Geological Hazard: Volcanic Eruption

Volcanoes Vulcanian eruption

- Derived from the word “vulcan” which is an island
in italy that came from Vulcan – the god of fire.
- Vary in sizes and shape depending on the formed
over weak spots or nature of their eruptions.
- Generally located in areas where the tectonic
plates diverge or converge with each other.
- A process in which volcanic materials such as
molten or hot fragmented rocks and gas are
ejected from a volcano.
- a short, violent, relatively small explosion of
viscous magma.
- [dami clouds na mukhang super daming bitbit na
ash]
Pelean eruption
- associated with explosive outbursts that
generate pyroclastic flows, dense mixtures of
hot volcanic fragments and gas.

Plinian eruption
Types of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions
- They are caused by the fragmentation of gassy
magma and are usually associated with very
SHIELD VOLCANO
viscous magma.
- built entirely or mostly from fluid lava vents.
- It can measure for about hundreds of miles
ICELANDIC ERUPTION
across and many tens of thousands of feet
- from small effusive eruptions where lava flows
high.
quietly from fissures and crater rows to significant
explosive eruptions in ice-covered central
CINDER CONE VOLCANO
volcanoes that produce large ash plumes
- normally small about a miles span and about
one thousand feet vertically
Hazards Associated with Volcanoes
- consist of mostly loose, grainy cinders and have
very little to no lava.
Lava flows
- are streams of incandescent molten rock
COMPOSITE VOLCANO
materials which usually ooze from the summit of
- also called “Strato Volcano.”
the volcano or from a vent near the summit.
- consist of lava that is mixed with sand or gravel
- The temperature of lava flow as they leave the
which in turn creates cinders or volcanic ash.
vent is about 1,000°Celsius.
- Lava flows move very slowly because of the
CALDERA "GIANT" VOLCANO
viscosity of the molten material.
- circular depressions in the ground over a
- (e.g. 2020 mayon volcano eruption)
magma chamber.
- Lava flow can bury large area and render it
- Noticeable from space due to the distance and
useless for years
viewpoint
Pyroclastic flows
FISSURE VOLCANO
- are often incandescent and turbulent blasts of
- no main crater, the ground just splits and lava
lava fragments made up of boulders, pebbles,
pours out through the cracks.
sand and dust, and hot gasses. These are
- hard to recognize from the ground and
extremely hot with temperatures up to 1000°
sometimes from space.
Celsius. Some pyroclastic flows were observed to
have moved as fast at 500 kilometers per hour.
Active volcano
- (e.g. pinatubo volcano 1991)
- had at least one eruption during the past
10,000 years.
Negative Impacts
- in general have been active for a certain period
- Can destroy anything on its path
of time.
- Burn sites with hot rock debris
- Burn forests, farmlands, destroy crops and
Dormant volcano
buildings
- quiet volcanoes but might possibly erupt again
- Deadly due to harmful chemicals
Extinct volcano
- Volcanoes with no written records of activity.
Tephra fall or Ashfalll
- are materials that range in size from fine dust
Hawaiian eruption
(volcanic ash) to large boulders (volcanic
- fluid basaltic lava is thrown into the air in jets
bombs) ejected into the air by volcanic
from a vent or line of vents (a fissure) at the
explosions.
summit or on the flank of a volcano.
- [yung parang mga nasa movies na Oa na
Negative Effects
pagsabog ng volcano and may mga leakage sa
- Can cause poor or low visibility
sides ng volcano na magma and extreme lava
- Loss of agricultural land if buried by
flow]
ashfall
- Can clog filters and vents
Strombolian eruption
- Dangerous for aircrafts
- eruptions involve moderate bursts of expanding
- Carries harmful gases, acids, etc
gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in
cyclical or nearly continuous small eruptions.
Volcanic gases
- [almost same with hawaiian pero less yung
- may contain carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
magma, ‘di siya oa rito. Pero mukha siyang
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other
fountain na fireworks)
toxic compounds.
Volcanic earthquakes
- are tremors caused by eruptions but these are
small and local.

Fissuring
- is caused by magma movement.

Tsunami and seiche

- are caused by eruptions of submarine volcanic

Typhoon