EVOLUTIONARY

STAGES OF LIFE
PROCESES IN CELLS
AND PLANTS
WHAT IS EVOLUTION?

 Evolution is the process of

gradual change in the
characteristics of a population
of animals or plants over
successive generations, which
accounts for the origin of
existing species from ancestors
unlike them. It is the process of
gradual development in a
particular situation or thing over
some time, and the gradual
change in the characteristics of
a population of animals or
plants over successive
generations.
Evolutionary Stages

 Photosynthesis

 During photosynthesis, plants take in

carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
from the air and soil. Within the plant cell,
the water is oxidized, meaning it loses
electrons, while the carbon dioxide is
reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This
transforms the water into oxygen and the
carbon dioxide into glucose.
Evolutionary Stages
 Reproductive Structures

 Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts,

and hornworts, have a simple structure with no
true roots, stems, or leaves. They reproduce
through spores and do not have flowers or seeds.
The gametophyte, or haploid stage of the plant,
is the dominant stage of life.
 Seedless vascular plants, such as ferns, club
mosses, and horsetails, have a more complex
structure than nonvascular plants. They have true
roots, stems, and leaves and reproduce through
spores. The sporophyte, or diploid stage, of the
plant is the dominant stage of life.
 Seed plants, including gymnosperms
and angiosperms, have the most complex
structures of all plants. They have roots, stems,
and leaves and reproduce through seeds. The
gametophyte stage is reduced to just a few cells
within the reproductive structures of the plant.
Evolutionary
Stages
 Anchor Structure

 The evolution of anchor structures in cells

has long been a focus of cellular biology
research. The first anchor structures were
simple filaments or tubules utilized to
adhere the cell to diverse surfaces. Anchor
structures evolved to conduct a larger
range of roles as cells became more
sophisticated. The extracellular matrix, a
complex web of proteins and
carbohydrates that surrounds the cell and
provides a strong anchor for it, was one of
the most important breakthroughs in
anchor structures.
Evolution
Stages
 Nutrition Transmission
Stream

 The nutrition
transmission stream is
the process by which
nutrients move from the
environment to the
body. Factors such as
age, gender, and
overall health status
can affect this stream.