
Economico of Basco which implemented the
monopolies on the areca nut, tobacco, spirited
liquors and explosives.
- It offered local and foreign scholarships and
training grants in agriculture and established an
academy of design.
- It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782,
the formation of the silversmiths and gold
beaters guild and the construction of the first
papermill in the Philippines in 1825.
- It was introduced on 1780, vanished temporarily
on 1787-1819, 1820-1822 and 1875-1822 and ceased
to exist in the middle of the 1890s.
On June 12 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared the
independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite,
establishing the First Philippine Republic under
Asia's first democratic constitution.
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY UNDER SPAIN
 The country under Spain was economically under
developed. The Philippines was an economic burden
to Spain that caused an annual deficit to the Spanish
coffers.
 The founding of the Economic Society of Friends of
the Country helped in theagricultural advancement
of the country.
 The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the
greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient. All
farmers had a quota of tobacco toraise annually and
all were sold to the Government.
 Spanish policies imposed here were not that helpful
for the Filipinos and most government officials were
of Spanish by blood and Filipinos were the ones
made to work tedious jobs.
 There were many changes in the Filipino society
during the Spanish colonization.
 Spanish authorities did not show any sign of fairness
towards the Filipinos especially in the division of
responsibilities in polo y servicio. Because of this
irresponsibility, Filipinos still work apart from their
allotted time for work.
 Filipinos who were working in the Galleon Trade
experienced misfortune because of the heavy loads
Spanish authorities were asking of them. As a result,
many workers died and later on separated families
because of poverty being experienced.

Royal Company of the Philippines

- March 10, 1785, Charles III created the Royal

Philippine Company with a 25 year charter.
- It was granted exclusive monopoly of bringing
to Manila, Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods
and shipping them directly to Spain via the Cape
of Good Hope.
- It was stiffly objected by the Dutch and English
who saw it as a direct attack on their trade of
Asian goods.
- It was also vehemently opposed by the traders
of the Galleon trade who saw it as competition.
This gradually resulted into the death of both
institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in
1814 and the Galleon trade in 1815.