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Darun Na’im First Year

Study Group and Revision
27 MAY 2022

NAHW & SARF REVISION | VOCABULARY

NAHW
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(Some) Reasons for Hālatun-Naśb (‫)حــالــة نــصب‬
Hālatun-Naśb (‫ )حالة نصب‬is known by the presence of a fatha or a fatha substitute
(See more under topic: State of Nouns)

❶ ❷ ❸ ❹
‫م َكان‬
َ ‫ظَ ْرف‬ ‫ظَ ْرف زَمَان‬ ٌ َ‫ح‬
‫ال‬ ‫مفْ ُعوْل ِالَجْ َل ِه‬
َ
ADVERB OF ADVERB OF CONDITION CAUSATIVE OBJECTIVE
PLACE TIME (or adverb of manner) (The reason why
something is done)
This describes where This describes when This describes the
an action or deed an action or deed state to condition in This provides a reason
occurs.
occurs.
which an action or or cause explaining
deed is done.
why an action or deed
ُّ َ‫َقا َم اَلت ِّ ْل ِميْذُ فَ ْوق‬
‫اسور‬ ‫احا‬ َ ُ‫َقا َم اَلت ِّ ْل ِم ْيذ‬
ً َ‫صب‬ is done.

The student stood The student stood in ‫َقا َم اَلت ِّ ْل ِميْذُ ُمس ِر ًعا‬
on top of the wall. the morning. ‫َقا َم اَلت ِّ ْل ِميْذُ ِا َ ْح ِت َرا ًما‬
The student stood ِ َ ‫ست‬
hastily.
‫اذ‬ ْ ُ ‫لِ ْأل‬
The student stood
An example from Qur’ān: An example from Qur’ān: An example from Qur’ān:
Surah Ali ‘Imrān: Verse 7 Surah Ali ‘Imrān: Verse 41 out of respect for the
Surah ‘Arāf: Verse 18
teacher.

WHERE? WHEN? HOW? WHY?

Always ask: (1) What is the hāl? (2) What is the sign (‫( ?)عالمة‬3) What is the reason?
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َ َ ‫)إِ َّن َو أ‬
Inna and its sisters (‫خ َواتُ َها‬
When ‫ إِ َّن‬or one of its sisters is introduced to a nominal sentence, the sentence will
have 3 components:

1. َّ ِ‫ إ‬meaning ‘indeed/verily’

‫ن‬
2. ‫ن‬ َّ ِ‫( — اسم إ‬the ‘focus’) in a state of nasb

3. ‫ن‬ َّ ِ‫خب ٌر إ‬
َ — (the ‘news about the focus’) in a state of raf’

❸ ❷ ❶
‫َع ُد ٌّو‬ ‫الشيطَا َن‬
َّ ‫إِ َّن‬
(Is) an enemy Shaytān Indeed

‫ـبر‬
ٌ ‫خـ‬َ ّ‫اس ــم إِ َن‬ ّ‫إِ َن‬

Same rulings apply to all the sisters:

َ ِ‫( إ‬inna)— Indeed
1. ّ‫ن‬ َ َ ‫( َك ـأ‬Ka’anna)— As if
4. ّ‫ن‬
2. ّ‫ن‬َ َ ‫( أ‬anna) — That 5. َ‫( َل ـيْت‬Layta) — How I wish/I wish
3. ّ‫( لـ ِـك َن‬lākinna) — But 6. ّ‫( َل ـ َع َل‬La’alla) — Perhaps
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َ ‫ َكا‬is introduced to a sentence

When ‫ن‬

When ‫ َكــا َن‬or one of its sisters is introduced to a nominal sentence, the
sentence will also have 3 components:

َ ‫ َكـا‬meaning ‘was’

1. ‫ن‬
2. ‫ن‬َ ‫( — اسـم َكـا‬answers ‘what/who was’) in a state of raf’

3. ‫ن‬ َ ‫خـب ٌر َكـا‬

َ — (answers the ‘what about the ‫ ) ’اســم َكــا َن‬in a state of nasb

❸ ❷ ❶
‫صالِ ًحا‬
َ ‫سلِ ُم‬
ْ ُ ‫ا َ ْمل‬ َ ‫َكا‬
‫ن‬
pious/righteous The muslim was
َ ‫ـبر َكــا‬
‫ن‬ ٌ ‫خـ‬َ َ ‫اس ــم َكــا‬
‫ن‬ َ ‫َكــا‬
‫ن‬
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ِ ْ‫)ص ـيْ َغ ُة ال ـ ـتَّف‬

Forms of preference (‫ضيْل‬ ِ

For our understanding, the equivalent of this term is: degrees of comparison.
This section has a scale where a adjective in the comparative is moulded onto: ‫اَفْع َُل‬

COMPARATIVE POSITIVE

More beautiful ‫أ َ ْج َم ُل‬ Beautiful ‫َج ِميْ ٌل‬

Taller ‫أَطْ َو ُل‬ Tall ‫طَ ِويْ ٌل‬

Smaller ْ َ‫أ‬
‫ص َغ ُر‬ Small ‫ص ِغ ْي ٌر‬
َ

Greater ‫أ َ ْكبَ ُر‬ Great ‫َك ِب ْي ٌر‬

There some Arabic words that can function as both in a ‘positive’ form and in a
‘comparative’ form:
a) ‫خ ْي ٌر‬َ means both good and better

b) ‫ش ٌّر‬ َ means both bad and worse

Find example from Qur’ān: Surah Nisā, Verse 11 and 12

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The Connector | ‫عطف‬

‫ح َّم ٌد َو زَ ْي ٌد‬ ُ ‫ب‬

َ ‫م‬ َ َ‫ذ‬
َ ‫ه‬

ٌ ‫َم ْعطُ ْو‬

‫ف‬ ❷ ❸ ‫ف ِا َل ْيه‬
ٌ ‫َم ْعطُ ْو‬

❶
ENTITY BEING
THE CONNECTED
CONNECTED TO
ITEM

Will be found
immediately after ‫طف‬
ٌ ‫حرف َع‬
ُ
harf ‘atfun

THE CONNECTOR
Follows hāl of the This ‘wāw is

ma’tūf ilayhi called ‫واو عطف‬

See example from Qur’ān— Surah A’rāf: Verse 26

TIP: We start with the ‫طف‬

ٌ ‫حرف َع‬
ُ and the ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َم ْعطُ ْو‬because they are always found next to
ٌ ‫ َم ْعطُ ْو‬and determine which word matches it.
each other. We then study the ‫ف‬
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Method of calling

(‫حرف اَلنِّداء )يا‬

(‫إسم املُنَا َدى )ادم‬
INSTRUMENT OF
CALLING
THE ENTITY
BEING CALLED
Another example is:

Always in a hāl of nasb

(fatha)

There are two ways an ‫( إسم املُنَادَى‬ism munāda) can be:

1. When an ‫ إسم املُنَادَى‬is a mudāf then the fatha will appear/be apparent/visible.

2. When an ‫ إسم املُنَادَى‬is single word (i.e. on its own) then it will be built like a
dhamma even though it is nasb (like the example above).

See examples from Qur’ān:

Surah Baqarah: Verse 21

Surah A’rāf: Verse 19

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SARF
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Sarf Concept Revision

WHAT ‫ َل ْم‬DOES DO TO THE PRESENT TENSE VERB:

• It negates the verb.

• It causes the verb to have a past tense meaning

ِ | ‫ان‬
• It causes the verb to end in sukūn (the ‫ ن‬is dropped if the verb ends in ‫ون‬ ِ | ‫ْي َن‬

WHAT ‫ َلن‬DOES DO TO THE PRESENT TENSE VERB:

• It negates the verb.

• It causes the verb to have a emphatic future tense meaning

• It causes the verb to end in fatha (a sound)

ِ | ‫ان‬
• Note the sign of fatha: the ‫ ن‬is dropped if the verb ends in ‫ون‬ ِ | ‫يْ َن‬

Transitive & Intransitive (does not have a done upon) ‫َال ِزم‬
Intransitive Transitive (doer can transfer action to a done upon) ‫ُمت َ َع ِّدي‬

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fi
Our rst 12 Scales Revision
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Our rst 12 Scales Revision

fi
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Revision of ‫مزيد فيه‬