MATHS

BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS

Concepts § Basic Definitions in Geometry
Covered § Polygons, Triangles
§ Quadrilaterals
§ Circles
Learning § Explain the need for geometry
Objectives § Identify various geometric shapes
§ List the earliest theorists in geometry
§ Apply basic geometric principles to construct a pyramid
Learning § Understand geometrical terminology for angles, triangles,
Outcomes quadrilaterals and circles
§ Measure angles using a protractor
§ Use geometrical results to determine unknown angles
Extended § Students will learn interesting facts about geometric ideas about
Learning and a point, line, curve, polygons, circle.
Skills § Find the areas of triangles, quadrilaterals and circles and
Development
shapes based on these.
 BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS
Basic Concepts
The term 'geometry' comes from the combination of two Greek words 'Geo' (Earth) and 'Metria' (Measure) meaning
measurement of the Earth. Geometry is the study of properties of lines, angles, polygons and circles. We shall
begin with some basic concepts.
Number of Sides Name of the Polygon
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon

Point
In classical Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion that models an exact
location in the space, and has no length, width, or thickness. In modern mathematics,
a point refers more generally to an element of some set called a space.
Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously
defined objects. That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that
it must satisfy; for example, “there is exactly one line that passes through two different
points”.

Plane
A plane is a surface which extends indefinitely in all directions. For example, the surface of a table is a part of a
plane. A black board is a part of a plane.
In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends
indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero
dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. Planes
can arise as subspaces of some higher-dimensional space, as with one of a
room's walls, infinitely extended, or they may enjoy an independent
existence in their own right, as in the setting of two-dimensional Euclidean
geometry.
When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite
article is used, so the plane refers to the whole space.
Many fundamental tasks in mathematics, geometry, trigonometry, graph theory, and graphing are performed in a
two-dimensional space, often in the plane.

Line
A line is a set of infinite points. It has no end points and it is infinite in length.
The figure given shows a line ℓ that extends to infinity on either side. If A
and B are any two points on ℓ, we also denote the line ℓ as AB $$$$$⃗, read as line
AB

Line Segment
A line segment is a part of a line. The line segment has two end points and
it has a finite length.
In the given figure, let AB is a line segment, it is a part of line ℓ, consisting
of the points A, B and all the points of l lie between A and B. The line
segment AB is also denoted as '''' AB. Here, A and B are the end points of AB''''.

Ray
In geometry, a ray can be defined as a part of a line that has a fixed starting
point but no end point. It can extend infinitely in one direction. On its way to
infinity, a ray may pass through more than one point.
In the above figure, OP, OQ, OR and OS are rays which have only one end point
O. The ray OP is denoted as OP$$$$$⃗.
 (1) How many lines can pass through one given point?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) Countless
(2) How many lines can pass through two given points?
(A) Only One (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) Countless
(3) How many points are enough to fix a line?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Answer Key
(1) D (2) A (3) B

Coplanar Lines
A line which is in the same plane as another line. And if the lines that do not lie in the
same plane are called non-coplanar lines.
Here AB, CD and EF lines are lying in the same plane so these are coplaner lines.

Intersecting Lines
When two or more lines cross each other in a plane, they are called intersecting lines.
The intersecting lines share a common point, which exists on all the intersecting
lines, and is called the point of intersection. Here, lines P and Q intersect at point
O, which is the point of intersection.

Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular lines are the two distinct lines that intersect at each other at 90°.
Have you noticed anything common between the joining corners of your walls, or the letter
"L"? They are the straight lines known as perpendicular lines that meet each other at a
specific angle - the right angle.
We say that a line is perpendicular to another line if the two lines meet at an angle of 90°.

What is Perpendicular?
A perpendicular is a straight line that makes an angle of 90° with another line. 90° is also
called a right angle and is marked by a little square between two perpendicular lines
as shown in the figure. Here, the two lines intersect at a right angle, and hence, are
said to be perpendicular to each other.
When ℓ! and ℓ" are perpendicular lines. We write ℓ! ⊥ ℓ" and read this as ℓ! is
perpendicular to ℓ" .

Concurrent Lines
Concurrent lines are the lines, in 2-D geometry, which intersect each other exactly
at one point. The meaning of concurrent is happening at the same time or point.
The intersecting lines are always concurrent. Concurrent lines are non-parallel
lines and extend indefinitely at both the direction.

Parallel Lines
Two coplanar lines that do not meet are called parallel lines. In the given
figure, a and b are parallel lines. Symbolically, we write
a || b and read as a is parallel to b.
Parallel lines are the lines that do not intersect or meet each other at any
point in a plane. They are always parallel and are at equidistant from each
other. Parallel lines are non-intersecting lines. We can also say Parallel
lines meet at infinity.
Properties of Parallel Lines
(a) For two given parallel lines, the perpendicular distance between the lines is the same everywhere.
(b) If two lines lie in the same plane and are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel to each other. If
two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each other.
One and only one parallel line can be drawn to a given line through a given point which is not on the given line.

Angle
Two rays which meet at a point are said to form an angle at their meeting point.
$$$$$⃗ (Ray 1) and $$$$$⃗
In the given figure, OQ OP(Ray 2) are two rays which have O (Vertex) as their
meeting point and an angle with certain measurement is formed. The point 𝑂 is called the
vertex of the angle and OQ $$$$$⃗ and $$$$$⃗
OP are called the sides or arms of the angle. We denote
the angle as ∠QOP or ∠POQ (or sometimes simply as ∠O).
We see that ∠QOP = ∠POQ (These are the two ways of representing the same angle).
A common unit of measurement of angles is the degree.
This unit is denoted by a small circle placed above and to the right of the number.
For example, we write ∠QOP = 34o and read it as 34 degrees.
Type of angles:
(I) If 0∘ < x < 90∘ , it is called an acute angle.
(II) If x = 90∘ , it is called a right angle.
(III) If 90∘ < x < 180∘ , it is called an obtuse angle.
(IV) If x = 180∘ , it is the angle of a straight line or a straight angle.
(V) If 180∘ < x < 360∘ , it is called reflex angle.

Complementary Angles
When the sum of two angles is 90∘ , the two angles are called complementary angles.
If x + y = 90∘ , then x ∘ and y ∘ are called complementary angles.
For example, 30 degrees and 60 degrees are complementary angles.

Supplementary Angles
When the sum of two angles is 180o, the two angles are called supplementary
angles.
Example: If a + b = 180o, then ao and bo are called supplementary angles.
One way to avoid mixing up these definitions is to note that s comes after c in the
alphabet, and 180 is greater than 90.

Adjacent Angles
If two angles have a common vertex and a common ray and the other two
sides lie on either side of the common ray, then they are said to be adjacent
angles. In the given diagram, ∠BAD and ∠CAD are adjacent angles with
common ray AD.

Linear Pair
If a pair of angles are adjacent and the non-common rays are opposite to
each other, then the angles are said to form a linear pair.
Example: If O is a point between A and C and B is a point that does not lie
on AC, then ∠AOB and ∠BOC form a linear pair. The angles of a linear pair
are supplementary.

Vertically Opposite Angles

When two lines intersect each other, four angles are formed.
In the given figure, AB and CD intersect at O. ∠AOC and ∠BOD are vertically
opposite angles. Similarly, ∠AOD and ∠BOC are vertically opposite angles.
Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Transversal
A straight line intersecting a pair of lines in two distinct points is a transversal
for the two given lines. Let ℓ! and ℓ" be a pair of lines and t be a transversal.
As shown in the figure, totally eight angles are formed.
(I) ∠1, ∠2, ∠7 and ∠8 are exterior angles and ∠3, ∠4, ∠5 and ∠6 are interior
angles.
(II) (∠1 and ∠5), (∠2 and ∠6), (∠3 and ∠7) and
(∠4 and ∠8) are pairs of corresponding angles.
(III) (∠1 and ∠3), (∠2 and ∠4), (∠5 and ∠7) and
(∠6 and ∠8) are pairs of vertically opposite
angles.
(IV) (∠4 and ∠6) and (∠3 and ∠5) are pairs
of alternate interior angles.
(V) (∠1 and ∠7) and (∠2 and ∠8) are pairs of
alternate exterior angles.
If 𝐥𝟏 and 𝐥𝟐 are parallel, then
(I) Corresponding angles are equal, i.e., ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠3 = ∠7 and ∠4 = ∠8.
(II) Alternative interior angles are equal, i.e., ∠4 = ∠6 and ∠3 = ∠5.
(III) Alternative exterior angles are equal, i.e., ∠1 = ∠7 and ∠2 = ∠8.
(IV) Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary,
i.e., ∠1+∠8 = 180o and ∠2+∠7 = 180o.
(V) Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary,
i.e., ∠4+∠5 = 180o and ∠3+∠6 = 180o.
Example:
∠A and ∠B are two complementary angles. If ∠A is 20o more than ∠B, then find the angles of ∠A and ∠B.
Solution: Given that: ∠A + ∠B = 90o
∠B + 20o + ∠B = 90o
2∠B = 70o So ∠B = 35o
∴ ∠A = 90o – 35o So ∠A = 55o
Example:
∠P and ∠Q are two supplementary angles. If ∠P is three times of ∠Q, then find the measurement of the
angles P and Q.
Solution: Given, ∠P + ∠Q = 180o
3∠Q + ∠Q = 180o So ∠Q = 45o
∠P = 3∠Q = 3 x 45o = 135o
Example:
In the given figure, 𝓵 ∥ 𝒎, a = 40o, then find all the other angles as mentioned
in the figure.
Solution: Given that: a = 40o and ℓ ∥ 𝑚
b = 180o – 40o = 140o (since a, b are linear pair)
b = d = 140o (vertically opposite angles)
a = c = 40o (vertically opposite angles)
a = e = 40o (corresponding angles)
b = f = 140o (corresponding angles)

Curves
A curve is a continuous and smooth flowing line without any sharp turns. One way to recognize a curve is that it
bends and changes its direction at least once.

Types of Curves:
Upward Curve: A curve that turns in the upward
direction is called an upward curve. It is also known
as a concave upward or “Convex Downward”

Downward Curve: A curve that turns in the downward direction is called a downward curve. It is also known as a
concave downward or “Convex Upward”.
Open Curve: An open curve does not enclose any area within itself and it has two endpoints. Some of the open
curves are given in the figure below.

Closed Curve: A closed curve, has no end points and encloses an area (or a region). It is formed by joining the
end points of an open curve together. Circles , ellipses are formed from closed curves.

Simple Curve: A simple curve changes direction but

does not cross itself while changing direction. A simple
curve can be open and closed both.

Non-Simple Curves: A curve that crosses its own

path is called a non-simple curve.

Curves Around Us
Race Track: A race The track from the figure looks like a closed curve.
Roads: Roads on hills and mountains are curvy.

(1) How many sides are there in a quadrilateral?

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 3
(2) How many pairs of adjacent sides are there in a quadrilateral?
(A) Only One (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 3
(3) How many pairs of adjacent angles are there in a quadrilateral?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Answer Key
(1) C (2) C (3) D

Polygons
A polygon is a plane shape with straight sides. Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes. They are made of straight
lines, and the shape is closed i.e. all the lines connect up. Triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons are
all examples of polygons.

Types of Polygon:
Depending on the sides and angles, the polygons are classified into different types, namely:
§ Regular Polygon
§ Irregular Polygon
§ Convex Polygon
§ Concave polygon
Regular Polygon
If all the sides and interior angles of the polygon are equal, then it is known as a regular polygon. The examples of
regular polygons are square, rhombus, equilateral triangle, etc.
Irregular Polygon
If all the sides and the interior angles of the polygon are of different measure, then it is known as an irregular
polygon. For example, a scalene triangle, a rectangle, a kite, etc.
Convex Polygon
If all the interior angles of a polygon are strictly less than 180 degrees, then it is known as a convex polygon. The
vertex will point outwards from the centre of the shape.
Concave Polygon
If one or more interior angles of a polygon are more than 180 degrees, then it is known as a concave polygon. A
concave polygon can have at least four sides. The vertex points towards the inside of the polygon.
However, a number of polygons are defined based on the number of sides, angles and properties.

Angles of Polygon
As we know, any polygon has as many vertices as it has sides. Each corner has a certain measure of angles.
These angles are categorized into two types namely interior angles and exterior angles of a polygon.
Interior Angle Property
The sum of all the interior angles of a simple n-gon = (n − 2) × 180°
Or
Sum = (n − 2)π radians
Where ‘n’ is equal to the number of sides of a polygon.
For example, a quadrilateral has four sides, therefore, the sum of all the interior angles is given by:
Sum of interior angles of 4-sided polygon = (4 – 2) × 180°
= 2 × 180° = 360°
Exterior angle property
The sum of interior and the corresponding exterior angles at each vertex of any polygon are supplementary to each
other. For a polygon;

§ Interior angle + Exterior angle = 180 degrees

§ Exterior angle = 180 degrees – Interior angle

Triangles
A three-sided simple closed figure is a triangle. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle.
It has three sides AB, BC and CA. A,B and C are the three vertices of the triangle.
∠CAB, ∠ABC and ∠BCA are its three angles. Triangle ABC is denoted as
△ABC.
Types of Triangles
Based on their sides, triangles can be classified as follows:
(I) Scalene Triangle: A triangle in which all sides are unequal is a scalene
triangle.
In the given triangle, AB ≠ BC, BC ≠ CA, and CA ≠ AB. Hence, it is a
scalene triangle.
(II) Isosceles Triangle: A triangle in which any two sides are equal is an
isosceles triangle.
In the triangle given, PQ = PR. Hence, PQR is an isosceles triangle.

(III) Equilateral Triangle: A triangle in which all the three sides are equal
is an equilateral triangle.
In △XYZ, XY = YZ = ZX.
∴ XYZ is an equilateral triangle.
Based on the angles, triangles can be classified as follows:
(I) Acute-Angled Triangle: A triangle in which all the angles are acute is an acute-
angled triangle. In such a triangle, the square of the longest side is less than the
sum of the squares of other two sides. In the above triangle, each of the angles A,
B and C is less than 90o. Hence, ABC is an acute-angled triangle. In an acute-
angled triangle ABC, if AC is the longest side, then
𝐀𝐂𝟐 < 𝐀𝐁𝟐 + 𝐁𝐂𝟐 .

(II) Right-Angled Triangle: A triangle which has a right angle is a rightangled triangle. In
such a triangle, the square of the longest side and the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of other two sides. In the above triangle, ∠ABC=90o. Hence, ABC is a right-angled
triangle. In right triangle ABC, if AC is the longest side, then
𝐀𝐂𝟐 = 𝐀𝐁𝟐 + 𝐁𝐂𝟐 .

(III) Obtuse-Angled Triangle: A triangle in which one angle is greater than

90o is a n obtuse-angled triangle. In such a triangle, the square of the longest
side is greater than the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In the
given triangle, ∠ABC > 90o. Hence, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle. In an
obtuse-angled triangle ABC, if AC is the longest side, then 𝐀𝐂𝟐 > 𝐀𝐁𝟐 +
𝐁𝐂𝟐 .

Isosceles Right-angled Triangle

A triangle in which two sides are equal and one angle is 90∘ is an isosceles right-
angled.
In the triangle ABC, AB = BC and ∠BAC = 90o.
∴ PQR is an isosceles right triangle.
In such a triangle, the ratio of sides AB, AC and BC is 1 : 1 : √2.
Notes:
§ A scalene triangle can be acute, right or obtuse angled.
§ An isosceles triangle can be acute, right or obtuse angled.
§ An equilateral triangle has to be acute. It cannot contain a right angle or an obtuse
angle. triangle.
Some of the properties of triangles:
§ The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180o.
§ The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior angles opposite
to it
§ The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
In △PQR, PQ + QR > PR, QR + RP > PQ and RP + PQ > QR
§ Difference between any two sides is less than the third side.
PQ – QR < PR, QR – RP < PQ and RP – PQ < QR
§ Angles opposite to equal sides are equal and vice versa.
If ∠P = ∠Q, then QR = PR If QR = PR, then ∠P = ∠Q.
§ If the angles are in increasing or decreasing order, the sides opposite to them
also will be in the same order.
If ∠P > ∠Q > ∠R, then QR > PR > PQ.
Example:
In the given figure, C is a point on the line segment BD. Find the
measurements of ∠ACB and ∠ABC.
Solution: (∠ACB and ∠ACD) is a linear pair.
⇒ ∠ACB + 125o = 180o
∠ACB = 180o – 125o = 55o
∠ABC + ∠CAB = ∠ACD (Exterior angle)
∠ABC + 95o = 125o = 30o
Example:
In the given figure, PTQ, PMR, SMT and QRS are straight lines. Find the angle
of ∠RMS.
Solution: Since PQ is a straight line and ∠QTM = 110o
∠TPM + ∠PMT = ∠QTM
60o + ∠PMT = 110o ⇒ ∠PMT = 110o – 60o = 50o
⇒ ∠PMT = ∠RMS (vertically opposite angles) ⇒ ∠RMS = 50o
Example:
In the figure, ABD, BCD are two triangles. BD is the bisector of ∠ABC and ∠ADC. AB ∥ CD and AD) ∥ BC. If
∠BCD = 50o, then find the angle of ∠BAD.
Solution: ∠BCD = 50o and BC || AD,
∠CDA + ∠BCD = 180o (co-interior angles)
⇒ ∠CDA + 50o = 180o
∠CDA = 180o – 50o ⇒ ∠CDA = 130o
Similarly, ∠ABC = 130o (∵ AB || CD)
Since BD is the bisector of ∠ADC and ∠ABC, ∠ABC = ∠ABD + ∠CBD
(∵ ∠ABD = ∠CBD)
2∠ABD = 130o ⇒ ∠ABD = ∠CBD = 130/2 = 65o
∠ADB + ∠BDC = 130o and ∠ADB = ∠BDC = 130/2 = 65o
In △ABD, ∠ABD + ∠ADB + ∠BAD = 180o
130o + ∠BAD = 180o ⇒ ∠BAD = 180o – 130o = 50o

Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a plane figure that has four sides or edges, and also has four
corners or vertices. The angles are present at the four vertices or corners of the
quadrilateral. If ABCD is a quadrilateral then angles at the vertices are ∠A, ∠B, ∠C
and ∠D. The sides of a quadrilateral are AB, BC, CD and DA.

Types of Quadrilaterals:
The types of quadrilaterals are defined based on the measure of the angles and lengths of their sides. As the word
‘Quad’ means four, all these types of a quadrilateral have
four sides, and the sum of angles of these shapes is 360
degrees. The list of types of quadrilaterals are:
(1) Trapezium
(2) Parallelogram
(3) Squares
(4) Rectangle
(5) Rhombus
(6) Kite

Example:
What is the base of a rhombus, if its area is 40 square units and the height is 8 units?
Solution: Given,
Area = 40 square units
Height = 8 units
Area of rhombus = Base × Height
 40 = Base × 8
Base = 40/8 = 5 units
Example:
Find the perimeter of the quadrilateral with sides 5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm and 11 cm.
Solution: Given, sides of a quadrilateral are 5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm and 11 cm.
Therefore, perimeter of quadrilateral is:
P = 5 cm + 7 cm + 9 cm + 11 cm = 32 cm

Circles
A circle is a set of all points in a plane which are at a fixed distance from a fixed point. The fixed
point is the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is the radius of the circle.

Chord
The line segment joining any two points on a circle is called a chord of the circle.
In the adjacent figure, both CD and AB are chords. AB passes through the centre O. Hence,
it is a diameter of the circle.
A diameter is the longest chord of the circle. It divides the circle into two equal parts.

Secant
A line which intersects a circle in two distinct points is called secant of the circle.
In geometry, a secant is a line that intersects a curve at a minimum of two distinct points.
The word secant comes from the Latin word secare, meaning to cut. In the case of a circle,
a secant intersects the circle at exactly two points.

Tangent
The word "tangent" means "to touch". The Latin word for the same is "tangere". In general,
we can say that the line that intersects the circle exactly at one point on its circumference
and never enters the circle's interior is a tangent. A circle can have many tangents. They
are perpendicular to the radius. Let us learn more about the tangent meaning and theorems
in this article.

Arc
A continuous piece of a circle is called an arc of the circle. The end points of a diameter of a
circle divide the circle into two equal arcs. Each of these arcs is called semicircle. The region
enclosed by a semicircle and the diameter together with the semicircle is called a semi-
circular region. If the length of an arc is less than that of a semicircle, it is a minor arc. If the
length is more, then it is a major arc.

Circumference
The circumference of a circle is its boundary or the length of the complete arc of a circle.
The circumference of a circle is the product of the constant π and the diameter of the
""
circle., where π = and r is the radius of the circle.
&

Segment of a Circle
The part of a circular region bounded by an arc AB and the chord AB, including the arc and chord is called the
segment of the circle. If the arc is minor, then the segment is also minor. If the arc is major, then the segment is
also major.
Sector of a Circle
In a circle with centre O, the union of an arc AB and the bounding radii, OA and OB is called
the sector AOB. If the arc is minor, then the sector is minor. If the arc is major, then the
sector is major.

Angle Subtended by a Pair of Points

The angle subtended by two points A and B at the point P is the angle APB. The angle
subtended by an arc or a chord is the angle subtended by the end points of the arc or
chord.

Example:
Find the circumference of the circle whose radius is 7 cm.
Solution: Circumference of the circle = 2πr
22
=2× × 7 = 44 cm
7
Example:
The circumference of a circle is 22 cm. Find the diameter of the circle.
Solution: Given that: 2πr = 22 cm
22
2× × 𝑟 = 22 cm
7
7 7
r = 22 × =
2 × 22 2
∴ Diameter of the circle = 2r
7
2 × = 7 cm
2

(1) What is the length of the diameter of a circle of radius 8 cm?

(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 16 (D) 3
(2) A circle has a number of tangents equal to?
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) Infinite
(3) A tangent intersects the circle at:
(A) 1 Point (B) 2 Points
(C) 3 Points (D) None of these
Answer Key
(1) C (2) D (3) A
 Solved Examples

Level – 1
(1) How many lines can pass through (a) one given point? (b) Two given points?
Solution: (a) Infinite number of lines can pass through a single point.
(b) Only one line can pass through two given points.
(2) Draw a rough sketch of a triangle ABC. Mark a point P in its interior and a point Q in its
exterior. Is the point A in its exterior or in its interior?
Solution: Point A lies on the given ΔABC.
(3) What is the use of basic geometrical ideas?
Solution: Geometry allows us in determining how the shapes and figures fit together to
maximize efficiency and visual appeal
(4) What is this angle?
Solution: An angle is formed when two straight lines or rays meet at a common endpoint. The common point of
contact is called the vertex of an angle. The word angle comes from a Latin word named 'angulus,'
meaning “corner.”
(5) What is a curved line called?
Solution: A curve (also called a curved line in older texts) is an object similar to a line, but that does not have to
be straight.
(6) What are 5 types of lines?
Solution: There are 5 main types of lines in art: vertical lines, horizontal lines, diagonal lines, zigzag lines, and
curved lines. Other types of lines are simply variations of the five main ones.
(7) What is the symbol of parallel?
Solution: The symbol for the parallel line is “||”. In geometry, to symbolize the parallel lines, two vertical lines are
used. For example, the line AB is parallel to CD, it is represented as AB|| CD
(8) What is the most basic geometric concept?
Solution: The most basic geometric idea is a point, which has no dimensions. A point is simply a location on the
plane. It is represented by a dot.
(9) Which angle is largest?
Solution: Largest Angle - Reflex Angle
A reflex angle and the full figure corresponding angle to form a complete angle of 360°.
(10) What is circle shape?
Solution: A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the
centre. Equivalently, it is the curve traced out by a point that moves in a plane so that its distance from
a given point is constant.
(11) What is a right angle called?
Solution: The straight lines which form right angles are called perpendicular.
(12) What is a parallel line?
Solution: Parallel lines are lines in a plane that are always the same distance apart. Parallel lines never intersect.
Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at a right (90 degrees) angle.
(13) What is a slanting line?
Solution: A direction, line, or surface that is not level or straight up and down : slope. slant. adjective.
(14) What is line made of?
Solution: A line has length but no width. A line is a type of geometric figure. A line is made up of an endless
number of points.
(15) What are basic geometric shapes?
Solution: The basic geometric plane shapes are circle, triangle, rectangle, rhombus, square and trapezoid.

Level – 2
(1) Name the vertex and arms of ∠PQR∠PQR in the figure.
Solution: Vertex is a point from which two or more line arises,
Here point Q is the vertex.
Rays that make up the angle are said to be arms/sides of angle,
Here QP,QR are the sides.
(2) What is geometry?
Solution: Geometry is all about shapes and their properties. Geometry can be divided into: Plane Geometry. Plane
Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles … shapes that can be drawn on a piece
of paper. Solid Geometry
(3) What is Short line?
Solution: A line is a one-dimensional figure, which has length but no width. A line is made of a set of points which
is extended in opposite directions infinitely. It is determined by two points in a two-dimensional plane.
(4) How are designs used in geometric patterns?
Solution: Here are a few tips that you can get inspired by:
§ Use shapes to create an image. § Create depth.
§ Create an appealing background. § Make it abstract.
§ Use real-life elements. § Get creative with lines.
§ Make a collage. § Combine patterns with photos.

(5) What are the types of angles in geometry?

Solution: Six Types of Angles:
§ Acute Angles. § Right Angles. § Reflex Angles.
§ Obtuse Angles. § Straight Angles. § Full Rotation.
(6) What is a line called?
Solution: A line is sometimes called a straight line or, more archaically, a right line (Casey 1893), to emphasize
that it has no “wiggles” anywhere along its length. While lines are intrinsically one-dimensional objects,
they may be embedded in higher dimensional spaces. Harary (1994) called an edge of a graph a line.
(7) What is called point?
Solution: Point. A point is the most fundamental object in geometry. It is represented by a dot and named by a
capital letter. A point represents position only; it has zero size (that is, zero length, zero width, and zero
height).
(8) What is a ray in geometry?
Solution: When viewed as a vector, a ray is a vector from a point to a point . In geometry, a ray is usually taken
as a half-infinite line (also known as a half-line) with one of the two points and. taken to be at infinity.
(9) Is a line a shape?
Solution: A line, on the other hand, is one-dimensional. It extends infinitely in either direction and has no
thickness. It's not a shape because it has no form. Though we may represent points or lines as shapes
because we need to actually see them, they don't actually have any form.
(10) Is a circle a line?
Solution: A circle is a type of line. Imagine a straight line segment that is bent around until its ends join. Then
arrange that loop until it is exactly circular - that is, all points along that line are the same distance from
a center point. There is a difference between a circle and a disk.
(11) What is the shape of line?
Solution: Line: If two points are made at a distance on a surface and are joined by a pencil then a part of a line is
formed. The part of the line will be straight if the surface is plane and curved if the surface is curved.
Thus, if we join any two points with a ruler and extend it on both sides, a line is formed.
(12) What is a shape of lines called?
Solution: Two-dimensional shapes include polygons such as squares, rectangles and triangles, which have
straight lines and a point at each corner. There is more about polygons in our page on Polygons. Other
two-dimensional shapes include circles, and any other shape that includes a curve.
(13) Two angles of a quadrilateral are 89' and 113' . If the other two angles are equal; find the equal angles.
Solution: Let the other angle = X '
According to given,
89' + 113' + X ' + X ' = 360'
2X = 360' − 202'
'
!()
2X ' = 158' = = 79'
"
∴ other two angles = 79' each
(14) What is horizontal shape?
Solution: Anything parallel to the horizon is called horizontal. As vertical is the opposite of horizontal, anything that
makes a 90-degree angle (right angle) with the horizontal or the horizon is called vertical. So, the horizontal
line is one that runs across from left to right.

(15) Which is vertical line?

Solution: In a coordinate plane, a line parallel to the Y-axis is called Vertical Line. It is a straight line which goes
from top to bottom and bottom to top. Any point in this line will have the same value for the x-coordinate.
For example, (2,0), (3,0) (-4,0), etc.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

(1) Is a rectangle a geometric shape?
Solution: Geometric shapes such as a square, rectangles, and triangles are a few basic 2D shapes. These figures
are collectively called polygons. A polygon is any flat shape or plane on a surface of a paper. They have
a finite closed boundary made up of a fixed number of line segments and are called sides of the polygon.
(2) Use the figure to name:
(a) Five Points (b) A-Line
(c) Four Rays (d) Five Line Segments
Solution: (a) Five points are: O, B, C, E, and D
(b) Name of the line is: DB or BD.
(c) Four rays are: OC, OB, OE and OD.
(d) Five line segments are: OE, ED, OD, OB and EB.
(3) Find the following terms:
(i) Line Segment (ii) Line
(iii) Intersecting Lines (iv) Parallel Lines
Solution: (i) Line Segment: A straight line drawn from any point to any other point is called as line segment.
(ii) Line: Line is a straight path of points that goes on forever in two directions.
It has infinitelength, but no breadth and height.
(iii) Intersecting Lines: Interesting lines are lines that pass through the same point.
(iv) Parallel Lines: Parallel lines are never cross and always stay the same distance apart.
(4) What are 10 different types of lines?
Solution: Terms in this set (10)
(i) Straight (ii) Curved (iii) Dotted (iv) Dashed (v) Contour
(vi) Variable (vii) Zig Zag (viii) Implied (ix) Continuous (x) Intersecting

(5) What is the diamond shape?

Solution: A diamond is a quadrilateral, a 2-dimensional flat figure that has four closed, straight sides. But a
diamond is also categorized as rhombus, because it has four equal sides and its opposite angles are
equal. And, because its opposite sides are parallel, it's also considered to be a parallelogram.
(6) Name the line given in all possible (twelve) ways, choosing only two letters at a time from the four given.
Solution: The given lines can be named as follows:
(i) $$$$$⃗
AB (ii) $$$$$⃗
AC (iii) $$$$$⃗
AD (iv) $$$$$⃗
BC
$$$$$⃗
(v) BD (vi) CD $$$$$⃗ $$$$$⃗
(vii) BA $$$$$⃗
(viii) CA
(ix) DA$$$$$⃗ (x) $$$$$⃗
CB (xi) $$$$$⃗
DB $$$$$⃗
(xii) DC
(7) Draw a rough figure and label suitably in each of the following cases:
(a) Point P lies on AB (b) Line L contains E and F but not D
(c) XY and PQ intersect at M (d) OP and OQ meet at O.

Solution: (a) (b)

(c) (d)
(8) Define Polygons?
Solution:Simple closed curves made up of only line segments are called polygons.
Line segments that form the polygon are the sides of the polygon. Any two
sides with a common end point are called the adjacent sides. The point of
intersection of a pair of sides is called a vertex. The end points of the same
side are adjacent vertices. The line segment joining any
two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is a diagonal. ABCDEF is a polygon.
(9) What is Incidence Axioms on Lines
Solution:
§ A line contains infinitely many points
§ An infinite number of lines can be drawn to pass through a given point
§ One and only one line can be drawn to pass through two given points A and B.
Collinear Points: Three or more points are said to be collinear, if there is a line which contains them all.
In the above figure; P, Q, R are collinear points.

(10) Define Parallelogram

Solution: A parallelogram is another in the geometric shapes in which the opposite side of the shape are parallel.
To be able to examine, if the sides are parallel or not, you’ll have to closely examine the shape. The
key property of a parallelogram is that parallel lines never cross or intersect each other, no matter how
long you extend them. So, if you go on extending the lines through eternity and they never intersect
each other, then they can be called a parallelogram.
 Exercise

FILL IN THE BLANKS

(1) _______ is the largest chord of a circle.
(2) _______ divides the circle into two equal semi circles.
(3) Rectangle is a _______ curve.
(4) Triangle has _______ angles and three_______.
(5) Only one line can be drawn through _______ points.
(6) _______ number of lines can pass through a given point.
(7) A closed figure made up of entirely of line segments is called a _______.
(8) A curve which does not cross itself is called a _______ curve.
(9) The length of boundary of a circle is called its _______.
(10) A _______ has only one end point
(11) _______ lines can be drawn passing through two given points.
(12) Quadrilateral is a polygon formed by _______ line segments.
(13) Curve in which the starting point and ending points do not meet is called _______ curve.
(14) Diameter of a circle = 2 × _______.
(15) _______ of a circle is a line segment at the one end point in the centre and other endpoint on circumference.
(16) _______ has no length, breadth, height or thickness.
(17) A line segment has a definite _______.
(18) Curves that do not intersect themselves are called _______ curves.
(19) An ‘angle’ is made up of _______ rays having a common end point.
(20) A triangle is a _______ polygon.

TRUE OR FALSE
(1) A line segment has no length.
(2) The line AB is same as that of line BA.
(3) All radii of the circle are equal.
(4) A point indicates a definite position.
(5) line segment is a part of a plane.
(6) line is a set of points closely arranged.
(7) two lines in a plane always intersect in a point.
(8) A circumference curve is one that does not cross itself
(9) The join of any two non-adjacent vertices in a polygon is called diagonal.
(10) Two distinct lines meeting at a point are called intersecting lines.
(11) A circle is a path of a point moving at the same distance from a fixed point.
(12) A diameter of a circle divides it into three equal parts.
(13) Sector of a circle is the region in the interior of a circle enclosed by an arc on one side and a pair of radii on
the other two sides.
(14) Circle is a polygon.
(15) A line is also a curve.
(16) Interior of an angle is a restricted area.
(17) Line is a part of a ray.
(18) Two lines in a plane can intersect each other at two points.
(19) Line segment is a definite part of a line.
(20) Through a given point, only one line can be drawn.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION

(1) Which instrument is used to compare two line segments?
(A) Compasses (B) A Divider
(C) Set Squares (D) A Protracto
(2) A _______ of a circle is a line segment joining any two points on the circle.
(A) Chord (B) Diameter
(C) Radius (D) None of these
(3) A quadrilateral has:
(A) One Vertex (B) Two Vertices
(C) Three Vertices (D) Four Vertices
(4) The meeting point of a pair of adjacent sides of a polygon is called its:
(A) Vertex (B) Diagonal
(C) Adjacent Angles (D) None of these

(5) An angle is made up of two _______ starting from common end point.
 (A) Rays (B) Vertices
(C) Lines (D) Points
(6) Which of the following has two end points?
(A) Line (B) Ray
(C) Line-Segment (D) None of these
(7) Number of lines which can be drawn passing through two given points:
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) An Infinite Number
(8) How many vertices are there in a rectangle?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (C) 4
(9) How many vertices are there in a triangle?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(10) How many sides are there in a triangle?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(11) How many angles are there in a triangle?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(12) How many vertices are there in a quadrilateral?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(13) How many sides are there in a quadrilateral?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(14) How many angles are there in a quadrilateral?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
(15) PQ = 3 cm; RS = 6.2 cm. Then the measure of line segment whose length is equal to sum of PQ and RS is
(A) 3.2 cm (B) 4 cm
(C) 4.2 cm (D) 9.2 cm
(16) The common end point of an angle is called
(A) Vertex (B) Zero
(C) End Point (D) None of these
(17) The interior and boundary of a triangle is called
(A) Exterior (B) Interior
(C) Triangular Region (D) Plane
(18) Each equal part of the circle is called
(A) Semicircle (B) Major Circle
(C) Minor Circle (D) None
(19) Radius of a circle is ________.
(A) Half its Diameter (B) Thrice its Diameter
(C) One-Fourth its Diameter (D) Times its Diameter.
(20) Measure of the two angles between hour and minute hands of a clock at 9 O’ clock are
(A) 270o, 90o, 270o, 90o (B) 60o, 300o, 60o, 300o
(C) 75o, 285o, 75o, 285o (D) 30o, 330o

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS (11-15): The questions in this segment consists of two statements, one labelled as "assertion and
the other labelled as "reason You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the assertion A and
reason R are individually true and if so, whether the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion. Select your
answers to these items using codes given below.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
(1) Assertion (A):. A quadrilateral has 4 and 2 angle and 4 diagonals.
Reason (R): A quadrilateral is a polygon made up of line segments.
(2) Assertion (A): The term 'Geometry' is the English equivalent of the Greek word 'Geometron'.
Reason (R): 'Geo' means Earth and 'metron' means Measurement.
(3) Assertion (A): All objects have different shapes.
Reason (R): Even today geometrical ideas are reflected in all forms of art, measurements, architecture,
engineering, cloth designing etc.
(4) Assertion (A): Sharper the tip, thinner will be the dot.
Reason (R): A point determines a location
(5) Assertion (A): A line contains a countless number of points.
Reason (R): Line extends indefinitely in both directions.
(6) Assertion (A): The angles opposite to equal sides are equal in measure.
Reason (R): A triangle having two equal sides is called an Isosceles Triangle.
(7) Assertion (A): Equilateral triangle has two sides of equal length.
Reason (R): A triangle having three equal sides is called an Equilateral Triangle.

STATEMENT BASED QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS (18-20): Read the following two statements carefully and choose the correct options.
(A) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
(B) Statement 2 is correct and statement 1 is incorrect.
(C) Both (a) and (b)
(D) Neither (a) nor (b)
(1) Statement 1: Every ray has a definite length.
Statement 2: Every line segment has a definite length.
(2) Statement 1: As a triangle is a polygon with 3 sides.
Statement 2: As pentagon is a polygon with 5 sides.
(3) Statement 1: Point has a size because we can see it as a thick dot on paper.
Statement 2: By lines in geometry, we mean only straight lines.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION

(1) Define curves. Write its different types with examples.

(2) Name triangles on the basis of their sides?
(3) Draw any polygon and shade
(4) Identify the following in the given figure:
(a) Sector (b) Chord
(c) Diameter (d) Segment.
(5) Use the figure to name:
(a) Line containing point E. (b) Line passing through A.
(c) Line on which O lies (d) Two pairs of intersecting lines.
(6) Classify the following curves as (i) Open or (ii) Closed

(7) (a) Identify three triangles in the figure.

(b) Write the names of seven angles.
(c) Write the names of six line segments
(d) Which two triangles have ∠B as common?
(8) Draw an equilateral ∆ABC of any size. Draw AD as its median and an altitude AM.
(a) Does AD coincide with AM?
(b) Name the point on the median which divides it in the ratio 1 : 2.
(c) What is the measure of ∠ADC and ∠ADB?
(d) Are D and M the same points?
(9) Brief note on Polygons?
(10) Write about Quadrilaterals

For more questions, please scan below given QR codes

Level – 1 Level – 2
 Answer Key

FILL IN THE BLANKS

(1) Diameter (11) One
(2) Diameter (12) Four
(3) Closed (13) Open
(4) Three, Sides (14) Radius
(5) Two (15) Radius
(6) Infinite (16) Point
(7) Polygon (17) Length
(8) Simple (18) Simple
(9) Circumference (19) Two
(10) Ray (20) Three sided

TRUE OR FALSE
(1) False (11) True
(2) True (12) False
(3) True (13) True
(4) True (14) False
(5) False (15) True
(6) False (16) False
(7) False (17) False
(8) True (18) False
(9) True (19) True
(10) True (20) False

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
(B) (A) (D) (A) (A) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
(11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
(A) (D) (D) (D) (D) (A) (C) (A) (A) (C)

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
(D) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (D) (B) (B) (B)