MODULE 2

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Discuss the paradigm shift through history
2. Explain how science and technology affected the society and vice versa
3. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history
4. Explain how industrial revolution change the ways of human life

Introduction

This lesson will give light to the development of Science and scientific ideas in the heart
of the society. It explores the dynamic interactions between different societal factors on science
and technology. Along with the discussion of this antecedent during the ancient period, middle
ages and modern ages, it also discussed Philippine invention and innovations. It is the goal of
this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.

The development of science and technology is as old as mankind. From the genesis of
time science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society. It indeed plays major roles in
the everyday life.

The birth of technology was when the first human-like species, Homo habilis made sharp
cutting edges from stone. Later, Homo neanderthals or cave men used tools and weapons and
were the very successful ancestors of Homo sapiens.

Many features of civilization emerged gradually as agricultural economics developed. The

invention of tools increased agricultural production, which led both to new job specializations. A
more complex economy also created new needs for more formal governments and better
methods communication and record keeping.

ANCIENT TIMES

The Sumerian Civilization

The first civilization emerged in Sumer, the southern region of ancient Mesopotamia
(Iraq and Kuwait) about 3500 B.C.E. Between the desert of Arabian Peninsula, running from the
eastern Mediterranean cost to the plains of great Tigris and Euphrates rivers lays a fertile soil
that generated several features characteristic of civilization including system of farming, writing,
expanded cities, complex social structure, distinctive religious beliefs and artistic styles. It was
so flat that it was open to invasion, leading to the rise and fall of the empire.

Many technical innovations are attributed to the Sumerians. Among these are:
1. Cuneiform is the first form of writing developed by Sumerian. It was a
system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols, baked on
clay tablets, which were turned into symbols and gradually

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 transformed into phonetic elements. It recorded data, generated
scientific knowledge and promoted trade.

2. The wheel around 4500 BC the wheel and axle combination became
the most important invention of all time. The Sumerians were able to
invent the wheels not intended for transportation but for farm work and
food processes.

3. The first successful efforts to control the flood of water and to grow
crops were developed by Sumerian. An irrigation system was
usually made up of canals, dikes, basins, dams, and levees. Water
was stored in basins or dikes, along the fields for the crops. The
canals, levees, and dams were used to stop flooding.

4. Cities and temple complexes, with their famous ziggurats were all built
using oven-baked bricks of clay which were then painted. A ziggurat
is a type of massive structure and it has the form of a terraced
compound of successively receding stories or levels.

5. The invention of the plow helped them provide their city-states with a

stable food supply. Before farmers invented the plow, they used
animal horns or pointed sticks to poke holes in the earth. 

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mes
opotamia-history/top-10-sumerian-
inventions-followed-many-civilizations/

Babylonian Civilization

A civilization derived from Sumerian culture around 1800 B.C.E. the Babylonian Empire
arose and again unified much of Mesopotamia. This empire was headed by Hammurabi which
sets the Hammurabi’s law. The Babylonians went on to greatly influence Mesopotamian culture.
More importantly, they had a great impact on the history of western civilization. Among the most
important contributions of Babylonia are the first ever positional number system;
accomplishments in advanced mathematics; laying the foundation for all western astronomy;
and impressive works in art, architecture and literature.

One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was built on the banks of the Euphrates
river. It may never have existed except in the imagination of Greek poets and historians
although archaeologists claim to have found the remains of its walls. Most scholars attribute its
construction to King Nebuchadnezzar II to console his Median wife, Amytis, who missed the
mountains and greenery of her home land. The Gardens didn't really "hang" but were built on

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terraces which were part of the ziggurat and was irrigated by water lifted up from the Euphrates.
There is not a single mention of a "hanging garden" in the Babylon cuneiform record but this is
probably because it was considered part of the ziggurat structure and not a separate entity in
itself.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon

Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian civilization formed by 3000 B.C.E along the Nile River. They benefited from
trade and technological influence from Mesopotamia, but they produced a very different society
and culture. More stable that Sumer and protected from the main invasion route by desert,
Egyptian civilization flourished for more than 2000 years before beginning to decline about 1000
B.C.E.

Many inventions and developments of Science and Technology are attributed to Egyptian.
Among these are:

1. The Egyptians kept written records using a writing system

known as hieroglyphics. Some writing was preserved on
stone or clay, and some was preserved on papyrus, a paper-
like product made from reed fiber. Papyrus is very fragile, but
due to the hot and dry climate of Egypt, a few papyrus
documents have survived.

2. Building pyramid, such as the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx

in Giza, and temples for different gods required a centralized
government that could command vast resources.

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3. Egyptians cosmetics reflected their social class, so they
devoted a lot of time to their personal appearance. Wigs were
often worn not only for style purposes but also as protection as
people needed to protect their skin from the dry climate and
strong sun. 

Mummification is a process in which the skin and

4. Flesh of a corpse can be preserved. They wanted to
preserve their pharaoh because they believe in afterlife.
When a pharaoh died, his life force would leave his body,
but only temporarily. It was important to preserve the body
because the spirit would return.

5. The Egyptians were among the first to divide their days

into parts. They invented the first portable clock which was
so lightweight that people could carry it with them.

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.co
m/egypt-history/top-10-
inventions-discoveries-ancient-
egypt/

Greek Civilization

Greek civilization began to take shaped around 800 B.C.E. on the peninsula and island
of Greece and in the surrounding territory in the eastern Mediterranean.

1. Water mills have been used all over the world for the
purpose of metal shaping, agriculture and, most
importantly, milling. This in turn led to the production of
edible food staples like rice, cereals, pulses, flour, and so
on.

2. Odometer, measures the distance traveled by a vehicle

such as a bicycle or automobile. It was invented by
Archimedes of Syracuse

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 Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. It
has played an important role in travel and navigation since
ancient times.

3. Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician of the

Classical age and was considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He was
referred to as the father of Western medicine in
recognition of his lasting contributions to the field and was
the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine.

Source: https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/greek-history/

Roman Civilization

Roman and Greek achievements in science and technology were closely intertwined but
somewhat Roman had more focused on engineering. Roman used and copied Greek Science,
monumental architectural styles, sculpture and drama.

1. Romans are the first to set an arch on top of tall pedestal.

These arches went on to become pivotal engineering
constructions that the foundation for building bridges,
aqueducts, sewer, amphitheater and coliseum

2. The first Roman aqueducts were built around 312 BC and

from then on took off as an engineering marvel that used
the downhill flow of water to supply the city centers.

3. Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome. Constituting

one of the most popular numbering systems still in use
today, the first use of these numbers dates back to
somewhere between 900 and 800 BC. 

4. Rome was the first to establish a sophisticated system of

circulating written news which it published the Acta Diurna
(“Daily Events”). The majority of the content in the Acta
Diurna usually comprised of political news, trials, military
campaigns, executions and major scandals.

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5. The revolutionary concrete developed by the Romans
helped to build impeccable and lasting structures, playing a
huge part in the architectural accession of ancient Rome. 

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/r
ome-history/top-10-ancient-roman-
inventions/

Chinese Civilization

Chinese civilization started along Huanghe or yellow river. Established by nomadic

warriors and lasted for six centuries. The vital irrigation systems that earlier inhabitants of the
yellow river basin had begun were greatly expanded and improved. They also developed a
system of writing that has proved critical identity, unity and civilized development among the
chines

Science and Technology development arose in this era. Among these are:

1. Silk was widely used in a variety of sectors including

writing, fishing, and for musical instruments. It was
dominantly used by emperors and high-class society but
later it spread to the rest of the population. 

2. Tea was discovered by the Chinese emperor Shennong in

2737 BC. During a march, while they were resting, his
servant prepared some boiling water for him. A brown leaf
fell into the water and the water turned brown. The servant
presented it to the emperor, he drank it and found it
refreshing.

3. The Chinese used silk or paper and lightweight bamboo

framework to make kites. Paper kites were being used to
carry messages for rescue missions, to test the wind,
measure distance, and for military communication.

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4. The Chinese considered south their cardinal direction, and
the original compass was created by the Chinese using a
lodestone to point south. This was called the south pointer.

5. Invention of the wheelbarrow can be credited to prime

minister Zhuge Liangof Shu Han. It was created the
wheelbarrow to carry military weapons and to move injured
and dead soldiers from the battlefield.

6. Han dynasty invented the first seismograph called

“Houfeng Didong” to measure the movements of the earth
and seasonal winds. 

7. The first chemical explosive known as a gunpowder or

black powder was made from sulfur, charcoal, and
potassium nitrate (saltpeter). Gunpowder wasn’t a sudden
invention. The Chinese used gunpowder and gunpowder-
based weaponry as a military defense.

8. The Great Wall of China was built by the first emperor of

China, Qin Shi Huang to protect the country from northern
invaders. 

Source:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/c
hina-history/top-18-ancient-chinese-
inventions/

MEDIEVAL AGES

The Medieval Era, often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages, began just before
500 A.D. following a great loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor. The Middle
Ages span roughly 1,000 years, ending around 1450 A.D.

1. Building great Cathedrals as there was a huge rise in Christianity

The role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve God in
the community, through its hierarchical and

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 organizational position in the church structure. The
building itself, by its physical presence, symbolizes
both the glory of God and of the church.

https://www.google.com/search?q=image+of+great+cathedral

2. Building great castles for local nobility

A castle was a fortress built to protect strategic

locations from enemy attack or to serve as a
military base for invading armies.
People seeking protection from invading armies
built villages around established castles. Local
nobility took the safest residences for themselves,
inside the castle walls. 
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-castle-architecture

3. Astrolabe was an important Medieval invention, They were used by navigators, astronomers
who studied the movement of celestial bodies

https://www.google.com/search?q=image+of+astrolabe&rlz=

4. Printing. Spreading knowledge and information was a very slow process before the invention
of typography. Johannes Gutenberg developed the first mechanical printing machine in the
1440s. The first printed book was the Bible in 1456 with a run of 150 copies.

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 5. The telescope was invented by Dutchman Hans
Lippershey. In 1610, using his improved design,
Galileo Galilei was able to prove that the Earth
revolved around the Sun. This confirmed the ideas
of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus but it
angered the Catholic Church who had adopted the
idea that the Earth was at the center of everything.

https://www.google.com/
image+of+telescope+during+medieval+peri
od&tbm=isch&source

6. The microscope Looking at small things became possible when a Dutch maker of
spectacles, Hans Janssen and his son, put glass lenses together in 1590 to make a primitive
microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek took this invention a step further in 1676 with a
magnification of 270 times and discovered tiny single-celled creatures in pond water. Ultimately,
this helped our understanding of microorganisms and disease.

https://www.google.com/search=image+of+microscope+in+the+mwdieval

6. Lightning conductor In1752, Benjamin Franklin, the American statesman, philosopher

and scientist proved that lightning was a form of electricity when he flew a kite in a
thunderstorm. Around 1754, Franklin and the Czech scientist, ProkopDiviš
independently developed the lighting conductor to protect buildings from being hit and
damaged by lighting.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNY

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8. Mechanical clock

Among the traditional time-keeping devices used at the time were water clocks,

candle clocks, the use of astrolabes for determining time and sundials. It was during the
High Middle Ages that new methods of time-keeping were discovered and new instruments
discovered for the purpose.

9. Eyeglasses

When eyeglasses were first produced, they were known as iteros ab oculis ad legend or

“glasses that are for reading. Physical evidence for the use of spectacles during the Concave
glass is used to correct nearsightedness, so that the rays of light are diverged. Convex lenses
are used to aid the correction of farsightedness, so that the light rays are converged. Cylindrical
lenses used to correct astigmatism were invented by Sir George Airy in 1825.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_ eye+glassestheir+uses+inmiddle+age

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 MODERN ERA

The First Industrial Revolution

The Modern period is a cultural movement that has a lasting impact on the world. The
Romantic period provoked everyone to rebellion and two of the greatest revolutions, the American
and French, were an outcome of that period. Thus, the Modern period was born when the
Romantics faded out and this shift in culture changed the world forever. Modernism changed the
way people lived in a number of different reasons, but there are three that stood out from the rest.

The Modern Era changed the world through literature, producing some of the greatest
works in history, through technology and science, this new scientific movement invented
groundbreaking technology, and lastly through wars, people realized that being ruled by one all-
powerful monarchy is not the way they want to live. A lot of credit can go to the Enlightenment and
Romantic periods, but the Modern period shaped the world so radically that it would not be the
same without it.

Modern history is the history of the world beginning after the Middle Ages. Generally the
term "modern history" refers to the history of the world since the advent of the Age of Reason
and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries and the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution.

The early modern period is roughly around the 1500s - 1800s. It begins with European
exploration and ends around the period of the French Revolution. The late modern
period follows the early modern period and ends around World War 2.

https://www.utwente.nl/en/bms/steps/education/msc/courses/162261sciencetechnmodernsociet/

The First Industrial Revolution

Steam power. This era saw the development of steam engines to power factory machinery.
Heating water in a boiler to make steam to power a vehicle was a major technological advance.
James Watt is recognized as the inventor of the steam engine in 1765. Water could be pumped
out of mines and industrial processes speeded up. George Stephenson’s, Rocket was the first
locomotive to pull heavy loads a long distance. This led to the rapid expansion of railways
throughout Britain and the world. The combination of iron and steam paved the way for the great
Victorian engineering projects of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He designed bridges, tunnels,
viaducts and ships.

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 https/
www..historyhit,com/key imventions

https://www.google.com/search1C1CHNphotography

Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording
light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or
chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their
seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are then
processed into various cotton goods such as linens, while any undamaged cotton is used
largely for textiles like clothing.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYCotton+gin&stick

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 Typewriters were a very good way to write books. Typewriters were much more
comfortable than writing in hand. This helped the industrial revolution by allowing people to write
manuals for the workers and mass produce them much easier.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz+impact+of+typewriter

In the 1880s, when the typewriter was first adopted in many offices, America was a

country in the throes of rapid change. The way in which the typewriter was adopted reflected
changes in women's roles, new ideas about the organization of work, and the rapidly growing
corporations of the day.

Telegraph

Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph in 1836. This invention changed the face of
communication. Instant communication became possible between the east and west coasts and
allowed people to know what was happening. This would revolutionize media and personal. It
worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations communication.
The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication.

Each new communications technology has had a greater impact on society than the one
before. The telegraph changed society indirectly, by transforming the workings of government
and industry. But the telephone and radio had direct impacts on people's working and social
lives.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYAbS35jACg&q=i+imaget+of+telegraph

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe created the sewing machine in 1844. This forever changed the way clothes
were made and allowed the mass production of clothing. Before this it was most common for
women to make all of the clothes for their families. Only the very wealthy could afford to have a
tailor or seamstress make custom clothing of the latest fashion. It was later improved upon and
patented by Isaac Singer

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 https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYwAOgib6wBw&qsewing+machine

Power Loom

Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom in 1785. It dramatically changed the way
cloth was woven by making it much easier. It would take almost another fifty years and several
alterations by other inventors before it would become commonly used.

The power loom, which partially automated textile weaving, was one of the most
important inventions of the Industrial Revolution. The loom and associated equipment went into
operation in 1817, and with Lyman's encouragement, Gilmour made his design freely available
to other mechanics.

https://www.google.com/search?q=power+loom+image&rlz=1C1CHNY

Power looms reduced demand for skilled handweavers, initially causing reduced wages
and unemployment. Protests followed their introduction. For example, in 1816 two thousand
rioting Calton weavers tried to destroy power loom mills and stoned the workers.

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THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Bulb. In 1879, Thomas Edison’s invented electric

light bulbs for cheaper, opt for clean and
convenient electric lights. To sell bulbs, energy was
needed, so Edison’s Electric Illumination Company
built their own power station in New York.

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHNYiimage+of+bulb+in+secon
d+industrial+revolution&tbm

The telephone. This is an invention that made money. Alexander Graham Bell was the
first in the race to patent a machine in 1876 that you could use to talk to someone on the other
side of the world. Admittedly, it was initially from one room to another. The message was “Mr.
Watson, come here, I want you”. A year later in 1877 he set up his company and demonstrated
long distance calls.

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHNYimage+of+telephone+in+second+industrial+revolution

The motor car. Until the 1860s all prototype motor cars were steam driven. German
inventor Nicolas Otto created an improved internal combustion engine in 1876 and this is still
the way cars work today. In 1885, the first car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, was developed by
Karl Benz. It was a long time before cars became common. Petrol, a cleaning fluid, was only
available from the chemist. Famous names such as Rolls Royce and Henry Ford developed the
technology; Rolls Royce for the rich and Henry Ford for the man in the street.

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https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_ imageof+motor i+second industrial+revolution

The movies. It has been only just over one hundred years since the first movie, or film,
was shown by the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière at the Grand Café in Paris. The
terrifying film was entitled The Arrival of a Train at Ciotat Station. In 1889, George Eastman
pioneered celluloid film with holes punched in the side so that the movie camera could show the
film precisely frame by frame.

htt
ps://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_image+of+movies+
+in+second+industrial+revolution

X-rays Science is impressive when something is discovered that cannot be seen. In

1895, German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen working with electrical discharges in glass tubes
noticed that there was a faint glow on a nearby screen. These rays were invisible and could
pass through most materials. He also recorded them on photographic paper and thus the first X-
ray image was developed. He quickly realized the medical potential of his discovery. Henri
Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 while trying to find more out about X-rays. Marie
Curie, a Polish born French chemist and physicist and two times Nobel Prize winner, is best
remembered for her research into radioactivity and new radioactive elements.

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 https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNY-QaWha+image+of++x-ray+machine

Communications Radio waves travel in all directions at an incredible 300 000 km per
second. The German physicist Heinrich Hertz was the first to prove they existed but it was
Guglielmo Marconi who set up the world’s first radio stations to transmit and receive Morse
code. In 1896, he sent the first message across the Atlantic from Cornwall to Newfoundland. He
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. It was not until 1915 that engineers were able
to transmit sound effectively. The first clear television pictures to be transmitted were sent by
Scottish-born John Logie Baird. He founded the Baird Television Company Limited and worked
on programs for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation).

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHNYof+communication+radio+in+second+industrial+revolution

Flight. At the turn of the century, in 1903, two bicycle repairmen from Ohio, Wilbur and
Orville Wright built and flew the first really successful airplane near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
From that time progress was rapid and the military advantages of flight were realized in WWI.

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 https:/
/www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYi+image+ofcommunication+radio

Rockets and space flights. The earliest rockets were used in China in the 11th century
but by the 19th century speed and accuracy were much improved. Knowledge of astronomy
meant that scientists knew the relative movements of the planets in relation to the Earth. A
Russian mathematics teacher, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the first person to draw up plans for
space stations and air locks to allow space walks. He correctly calculated that a rocket would
have to travel at 8 km per second to leave the atmosphere and that liquid rocket fuel would be
essential. American scientist Robert Goddard not knowing of Tsiolkovsky’s ideas, independently
developed liquid fuelled rockets from 1926. Ultimately, NASA took up the challenge but the
Russians eventually won the race to put a man into orbit. Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth in 1961.
In the US, NASA scientists redressed the balance in the space race with their moon landing in
1969.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYspace+flights+in+second+industrial+revolution

The atomic bomb. Science and technological advances can be seen as good or bad.
The invention of gunpowder must have seemed like that. In 1932, physicists John Cockcroft and
Earnest Walton did the impossible. They proved Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity and

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unlocked the secrets of the atomic nucleus. Splitting the atom was a brilliant scientific
achievement. However, It allowed scientists to develop the atomic bomb that was used to
destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to end the WWII in 1945.

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHNYatomic+bomb++in+second+industrial+revolution

THE THIRD SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL REVOLUTION

After the WWII new discoveries and advances in science and technology came thick and
fast. Plastics were developed for the first time. In 1949, the first practical programmed electronic
computer ran mathematical problems. It fitted into one room! In the 1960s, the electronic silicon
chip was invented, computers became smaller and more powerful. In 1984, the CD was born
and the digital revolution began.

The worldwide web has given us access to billions of documents with information and
images as well as online shopping and banking.

Mobile telephone technology means we have instant contact with friends and family.
During this period, there have also been huge advances in genetics since the discovery of the
structure of DNA in 1953. Today, genetic engineering and nanotechnology show fast growth
trends and, also, are big business

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 ACTIVITY 2 If I Were an Inventor

If you were an inventor, what would you invent? In thinking about an invention, make sure
that you come up with one that has not been invented yet but possible to be invented in the
near future. Make a sketch or draft of your invention then answer the following question.

a. What is your invention? What would be its use?

b. How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies in
terms of function?
c. Why is there a need for invention? How will this invention made the world a better
place to live in?

SELF-TEST 2

Name :____________________________ Score:_________

Year/Course:______________________ Time:_________

I. IDENTIFICATION. Write the correct letter of answer on the space provided.

a) Cuneiform f) priest
b) Dikes g) sailboat
c) gazzettes h) Sumerian
d) hieroglyphics i) The Great Ziggurat of Ur
e) Plow j) Uruk City

___1. The first civilization known for high degree cooperation with one another and their
desire for great things
___2. The first writing system; it utilizes pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on
clay using wedge tools
___3. First true city; it was built using sunbaked bricks
___4. Egyptian’s system of writings found inside a pyramid
___5. It is considered as the mountain of god by the Sumerians; this served as the sacred
place of their chief god
___6. Only ______are allowed entering The Great Ziggurat of Ur.
___7. This invention is one of the most beneficial engineering works. It brought water to
farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers
___8. It was invented by the Sumerians because they needed a much larger boat that can
accommodate a large number of people and products
___9. It was invented to dig the Earth in a much faster pace
___10. the first newspaper that was engraved in metal or stone tablets

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II. Write on the space provided the invention or discovery done by the following scientists.

__________1. Marie Curie

__________2. Guglielmo Marconi
__________3. Johannes Gutenberg
__________4. Hans Lippershey
__________5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
__________6. James Watt
__________7. Thomas Edison
__________8. Alexander Graham Bell
__________9. Nicolas Otto
__________10. Karl Benz
__________11. Wilhelm Rontgen
__________12. Wilbur & Orville Wright
__________13. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
__________14. Auguste& Louis Lumière
__________15. John Cockcroft &Earnest Walton

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